NC CNC Machine Tool
NC CNC Machine Tool
NC CNC Machine Tool
Chintan K. Patel,
MED,
CKPCET,
Surat
Syllabus
Topic Content Teaching Weightage
name hours
NC and CNC Technology: Types, 01
Classification, Specification and
components
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Syllabus
Topic Content Teaching Weightage
name hours
Axis designation, NC/CNC tooling 01
Fundamentals of Part 01
programming, Types of format
Part Programming for drilling on 01
NC/CNC lathe
machine Part Programming for lathe 01 25 %
tool machine operations 11
Part Programming for milling 01
machine operations
Subroutines do loops, Canned 01
Cycles
Canned Cycles, parametric sub 01
routines C.K.Patel 3
NC machine tool
NC machine tools are defined as a tool’s functions are
controlled by letters, numbers and symbol.
In NC machine tool one or more of the following functions
may be automatic:
1) Starting and stopping of machine spindle
2) Controlling the spindle speed
3) Positioning the tool at desired location
4) Controlling the feed rate
5) Changing the tool
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Elements of NC machine tool system
1
2
Program tape
Machine tool
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Elements of NC machine tool system
Part drawing and part program
Part program is set of step by step instruction to the machine
tool for caring out the operation.
Part program is written by using part Drawing and cutting
process parameter .
The set of instruction includes….
• Instruction for position of machine tool spindle with respect to
the work table
• Instruction for cutting operation
• Instruction for selection of spindle speed, cutting tool etc.
Method of Part Programming
I. Manual Part programming
II. Computer aided Part programming
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Elements of NC machine tool system
Program tape
Part program is entered on the program tape.
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Elements of NC machine tool system
Program tape
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Elements of NC machine tool system
Machine control unit (MCU)
MCU is heart of NC/CNC machine which consist of some
electronics.
hard ware that read the NC program , interpret it and so on.
translates it for mechanical action of machine tool.
A typical MCU consist following units….
• Input or tape reader
• Memory
• Processor
• output channels
• control panel
• feedback channels
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Elements of NC machine tool system
Machine control unit (MCU)
MCU performs Following functions….
• Read coded instruction.
• Decode coded instruction.
• Implement interpolation ( linier ,circular, and Helical ) to generate
axis motion commands.
• Feed axis motion command to amplified circuits for driving the
axis
• Mechanism
• Received the signals of position and speed for each drive axis.
• Implement auxiliary control function such as coolant or spindle
on/off , and tool change . C.K.Patel 11
Elements of NC machine tool system
Machine tool
The Machine tool is operated by MCU.
following function may automated by Machine tool…
• Starting and stopping of the machine tool spindle.
• Controlling the spindle speed.
• Positioning of tool tip at desires locations and guiding it
along the desired path by Automatic control of the slide
motion.
• Controlling the feed rate.
• Changing the tool.
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Component of NC machine tool system
Main component of NC machine tool…
Work table
Drive unit
Feedback mechanism
Manual Control
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Component of CNC machine tool
system
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Component of CNC machine tool
system
Machine tool
Memory
Feedback mechanisms
Interfaces
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Classification of NC machine tool system
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Classification of CNC machine tool system
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Classification of CNC machine tool
system
According to control loop feedback systems…
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Classification of CNC machine tool
system
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Classification of CNC machine tool
system
2. Continuous path control NC machines
1. Absolute programming
2. Incremental programming
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Classification of CNC machine tool
system
1. Absolute programming
P3
P2
P1
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Classification of CNC machine tool
system
2. Incremental programming
P3
P2
P1
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Classification of CNC machine tool
system
According to type of controllers…
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Classification of CNC machine tool
system
1. Hybrid controller CNC systems
i. Hard –wired logic circuits
ii. Soft – wired computers
i. Hard –wired logic circuits
The hard wired logic circuits perform
those functions for which they are
best suited, such as feed rate
generation and interpretation.
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Advantages of CNC machine tool
Ease of programming input
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General structure of NC/CNC machine tool
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Drives in CNC machine
Drives used in an automated system or in CNC system are of
different types such as electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic.
In CNC, usually AC, DC, servo and stepper electrical drives are
used.
The various drives used in CNC machines can be classified as:
Spindle drive ( to provide the main spindle power…)
The spindle drives are used to provide angular motion to the
workpiece or a cutting tool.
These drives are essentially required to maintain the speed
accurately within a power band which will enable machining of a
variety of materials with variations in material hardness.
Feed drives (to drive the axis…)
These are used to drive the slide or a table. 40
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Drives in CNC machine
Spindle drive
Feed drive
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Drives in CNC machine
DC servo motors
DC drives are widely used in NC/CNC machine with closed loop
control system.
The main advantage of a DC motor is its relative ease of control
of speed of rotation.
The speed – torque characteristics of DC servo motors is linear.
The principle of operation is based on the rotation of an
armature winding in a permanently energized magnetic field.
The armature winding is connected to a commutator, which is a
cylinder of insulated copper segments mounted on the shaft.
DC current is passed to the commutator through carbon
brushes, which are connected to the machine terminals.
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Drives in CNC machine
DC Servo motor
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Drives in CNC machine
AC servo motors
Although DC servo motors are commonly used in closed loop
systems, they have some disadvantages like regular
maintenance, bulky size, high inertia of rotor unit, etc.
The main feature of a AC motor are : high power density with
low weight, low rotor inertia, constant continuous torque,
constant overload capacity etc.
In an AC servomotor, the rotor is a permanent magnet while
the stator is equipped with 3-phase windings.
The speed of the rotor is equal to the rotational frequency of
the magnetic field of the stator, which is regulated by the
frequency converter.
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Drives in CNC machine
Stepper motors
The stepper motors are usually used in open loop control
system where feedback is not required.
Stepper motor
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Re-circulating ball screw system
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Re-circulating ball screw system
A ball screws is a linear motion device which converts the
rotational motion to a linear motion.
Ball Screws handle high thrust loads with minimal internal
friction and capable of executing micro motion commands.
Ball Screws are also capable of achieving very high speeds which
is required for high productivity.
The Main advantages in choosing a ball screw are that they can
be easily controlled by servo driven motors, highly accurate in
positioning, the ease of running at high speeds and are highly
efficient.
Today ball screws are used where higher precision and
performance is expected like CNC Machining centres, CNC
Lathes etc. 49
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Re-circulating ball screw system
In such system, the balls are in continuous circulation between
nut and screw during complete motion of slide.
These balls provides rolling friction and hence have a low
coefficient of friction, which gives more than 90 % efficiency in
position control of slides, which is high when compared with
sliding friction type lead screw.
In addition, these re-circulating ball screw systems can be
preloaded.
This helps in reducing backlash in two – directional motions of
slides attached to the lead screws.
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