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    Somatic Embryogenesis

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    rifanird
    Somatic embryogenesis is a process where somatic cells can produce embryos without gamete fusion, allowing for mass plant propagation. It involves six defined steps: induction, expression, development, maturation, germination, and plant conversion. Somatic embryogenesis can occur directly from explants or indirectly through a callus phase. The process is initiated through induction using auxins like 2,4-D to stimulate embryogenesis, followed by expression and multiplication of embryos. During development, embryos mature and take shape resembling zygotic embryos. In maturation, proteins and lipids accumulate, though less than in zygotic embryos which develop within seeds. Finally, in plant conversion, embryos germinate into plantlets through molecular genetic control.

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    Somatic Embryogenesis

    Uploaded by

    rifanird
    68 views2 pages
    Somatic embryogenesis is a process where somatic cells can produce embryos without gamete fusion, allowing for mass plant propagation. It involves six defined steps: induction, expression, development, maturation, germination, and plant conversion. Somatic embryogenesis can occur directly from explants or indirectly through a callus phase. The process is initiated through induction using auxins like 2,4-D to stimulate embryogenesis, followed by expression and multiplication of embryos. During development, embryos mature and take shape resembling zygotic embryos. In maturation, proteins and lipids accumulate, though less than in zygotic embryos which develop within seeds. Finally, in plant conversion, embryos germinate into plantlets through molecular genetic control.

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    Somatic embryogenesis is a process where somatic cells can produce embryos without gamete fusion, allowing for mass plant propagation. It involves six defined steps: induction, expression, development, maturation, germination, and plant conversion. Somatic embryogenesis can occur directly from explants or indirectly through a callus phase. The process is initiated through induction using auxins like 2,4-D to stimulate embryogenesis, followed by expression and multiplication of embryos. During development, embryos mature and take shape resembling zygotic embryos. In maturation, proteins and lipids accumulate, though less than in zygotic embryos which develop within seeds. Finally, in plant conversion, embryos germinate into plantlets through molecular genetic control.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    68 views2 pages

    Somatic Embryogenesis

    Uploaded by

    rifanird
    Somatic embryogenesis is a process where somatic cells can produce embryos without gamete fusion, allowing for mass plant propagation. It involves six defined steps: induction, expression, development, maturation, germination, and plant conversion. Somatic embryogenesis can occur directly from explants or indirectly through a callus phase. The process is initiated through induction using auxins like 2,4-D to stimulate embryogenesis, followed by expression and multiplication of embryos. During development, embryos mature and take shape resembling zygotic embryos. In maturation, proteins and lipids accumulate, though less than in zygotic embryos which develop within seeds. Finally, in plant conversion, embryos germinate into plantlets through molecular genetic control.

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    1.

    Somatic Embryogenesis
    1.1 Definition
    Somatic embryogenesis is a morphogenetic event where somatic cells have the
    ability to produce embryos without gamete fusion. It is used as a technique for plant
    mass propagation. It is a process that has six well defined steps such as induction,
    expression, development, maturation, germination and plant conversion. Somatic
    embryogenesis can follow two different pathways called direct and indirect somatic
    embryogenesis.
    The kind of somatic embryogenesis may be exemplified in two ways : direct and
    indirect. Direct somatic embryogenesis is the formation of somatic embryos or
    embryogenic tissue directly from the explant without the formation of an intermediate
    callus phase. to induce direct embryogenesis, the explant most often used in the
    immature zygotic embryo . this tissue is already embryogenic in nature and apparently
    requires less nurturing than other somatic tissue to induce a somatic embrygenic
    response. The process of indirect somatic embryogenesis was explained that the cells
    undergo callus proliferation and the embryo like structure are produced from induced
    embryogenesis
    1.2 Process
    The process of Somatic embryogenesis in plant generally divided in six phases such as
    induction, expression, multiplication, development, maturation and germination and
    plant conversion
    a. Induction
    The first steps is induction. induction of somatic embryogenesis in most species
    requires a high concentration of auxins, usually 2,4-D in the culture medium.
    Cytokinin usually is not required for the induction of somatic embryogenesis, but
    certain monocot species do have a specific do have a specific requirement for
    cytokinin. but it is necessary to remove this PGR at the subsequent expression,
    development and maturation steps because its effect hampers the embryo
    development and their subsequent conversion into plant
    b. Expression
    In this process the planted explants begin to show their growth after being given
    plant growth regulators.
    c. Multiplication
    Usage of auxins mainly 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in the induction
    steps is required for somatic embryogenesis embryo multiplication to scale-up the
    number of embryos which can be potentially produced by indirect somatic
    embryogenesis
    d. Development
    In this steps we have to remove this Plant Growth Regulator because its effect
    hampers the embryo development and their subsequent conversion into plant. The
    shape of somatic embryogenesis can be compared with their equivalent zygotic
    embryos (ZE) that display the same developmental stages, such as globular, heart,
    torpedo and cotyledon in dicotyledonous species; globular, scutellar and coleoptilar
    stages in monocotyledonous species; and early and late embryogenesis in
    gymnosperm species
    e. Maturation and Germination
    There is difference between somatic embryogenesis and zygotic embryos in the
    maturation and germination steps because zygotic embryogenesis will grow and
    become mature inside the seed surrounded by endosperm, while somatic
    embryogenesis develop from somatic cells without endosperm. e. In the maturation
    stage, production and accumulation of proteins and lipids in their body is poor
    f. Plant conversion
    Embryo development and conversion into plant are processes controlled by
    molecular mechanisms as gene expression.

    Reference

    Garcia, Claudia., Almeida, Alex., Costa, Marcio., Britto, Dahyana., Valle, Raul., Royaerr,
    Stefan., Marelli, Jean. 2019. Review Abnormalities in somatic embryogenesis caused by 2,4-D.
    Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 137: 193-212
    Varghese, Dalia and Sathyanarayana. 2007. Plant Tissue Culture Practices and New Experimental
    Protocols. India : I,K Internatonal Publishing House

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