Cultural Relativism Is The Idea That A Person's Beliefs, Values, and Practices Should Be Understood Based On That

1.
Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that
person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th
century and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "civilization is not something
absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes".[1] However,
Boas did not coin the term. Neither did the 21st century relativist James Lawrence Wray-Miller.
2. Postcolonial theory is a literary theory or critical approach that deals with literature
produced in countries that were once, or are now, colonies of other countries. It may also
deal with literature written in or by citizens of colonizing countries that takes colonies or
their peoples as its subject matter. The theory is based around concepts of otherness and
resistance. Postcolonial theory became part of the critical toolbox in the 1970s, and many
practitioners credit Edward Said’s book Orientalism as being the founding work.
3. The idea of sexual script brings a new metaphor and imagery for understanding human sexual activity as social
and learned interactions. The concept was introduced by sociologists John H. Gagnon and William Simon in their
1973 book Sexual Conduct. The idea highlights three levels of scripting: cultural/historical, social/interactive and
personal/intrapsychic. It draws from a range of theories including symbolic interactionism, discourse theory
and feminism. The theory of sexual scripting brings sociological, cultural, anthropological, historical and social
psychological tools to the study of human sexualities. Whereas human sexuality is usually seen as the province of
the biologist and the clinician, scripting helps research and analysis to understand sexualities as less biological and
more cultural, historical and social
4.Social determinism is the theory that social interactions and constructs alone determine individual behavior (as
opposed to biological or objective factors).
Consider certain human behaviors, such as committing murder, or writing poetry. A social determinist would look
only at social phenomena, such as customs and expectations, education, and interpersonal interactions, to decide
whether or not a given person would exhibit any of these behaviors. They would discount biological and other non-
social factors, such as genetic makeup, the physical environment, etc. Ideas about nature and biology would be
considered to be socially constructed.
5. A role (also rôle or social role) is a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as
conceptualized by people in a social situation. It is an expected or free or continuously changing behaviour and may
have a given individual social status or social position. It is vital to
both functionalist and interactionist understandings of society. Social role posits the following about social
behaviour:
1. The division of labour in society takes the form of the interaction among heterogeneous
specialised positions, we call roles.
2. Social roles included appropriate and permitted forms of behaviour and actions that reccur in a group,
guided by social norms, which are commonly known and hence determine the expectations for appropriate
behaviour in these roles, which further explains the place of a person in the society.
3. Roles are occupied by individuals, who are called actors.
4. When individuals approve of a social role (i.e., they consider the role legitimate and constructive), they will
incur costs to conform to role norms, and will also incur costs to punish those who violate role norms.
5. Changed conditions can render a social role outdated or illegitimate, in which case social pressures are
likely to lead to role change.
6. The anticipation of rewards and punishments, as well as the satisfaction of behaving prosocially, account for
why agents conform to role requirements.

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