TRAIN CROWD MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM
A Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)
By

SHIVANI WAZE
Seat Number: ______________
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. LEENA JADHAV

Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

VIDYALANKAR SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
MUMBAI, 400 037
MAHARASHTRA
2018 - 2019

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 VIDYALANKAR SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
MUMBAI-MAHARASHTRA-400037
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled, "Train Crowd Management System ", is bonafide
work of SHIVANI WAZE bearing Seat No: ________________ submitted in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY from University of Mumbai.

Internal Guide Coordinator

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: College Seal Principal

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 ABSTRACT

Local train’s are very integral part of our day today life. We largely depend on them
for regular travel and journey. But that journey becomes very horrible experience for us when
trains are overcrowded, and uncountably crowd in trains is very common thing. This experience
can become worse when we need to travel along with our family or hand full of baggage in
both the hands. Technology has advanced very far in our life same we can use to make
information available to public in advance, so that they can take judgment or decision in
advance for better journey.

In the system, which we are proposing, all trains will carry a sensor system to sense
level of occupancy in each train compartment and it will be shown on a large indicator on
platform before the train arrives on station via Zigbee based wireless communication such that
people can take decision in advance to ride the train or leave it and if decide to travel then in
which compartment, that can be decide well in advance, This will help train also to distribute
crowd evenly throughout the train.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we are grateful to our college “VIDYALANKAR SCHOOL OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY” for timely successful completion of this project.

We are indebted to our respected Principal Dr. ROHINI KELKAR , it was there
constant support and guidance that kept us in alignment with our project as a great learning
experience.
We owe a sincere gratitude to our Head of Project Prof. Leena Jadhav (Project
Guide), who supported us and guided us with a continuous source of information. It leds to
our dedicated and determined approach, right from the selection of project, working through
it and overcoming several obstacles and completing it within the time schedule.

We convey our deep sense of gratitude to all teaching and non-teaching staff of
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Department for their constant encouragement, support
and time-to-time help throughout the project work.
It is great pleasure to acknowledge the help and the suggestion, which we received from
the department of Computer Engineering. We wish to express our profound thanks to all of
those who helped us in finding information about project.

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project entitled, “TRAIN CROWD MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM” done at Vidyalankar School of Information Technology, has not been in any
case duplicated to submit to any other universities for the award of any degree. To the best of
my knowledge other than me, no one has submitted to any other university.

The project is done in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) to be submitted as final
semester project as part of our curriculum.

Name and Signature of the Student

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY .............................................................................. 2
1.3.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 3
SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 5
REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 5
3.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION ............................................................................................................. 5
3.2 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION ........................................................................................... 6
3.3 PLANNING AND SCHEDULING ................................................................................................ 7
3.4 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 10
3.4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS........................................................................................ 10
3.4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................... 16
3.5 PRELIMNARY PRDOUCT DESCRIPTION............................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 19
SYSTEM DESIGN .............................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 BASIC MODULES ....................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.1 LOGIC DIAGRAMS ............................................................................................................. 20
4.2 PROCEDURAL DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 21
PROTOTYPE DIAGRAM ................................................................................................................. 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 31

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
● In recent days there is major problem in our life is the overcrowded railway station,
there is no such technology by which crowd gets managed.
● Railway Train Crowd manages crowd in each compartment of the train by calculating
the percentage of the passengers and displays the approximate percentage on the LCD
display which is being connected on the railway station by which passengers will
accommodate accordingly.
● This will help people to easily accommodate to the vacant areas in which compartment
crowd is less.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this project is to MANAGE THE CROWD OF THE COMPARTMENTS.
● People can easily accommodate to the vacant compartments.
● Saves human struggle to run here and there.
● Approximate percentage of the peoples will show on LCD.
● Can be controlled by Zigbee technology.
● In-system programmable i.e. we can modify the code of the Controller at any time
depending upon our requirement without taking out the controller from the board.
Instead of keeping a chain for emergency, We will keep a panel of four switches in each
compartment with acknowledgement indicator and different condition labels like :-

➢ Fire bracket
➢ Medical emergency
➢ Theft attempt
This will help traveller and train management both to make quick and informed decision
through wireless communication between train and station head office.

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1.3 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY

1.3.1 PURPOSE
Railway Train Crowd manages crowd in each compartment of the train by calculating
the percentage of the passengers and displays the approximate percentage on the LCD display
which is being connected on the railway station by which passengers will accommodate
accordingly.
Mainly, behind coming up with this project idea is that to manage crowd as well as for
passengers who get unconscious because of the crowd on railway platforms.
This will help people to easily accommodate to the vacant areas in which compartment
crowd is less.

1.3.2 SCOPE
This embedded project (Train Crowd Management), can be used in future for
Indian/Western Railways.
Train Crowd Management System can also further evaluated with high technologies
like Wi-Fi/WiMAX for transmitting the data continuously in continuous ways of
communication.

1.3.3 APPLICABILITY
The main idea is to overcome the problem of crowd at railway station so this Train
Crowd Management System can be applicable in regions like
● Local Railway Stations

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 CHAPTER 2
SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES

ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY
This project report provides a complete description of the concepts and features that
make ZigBee technology what it is. All aspects of ZigBee are described including the
IEEE802.15.4 layers, the ZigBee stack, and the motivation behind the system, typical
applications and design methodologies. Many silicon manufacturers are been currently taking
advantage of the features and popularity of ZigBee. This report surveys the devices currently
on the market, the advantages and disadvantages of each, and provides a simple, unbiased, side
by side comparison of the available silicon. This comparison aimed at helping a newcomer to
ZigBee select a device that will be suitable for their application.

THE ZIGBEE ADVANTAGE

The ZigBee protocol was designed to carry data through the hostile RF enviornments
that routinely exist in commercial and industrial applications.

ZigBee protocol features are:

• Provides longer battery life.

• Supports for multiple network topologies.
• Up for 65000 nodes on a network.
• 128-bit AES encryption i.e. Provides secure connections between devices
• Collision avoidance.

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SECURE CONNECTIONS

The ZigBee specifications provides a security toolbox approach to ensuring reliable

and secure networks.

ZigBee enables the broad-based deployment of wireless networks with low-cost and
low-power solutions. It also provides the ability to run for the years on inexpensive batteries.

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 CHAPTER 3
REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYSIS

3.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION

Mumbai is the financial and the commercial capital of India. Mumbai wouldn’t have
achieved this without the lifeline of city, its local trains. For any large densely populated urban
area, the local trains are essential for an speedy cross-over of a large population over long
distances. Lakhs of the people travel regularly and commute by local trains over varying
distances ranging from 10 to 60 kilometer a day.

The Mumbai local railway network branches out through the three main lines – Central,
Western and the Harbour, each connecting a distinct part of the city to another. It may be
considered as one of the best examples of strategic management in transport.
Most the commuters use this means of transport to reach the places of their job,
profession, business and educational purposes. Most travellers commuting on a daily basis hold
season passes that makes the local train travel even more cost-efficient.
The problem in the project could be the range issues, if connectivity breaks entire work
displaying on LCD will stop.

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3.2 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
In today’s system there is no such technology who will tell/notify you about the
passenger’s crowd before train arrives on the platform. Passenger’s gets unconscious for vacant
space as train arrives on the platform as train don’t have technology to tell the passengers
crowd.

In this purposed system we will use the wireless technology (Zigbee Technology)
which will transmit the data (i.e. the approximate count of the passengers who will be in the
compartment) to the station side. There will be a transmitter and receiver who will be placed
in train and station side respectively.

This system also provides the four emergency buttons which are being replaced by the
train chain. This four buttons will be placed in the center top side of the train and will pass the
notification to the motor man (i.e. Driver of the train) and will take actions as required. This
buttons are indexed for Fire Bracket, Medical Emergency, Unknown Object and Theft Attempt.

By this system passengers will save their time, they won’t panic to search vacant places in the
train.

1. High Performance.
2. Saves passengers time.
3. Easy to implement.

In this system we are going to use Load Cell which will translate physical element
pressure into an electrical signal. We are also going to use the Resistors which is electronic
component used to oppose an electric current by producing voltage drop between its terminal.
Push button is used to linked together by mechanical linkage. Capacitor is passive electronic
component consisting of pair of conductors separate by a dielectric. In this project we are using
LCD to display the percentage of people accommodate in one compartment of train on next
station. LDR is also used to on or off the fan in the train according to the requirement which is
useful to save the electricity.

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3.3 PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

Software process model deals with an model which we are going to use for the development
of the project. There are many software process models available but, while choosing it we
should choose it according to the project size that is whether it is the industry scale project or
big scale project or medium scale project. Accordingly a model which we choose should be
suitable for the project as the software process model changes the cost of the project also
changes because the steps in a each software process model varies. This software is build using
the waterfall model. This model suggests work cascading from step to step like an series of
waterfalls. It consists of the following steps in the following manner.

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WATERFALL MODEL

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Analysis Phase: To attack an problem by breaking it into sub-problems. The objective of an
analysis is to determine exactly what must be done to solve the problem. Typically, an system’s
logical elements (its boundaries, processes, and data) are defined during analysis.

Design Phase: The objective of an design is to determine how the problem will be solved.
During design the analyst’s focus shifts from a logical to the physical. Data elements are a
grouped to form physical data structures, screens, reports, files and databases.

Coding Phase: The system is been created during this phase. Programs are been coded,
debugged, documented, and tested. New hardware is been selected and ordered. Procedures are
been written and tested. End-user documentation is been prepared. Databases and files are been
initialized. Users are been trained.

Testing Phase: Once a system is developed, it is been tested to ensure that it does what it was
designed to do. After the system passes its been final test and any remaining problems are
corrected, the system is been implemented and released to the user.

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3.4 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

➢ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

This is example for the Parallel Port. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional
feature found on the newer ports, thus it should work with the most, if not all Parallel Ports. It
however doesn't show the use of the Status Port as input for a 16 Character x 2 Line LCD
Module to the Parallel Port. These LCD Modules are very much common these days, and are
quite simple to work with it, as all the logic required running them is on board.

Pros:

● Very compact and light.

● Low power consumption.
● Not affected by screen burn-in.
● No high voltage or other hazards present during repair/service.
● Can be made in almost any size or shape.

➢ CAPACITORS
A capacitor or a condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric. When the voltage potential difference exists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces
an mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between the wide, flat, parallel,
narrowly separated conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by the single constant value, capacitance, which
is measured in farads. This is a ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount
of the leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and
the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in the breakdown voltage.

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 The properties of a capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and
quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic
circuit, energy capacity in the high-power system, and many other important aspects.

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing the electric charge.
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all the contain at least two conductors
separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as the parts of electrical systems, for example,
consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.

➢ LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

A photo resistor or a light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance

decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can be also referred to as a
photoconductor.

A photo resistor is made of the high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the
device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by a semiconductor give bound electrons
enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and its hole
partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

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 A photoelectric device can be an either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor
has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, i.e. silicon. In intrinsic devices
the only available electrons are in valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy
to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called
as dopants, and added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the
electrons don’t have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of the atoms
replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for
conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

➢ ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino Uno is an microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has a 20
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog
inputs), a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system
programming (ICSP) header, and the reset button. It contains an everything needed to support
the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer (or appropriate wall power adapter) with
a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all the preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead features an ATmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
This auxiliary microcontroller have its own USB boot loader, which allows advanced users to
reprogram it.

The Arduino has the large support community and an extensive set of support libraries
and hardware add-on “shields” (e.g. you can easily make your Arduino wireless with our Wixel
shield), making it a great introductory platform for an embedded electronics.

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 ➢ LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is the semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as in
indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. When a light-emitting
diode is a forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the
device, releasing the energy in the form of photons. This effect is called as electroluminescence
and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of photon) is determined by the energy
gap of an semiconductor. An LED is an often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated
optical components may be used as to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many of the
advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer
lifetime, improved robustness, and smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and
reliability.

Types of LED’S

Electronic Symbol of LED

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 ➢ RESISTORS
A resistor is the two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current
by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in a proportion to the current, that is, in
accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are used as the part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are
an extremely common place in most of the electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be
made up of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-
resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

➢ LOAD CELL
A load cell is a physical element (or a transducer if you want to be technical) that can
translate the pressure (force) into an electrical signal.

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 ➢ PUSH BUTTON

Types of Push Buttons

A push-button or a simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling the some
aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of the hard material, usually
plastic or a metal. The surface is an usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger
or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are the most often biased switches,
though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to
their un-pushed state. Different people use the different terms for the "pushing" of the button,
such as press, depress, mash, and punch.

➢ ZIGBEE SYSTEM
Zigbee communication is specially built for the control and sensor networks on IEEE
802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and it is a product from
Zigbee alliance. This communication standard defines the physical and Media Access Control
(MAC) layers to handle many devices at low-data rates. The date rate of 250 kbps is best suited
for the periodic as well as an intermediate two-way transmission of data between sensors and
controllers.

Zigbee Modem

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 Zigbee is a low-cost and low-powered mesh network widely deployed for controlling
and monitoring applications where it covers the 10-100 meters within the range. This
communication system is a less expensive and simpler than the other proprietary short-
range wireless sensor networks as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
Zigbee supports the different network configurations for master to master or master to
slave communications. And also, it can be operated in the different modes as a result the battery
power is conserved. Zigbee networks are an extendable with the use of routers and allow many
nodes to interconnect with each other for the building a wider area network.

3.4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

➢ ARDUINO IDE

An Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) –

contains the text editor for writing code, message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons
for a common functions and the series of menus.

The Arduino IDE is an incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides the near-complete

environment for most Arduino-based projects. The top menu bar has a standard options,
including “File” (new, load, save, etc), “Edit” (font, copy, paste, etc), “Sketch” (for compiling
and programming), “Tools” (useful options for testing projects), and “Help”. The middle
section of an IDE is a simple text editor that where you can enter a program code. The bottom
section of an IDE is dedicated to an output window that is been used to see the status of the
compilation, how much memory has been used, any errors that were found in a program, and
various other useful messages.

➢ C EMBEDDED LANGUAGE

Embedded C Programming is a soul of the processor functioning inside each and every
embedded system we have been come across in our daily life, such as mobile phones, washing
machines, and digital cameras.

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 Each processor is associated with an embedded software. The first and foremost thing is
the embedded software that decides functioning of the embedded system. Embedded C
language is most frequently used to program the microcontroller

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3.5 PRELIMNARY PRDOUCT DESCRIPTION

Our this embedded project, which has been titled as Train Crowd Management is been
intended to calculate weight whenever passengers boards in compartment and load cell must
calculate weight and must show on station LCD. Additionally it also switches on the fan
automatically wherever passengers stands in the compartment and it also gives four buttons
instead of train chain for emergency.

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 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 BASIC MODULES

In our project there are three basic modules which are as follows
• COMPARTMENT
Compartment is one of the major modules in our project as it is the platform
on which load cell will be connected.

• LOAD CELL
Load cell will calculate weight occupancy within the compartment.

• LIQUID CRSYTAL DISPLAY

This will show the occupancies approximate percentage on LCD.

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4.1.1 LOGIC DIAGRAMS

• BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRAIN SIDE

• BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STATION SIDE

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4.2 PROCEDURAL DESIGN

• USE CASE DIAGRAM (MAIN FUNCTIONING)

• USE CASE OF FEATURES

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● ACTIVITY DIAGRAM (STATION SIDE)

• ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

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● ACTIVITY DIAGRAM (MAIN FUNCTIONING)

• ACTIVITY DIAGRAM (FEATURES)

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• DATAFLOW DIAGRAM

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• SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

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● FLOWCHART

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• STATION SIDE

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• TRAIN SIDE

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EVENT TABLE

Event Trigger Source Activity Response Destination

Train Passenger Train Stepping into Train Next station

arrives boards train train moves to
next station
Load cell Shows Train Passengers Train Next Station
occupancy of accommodate moves to
compartment accordingly next station
on LCD
Fans Passenger Fans Stepping into a Fans turns Fans turned
boards train train on on

Emergency Passenger Emergency Passenger Notification Train got an

switches boards train switches pressed a to train alert
switch motor man

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PROTOTYPE DIAGRAM

➢ STATION SIDE

➢ TRAIN SIDE

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sequence Diagrams: https://youtu.be/XIQKt5Bs7II
Use Case Diagrams: https://youtu.be/zid-MVo7M-E
Activity Diagrams: https://youtu.be/CDPjTYSnCt4
Data Flow Diagrams: https://youtu.be/aqcSnjJ-EqE
Description on Zigbee and xbee module: https://www.link-labs.com/blog/zigbee-vs-xbee

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