NC CNC Machine Tool

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 50

By,

Chintan K. Patel,
MED,
CKPCET,
Surat
Syllabus
Topic Content Teaching Weightage
name hours
NC and CNC Technology: Types, 01
Classification, Specification and
components

NC and CNC Technology: 01


NC/CNC Construction Details, Controllers,
machine Sensors and Actuators
11 25 %
tool
CNC hardware: Re circulating ball 01
screw
CNC hardware: anti friction slides,
step/servo motors

C.K.Patel 2
Syllabus
Topic Content Teaching Weightage
name hours
Axis designation, NC/CNC tooling 01
Fundamentals of Part 01
programming, Types of format
Part Programming for drilling on 01
NC/CNC lathe
machine Part Programming for lathe 01 25 %
tool machine operations 11
Part Programming for milling 01
machine operations
Subroutines do loops, Canned 01
Cycles
Canned Cycles, parametric sub 01
routines C.K.Patel 3
NC machine tool
 NC machine tools are defined as a tool’s functions are
controlled by letters, numbers and symbol.
 In NC machine tool one or more of the following functions
may be automatic:
1) Starting and stopping of machine spindle
2) Controlling the spindle speed
3) Positioning the tool at desired location
4) Controlling the feed rate
5) Changing the tool
C.K.Patel 4
Elements of NC machine tool system

1
2

(Basic elements of NC machine tool system)


C.K.Patel 5
Elements of NC machine tool system

 Part drawing and part program

 Program tape

 Machine control unit (MCU)

 Machine tool

C.K.Patel 6
Elements of NC machine tool system
 Part drawing and part program
 Part program is set of step by step instruction to the machine
tool for caring out the operation.
 Part program is written by using part Drawing and cutting
process parameter .
 The set of instruction includes….
• Instruction for position of machine tool spindle with respect to
the work table
• Instruction for cutting operation
• Instruction for selection of spindle speed, cutting tool etc.
 Method of Part Programming
I. Manual Part programming
II. Computer aided Part programming
C.K.Patel 7
Elements of NC machine tool system
Program tape
 Part program is entered on the program tape.

 The tape is a long wound roll of the one inch width.

 The program is entered on the tape in the form of punched


holes ,holes punched with the help of punching machine.

 Now a day punch line tape is replaced with magnetic


cassettes , floppy disc , pen drive , hard drive.

C.K.Patel 8
Elements of NC machine tool system
Program tape

C.K.Patel 9
Elements of NC machine tool system
 Machine control unit (MCU)
 MCU is heart of NC/CNC machine which consist of some
electronics.
 hard ware that read the NC program , interpret it and so on.
 translates it for mechanical action of machine tool.
 A typical MCU consist following units….
• Input or tape reader
• Memory
• Processor
• output channels
• control panel
• feedback channels
C.K.Patel 10
Elements of NC machine tool system
Machine control unit (MCU)
 MCU performs Following functions….
• Read coded instruction.
• Decode coded instruction.
• Implement interpolation ( linier ,circular, and Helical ) to generate
axis motion commands.
• Feed axis motion command to amplified circuits for driving the
axis
• Mechanism
• Received the signals of position and speed for each drive axis.
• Implement auxiliary control function such as coolant or spindle
on/off , and tool change . C.K.Patel 11
Elements of NC machine tool system
Machine tool
 The Machine tool is operated by MCU.
 following function may automated by Machine tool…
• Starting and stopping of the machine tool spindle.
• Controlling the spindle speed.
• Positioning of tool tip at desires locations and guiding it
along the desired path by Automatic control of the slide
motion.
• Controlling the feed rate.
• Changing the tool.
C.K.Patel 12
Component of NC machine tool system
Main component of NC machine tool…
 Work table

 Machine tool spindle

 Drive unit

 Machine control unit (MCU)

 Feedback mechanism

 Manual Control

 Electrically operated control equipment or magnetic box


C.K.Patel 13
Component of NC machine tool system

C.K.Patel 14
Component of CNC machine tool
system

C.K.Patel 15
Component of CNC machine tool
system
Machine tool

Micro processor or minicomputer based control system

 Input / Output console

Memory

Feedback mechanisms

Interfaces
C.K.Patel 16
Classification of NC machine tool system

C.K.Patel 17
Classification of CNC machine tool system

C.K.Patel 18
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
 According to control loop feedback systems…

1. Open loop type NC machines ( do not have feedback


mechanism)

2. Close loop type NC machines ( have feedback mechanism)

C.K.Patel 19
Classification of CNC machine tool
system

(Open loop type CNC machine)


C.K.Patel 20
Classification of CNC machine tool
system

(Close loop type CNC machine)


C.K.Patel 21
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
 According to type of tool motion control…
1. Finite positioning control NC machines
• Point – to – point NC machines
• Straight – cut NC machines

2. Continuous path control NC machines


• Two axis contouring
• Two and half axes contouring
• Three axis contouring
• Multi axis contouring
C.K.Patel 22
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
1. Finite positioning control NC machines
• Point – to – point NC machines
 PTP is simplest of all control mode
 In this type movement of cutting
tool moves from one “Predefined
position” to another Predefined
Position , while path along which this
tool moves irrelevant.
 Specially used in local position
based operation i.e: drilling ,punching
C.K.Patel 23
or welding.
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
1. Finite positioning control NC machines

Point – to – point NC machines


C.K.Patel 24
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
• Straight – cut NC machines

 It is extension of point to point


control mode with provision of
straight line cut or machining.
This straight line cut is obtained by
controlling the movement of tool with
controlled feed rate in one of the axis
direction at time.
• Ex: face milling ,pocket milling ,
stepped turning. C.K.Patel 25
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
2. Continuous path control NC machines
 Used for continuous simulation and coordinate motion of
cutting tool and workpiece along different AXES.

 Such control enable for machining of different contorting


profile and curved surface.

 Due to simultaneously controlling relative position pass


trough the desired countering path of the final shape of
require product.

C.K.Patel 26
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
2. Continuous path control NC machines

Straight - cut NC machines


C.K.Patel 27
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
2. Continuous path control NC machines
• Two axes contouring
In this method tool is controlled
simultaneously in only two axes (X
and Y )

• Two and half axes contouring


In this method the plane of
machining is inclined to the plane of
motion of tool (i.e. X – Y plane).
C.K.Patel 28
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
2. Continuous path control NC machines
• Three axes contouring
In this method tool is controlled
simultaneously in only three axes (X Y
and Z).

• Multi axes contouring


In this method the tool orientation can
be changed with the tool motion.
Ex : A six axes machine tool is capable of
moving the tool simultaneously along each
primary axis and also rotate about each
C.K.Patel 29
primary axis at same time.
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
 According to programming method…

1. Absolute programming

2. Incremental programming

C.K.Patel 30
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
1. Absolute programming

P3

P2

P1

C.K.Patel 31
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
2. Incremental programming

P3

P2

P1

C.K.Patel 32
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
 According to type of controllers…

1. Hybrid controller CNC system

2. Straight controller CNC system

C.K.Patel 33
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
1. Hybrid controller CNC systems
i. Hard –wired logic circuits
ii. Soft – wired computers
i. Hard –wired logic circuits
 The hard wired logic circuits perform
those functions for which they are
best suited, such as feed rate
generation and interpretation.

ii. Soft–wired Computers


 The computer performs the
remaining functions plus other
duties not normally associated with a
conventional hard –wired controller.
C.K.Patel 34
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
2. straight controller CNC systems
 This system uses a computer to
perform all the functions.
 The interpolation, feed rate
generation and all other functions
are performed by the computer with
the help of software.
 The only hard – wired element are
those required to interface the
computer with machine tool and the
operator’s console.
C.K.Patel 35
Classification of CNC machine tool
system
 According to axis and type of operation…

1. CNC horizontal machining center

2. CNC vertical machining center

3. CNC turning centre

4. CNC milling centre

C.K.Patel 36
Advantages of CNC machine tool
 Ease of programming input

 Multiple program storage

 Online part programming and editing

 Use of short program

 Greater flexibility of system

 Use of advance interpolation

 Automatic tool compensation

 Auto generation of part programming for existing component

 Change in system of units C.K.Patel 37


Limitation of CNC machine tool

 Higher investment cost

 Higher maintenance cost

 Requirement of specialized operator

 Planned support facility

C.K.Patel 38
General structure of NC/CNC machine tool

C.K.Patel 39
Drives in CNC machine
 Drives used in an automated system or in CNC system are of
different types such as electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic.
 In CNC, usually AC, DC, servo and stepper electrical drives are
used.
 The various drives used in CNC machines can be classified as:
 Spindle drive ( to provide the main spindle power…)
 The spindle drives are used to provide angular motion to the
workpiece or a cutting tool.
 These drives are essentially required to maintain the speed
accurately within a power band which will enable machining of a
variety of materials with variations in material hardness.
 Feed drives (to drive the axis…)
 These are used to drive the slide or a table. 40
C.K.Patel
Drives in CNC machine

Spindle drive

Feed drive

41
C.K.Patel
Drives in CNC machine
 DC servo motors
 DC drives are widely used in NC/CNC machine with closed loop
control system.
 The main advantage of a DC motor is its relative ease of control
of speed of rotation.
 The speed – torque characteristics of DC servo motors is linear.
 The principle of operation is based on the rotation of an
armature winding in a permanently energized magnetic field.
 The armature winding is connected to a commutator, which is a
cylinder of insulated copper segments mounted on the shaft.
 DC current is passed to the commutator through carbon
brushes, which are connected to the machine terminals.
42
C.K.Patel
Drives in CNC machine

DC Servo motor

AC Servo motor C.K.Patel


43
Drives in CNC machine

44
C.K.Patel
Drives in CNC machine
 AC servo motors
 Although DC servo motors are commonly used in closed loop
systems, they have some disadvantages like regular
maintenance, bulky size, high inertia of rotor unit, etc.
 The main feature of a AC motor are : high power density with
low weight, low rotor inertia, constant continuous torque,
constant overload capacity etc.
 In an AC servomotor, the rotor is a permanent magnet while
the stator is equipped with 3-phase windings.
 The speed of the rotor is equal to the rotational frequency of
the magnetic field of the stator, which is regulated by the
frequency converter.
45
C.K.Patel
Drives in CNC machine
 Stepper motors
 The stepper motors are usually used in open loop control
system where feedback is not required.

 The common application of such motors is in feed drives.

 Usually stepper motors works in incremental steps.

 The common step size is 1.8°.

 How ever, open loop control loop system restricted to small


application only and hence stepper motor can not used in
high accuracy requirement application.
46
C.K.Patel
Drives in CNC machine

Stepper motor

47
C.K.Patel
Re-circulating ball screw system

48
C.K.Patel
Re-circulating ball screw system
 A ball screws is a linear motion device which converts the
rotational motion to a linear motion.
 Ball Screws handle high thrust loads with minimal internal
friction and capable of executing micro motion commands.
 Ball Screws are also capable of achieving very high speeds which
is required for high productivity.
 The Main advantages in choosing a ball screw are that they can
be easily controlled by servo driven motors, highly accurate in
positioning, the ease of running at high speeds and are highly
efficient.
 Today ball screws are used where higher precision and
performance is expected like CNC Machining centres, CNC
Lathes etc. 49
C.K.Patel
Re-circulating ball screw system
 In such system, the balls are in continuous circulation between
nut and screw during complete motion of slide.
 These balls provides rolling friction and hence have a low
coefficient of friction, which gives more than 90 % efficiency in
position control of slides, which is high when compared with
sliding friction type lead screw.
 In addition, these re-circulating ball screw systems can be
preloaded.
 This helps in reducing backlash in two – directional motions of
slides attached to the lead screws.
50
C.K.Patel

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy