Design Synthesis

Design Concept Synthesis
A Structured Method Offers Several

Benefits
A structured concept selection process helps to
maintain objectivity throughout the concept phase
of the development process and guides the product
development team through a critical, difficult, and
sometimes emotional process.
Specifically, a structured concept selection method

offers the following potential benefits:
• A customer-focused product: Because concepts

are explicitly evaluated against customer-oriented
criteria, the selected concept is likely to be
focused on the customer.
• A competitive design: By benchmarking

concepts with respect to existing designs,
designers push the design to match or exceed their
competitors' performance along key dimensions.
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• Better product-process coordination: Explicit
evaluation of the product with respect to
manufacturing criteria improves the product's
manufacturability and helps to match the product
with the process capabilities of the firm.
• Reduced __lime to product introduction: A

structured method becomes a common language
among design engineers, manufacturing engineers,
industrial designers, marketers, and project
managers, resulting in decreased ambiguity, faster
communication, and fewer false starts.
• Effective group decision making: A structured

method encourages decision-making based on
objective criteria and minimizes the likelihood that
arbitrary or personal factors influence the product
concept.
• Documentation of the decision process: A

structured method results in a readily understood
archive of the rationale behind concept decisions.
The syringe example is used to present a concept

selection methodology addressing these and other
issues.
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Design Example
Portable Syringe
A medical supply company retained a design firm to
develop a reusable syringe with precise dosage control
for outpatient use.
One of the existing outpatient syringes

Two major problems with its current product: cost (the
existing model was made of stainless steel) and
accuracy of dose metering.
The team established seven criteria on which the choice
of a product concept would be based:
• Ease of handling.
• Ease of use.
• Readability of dose settings.
• Dose metering accuracy.
• Durability.
• Ease of manufacture.
• Portability.
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The team described the concepts under consideration
with the sketches shown
Concepts for Syringes
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Concepts for Syringes (con’t)
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Overview of Methodology
A two-stage concept selection methodology is
described, although the first stage may suffice for
simple design decisions.
• The first stage is called concept screening and
• The second stage is called concept scoring.
Each stage is supported by a decision matrix, which is

used by the team to rate, rank, and select the best
concept(s).
Concept selection is often performed in two stages as a
way to manage the complexity of evaluating dozens of
product concepts.
Screening is a quick, approximate evaluation aimed at
producing a few viable alternatives.
Scoring is a more careful analysis of these relatively
few concepts in order to choose the single concept most
likely to lead to product success.
Both stages, concept screening and concept scoring, follow a

six-step process. The steps are:
1. Prepare the selection matrix.
2. Rate the concepts.
3. Rank the concepts.
4. Combine and improve the concepts.
5. Select one or more concepts.
6. Reflect on the results and the process.
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Concept Screening Matrix ("O" for same as, "+" for better
than and "-" for worse than)
Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts

Two issues to consider are:
• Is there a generally good concept which is degraded
by one bad feature? Can a minor modification improve
the overall concept and yet preserve a distinction from
the other concepts?
• Are there two concepts which can be combined to
preserve the "better than" qualities while annulling the
"worse than" qualities?
Combined and improved concepts are then added to the

matrix, rated by the team, and ranked along with the
original concepts.
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Revised Syringe Concepts
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Step 5. Select One or More Concepts
The team selected concepts A and E to be considered
along with the revised concept G+ and the new concept
DF.
If the screening matrix is not seen to provide sufficient
resolution for the next step of evaluation and selection,
then the concept-scoring stage with its weighted
selection criteria and more detailed rating scheme
would be used.
Step 6. Reflect on the Results and the Process

An explicit consideration of whether the results make
sense to everyone reduces the likelihood of making a
mistake and increases the likelihood that the entire
team will be solidly committed to the subsequent
development activities.
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Concept Scoring
Concept scoring is used when increased resolution will
better differentiate among competing concepts. In this
stage, the team weighs the relative importance of the
selection criteria and focuses on more refined
comparisons with respect to each criterion.
The Concept Scoring Matrix.

This method uses a weighted sum of the ratings to determine
concept ranking While concept A serves as the overall
reference concept, the separate reference points for each
criterion are signified by bold rating values.
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Step 1: Prepare the Selection Matrix
The use of hierarchical relations is a useful way to
illuminate the criteria.
Hierarchical Decomposition of Selection Criteria

After the criteria are entered, importance weights are
added to the matrix. Several different schemes can be
used to weigh the criteria, such as assigning an
importance value from 1 to 5, or allocating 100
percentage points among them.
Step 2. Rate the Concepts

A recommended scale is from 1 to 5:
Relative Performance Rating
Much worse than reference 1
Worse than reference 2
Same as reference 3
Better than reference 4
Much better than reference 5
Another scale, such as 1 to 9, may certainly be used,

but finer scales generally, require more time and effort.
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Step 3: Rank the Concepts
Once the ratings are entered for each concept, weighted
scores are calculated by multiplying the raw scores by
the criteria weights. The total score for each concept is
the sum of the weighted scores:
n
S j = ∑ rij wi
i =1
where
rij = raw rating of concept j for the ith criterion
wi = weighting for ith criterion
n =number of criteria
Sj = total score for concept j
Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts

Look for changes or combinations that improve
concepts.
Step 5: Select One or More Concepts

The final selection is not simply a question of choosing
the concept that achieves the highest ranking after the
first pass through the process. Rather, the team should
explore this initial evaluation by conducting a
sensitivity analysis. Using a computer spreadsheet, the
team can vary weights and ratings to determine their
effect on the ranking.
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You can create two or more scoring matrices with
different weightings to yield the concept ranking for
various market segments with different customer
preferences.
Step 6. Reflect on the Results and the Process

Two questions are useful in improving the process for
subsequent concept selection activities:
• In what way (if at all) did the concept selection
method facilitate team decision making?
• How can the method be modified to improve team
performance?
Caveats
Here we discuss some of these subtleties and point out
a few areas for caution.
Decomposition of concept quality: The quality of
some product concepts may not be easily decomposed
into a set of independent criteria, or the performance of
the concept relative to the different criteria may be
difficult to relate to overall concept quality
Subjective criteria: Some selection criteria,
particularly those related to aesthetics, are highly
subjective.
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Caveats (con’t)
To facilitate improvement of concepts:
Making note of any outstanding (positive or negative)
attributes of the concepts. It is useful to identify any
features that could be applied to other concepts, as well
as issues which could be addressed to improve the
concept. Notes may be placed directly in the cells of the
selection matrix.
Where to include cost: Most of the selection criteria
are adaptations of the customer needs. However, "ease
of manufacturing" and "manufacturing cost" are not
customer needs. Remember to include some measure of
cost or ease of manufacturing when evaluating
concepts, even though these measures are not true
customer needs.
Selecting elements of aggregate concepts: Some
product concepts are really aggregations of several
simpler concepts.
Applying concept selection throughout the
development process:
Concept selection is used again and again at many
levels of detail in the design and development process.
For e.g. Concept selection could be used at the most
detailed level of design for resolving decisions such as
the choice of colors or materials.
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Summary
Concept selection is the process of evaluating concepts
with respect to customer needs and other criteria,
comparing the relative strengths and weaknesses of the
concepts, and selecting one or more concepts for
further investigation or development.
• All teams use some method, implicit or explicit, for

selecting concepts. Decision techniques employed for
selecting concepts range from intuitive approaches to
structured methods.
• Successful design is facilitated by structured concept

selection. We recommend a two-stage process:
concept screening and concept scoring.
• Concept screening uses a reference concept to

evaluate concept variants against selection criteria.
Concept scoring may use different reference points
for each criterion.
• Concept screening uses a coarse comparison system

to narrow the range of concepts under consideration.
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• Concept scoring uses weighted selection criteria and
a finer rating scale. Concept scoring may be skipped
if concept screening produces a dominant concept.
• Both screening and scoring use a matrix as the basis

of a six-step selection process. The six steps are:
1. Prepare the selection matrix.

2. Rate the concepts.
3. Rank the concepts.
4. Combine and improve the concepts
5. Select one or more concepts.
6. Reflect on the results and the process.
• Concept selection is applied not only during concept

development but throughout the subsequent design
and development process.
• Concept selection is a group process that facilitates

the selection of a winning concept, helps build team
consensus, and creates a record of the decision
making process.
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Design Concept Synthesis

A Structured Method Offers Several

Specifically, a structured concept selection method

• A customer-focused product: Because concepts

• A competitive design: By benchmarking

• Reduced __lime to product introduction: A

• Effective group decision making: A structured

• Documentation of the decision process: A

The syringe example is used to present a concept

One of the existing outpatient syringes

Concepts for Syringes

Each stage is supported by a decision matrix, which is

Both stages, concept screening and concept scoring, follow a

Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts

Combined and improved concepts are then added to the

Step 6. Reflect on the Results and the Process

The Concept Scoring Matrix.

Hierarchical Decomposition of Selection Criteria

Step 2. Rate the Concepts

Another scale, such as 1 to 9, may certainly be used,

Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts

Step 5: Select One or More Concepts

Step 6. Reflect on the Results and the Process

• All teams use some method, implicit or explicit, for

• Successful design is facilitated by structured concept

• Concept screening uses a reference concept to

• Concept screening uses a coarse comparison system

• Both screening and scoring use a matrix as the basis

1. Prepare the selection matrix.

• Concept selection is applied not only during concept

• Concept selection is a group process that facilitates

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