Currents Tutorial

Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
National Ocean Service

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S
Currents
Currents
When used in association with water, the

Welcome
term "current" describes the motion of
Tidal Currents 1
the water. Some currents you may be
Tidal Currents 2
familiar with are the motion of rainwater
as it flows down the street, or the motion
Coastal Currents
of the water in a creek, stream, or river Waves
Oceanic currents are driven
flowing from higher elevation to lower Longshore Currents
by tides, winds, and
elevation. This motion is caused by Rip Currents
differences in water density. Upwelling
gravity. The speed and direction
Currents are essential for
(velocity) of currents can be measured
maintaining the existing Surface Ocean Currents
and recorded.
balance of life on Earth, but The Coriolis Effect
Oceanic currents are driven by several they can be deadly as well. Surface Ocean
factors. One is the rise and fall of the Currents
tides, which is driven by the gravitational Boundary Currents
attraction of the sun and moon on Earth's oceans. Tides create a current in the The Ekman Spiral
oceans, near the shore, and in bays and estuaries along the coast. These are
The Global Conveyor
called "tidal currents." Tidal currents are the only type of currents that change in a
Belt
very regular pattern and can be predicted for future dates.
Thermohaline
Circulation
A second factor that drives ocean currents is wind. Winds drive currents that are at
The Global
or near the ocean's surface. These currents are generally measured in meters per
Conveyor Belt
second or in knots (1 knot = 1.15 miles per hour or 1.85 kilometers per hour).
Effects of Climate
Winds drive currents near coastal areas on a localized scale, and in the open
Change
ocean on a global scale.
How Are Currents

A third factor that drives currents is thermohaline circulation - a process driven by
Measured?
density differences in water due to temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) in
Age of Exploration
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/welcome.html[7/29/2015 9:56:33 AM]

different parts of the ocean. Currents driven by thermohaline circulation occur at What is a "knot"?
both deep and shallow ocean levels and move much slower than tidal or surface Shallow Water
currents. Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
The Currents Tutorial is an overview of the types of currents, what causes them, Current Profiler
how they are measured, and how they affect people's lives. Shore-based
Current Meters
The Roadmap to Resources directs you to online data and education materials
from NOAA and other reliable resources. How Currents Affect
Our Lives?
References
Roadmap to Resources
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Podcast - Currents
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Tidal Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  T I D A L C U R R E N T S 1
Currents
Tidal Currents 1
Currents
Tidal currents occur in conjunction with the rise and fall of the tide. The vertical
Welcome
motion of the tides near the shore causes the water to move horizontally, creating
Tidal Currents 1
currents. When a tidal current moves toward the land and away from the sea, it
Tidal Currents 2
“floods.” When it moves toward the sea away from the land, it “ebbs.” These tidal
currents that ebb and flood in opposite directions are called “rectilinear” or
Coastal Currents
“reversing” currents. Waves
Longshore Currents
Rectilinear tidal currents, which typically are found in coastal rivers and estuaries,
Rip Currents
experience a “slack water” period of no velocity as they move from the ebbing to Upwelling
flooding stage, and vice versa. After a brief slack period, which can range from
seconds to several minutes and generally coincides with high or low tide, the Surface Ocean Currents
current switches direction and increases in velocity. The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
Currents
Boundary Currents
The Ekman Spiral
The Global Conveyor

Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
The relationship between
As the tides rise and fall, The Global
the masses of the Earth, Conveyor Belt
they create flood and ebb
moon, and sun and their Effects of Climate
currents. Click the image
distances to each other play Change
for a larger view.
critical roles in affecting
tides and the currents they How Are Currents
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/02tidal1.html[7/29/2015 9:56:50 AM]

Tidal Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
produce. Click the image Measured?

for a larger view. Age of Exploration
What is a "knot"?
Shallow Water
Tidal currents are the only type of current affected by the interactions of the Earth, Drifter
sun, and moon. The moon’s force is much greater than that of the sun because it Deep Ocean Drifter
is 389 times closer to the Earth than the sun is. Tidal currents, just like tides, are Current Profiler
affected by the different phases of the moon. When the moon is at full or new Shore-based
phases, tidal current velocities are strong and are called “spring currents.” When Current Meters
the moon is at first or third quarter phases, tidal current velocities are weak and
are called “neap currents.” How Currents Affect
Our Lives?
References
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Podcast - Currents
Search Education
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H O M E  E D U C A T I O N  C U R R E N T S  T I D A L C U R R E N T S 1
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The relationship between the masses of the Earth, moon and sun and their distances to each other play a critical role in
affecting the Earth's tides. Although the sun is 27 million times more massive than the moon, it is 390 times further away from
the Earth than the moon. Tidal generating forces vary inversely as the cube of the distance from the tide-generating object.
This means that the sun’s tidal generating force is reduced by 3903 (about 59 million times) compared to the tide-generating
force of the moon. Therefore, the sun’s tide-generating force is about half that of the moon, and the moon is the dominant
force affecting the Earth’s tides and the currents they produce.
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/media/supp_cur02b.html[7/29/2015 2:59:06 PM]


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This animation shows the relationship between tides and currents. As the tide rises, water moves toward the shore. This is
called a flood current. As the tide recedes, the water moves away from the shore. This is called an ebb current. The
movement of water toward and away from the shore is illustrated by the movement of the green seaweed. Tidal currents that
ebb and flood in opposite directions are called “rectilinear” or “reversing” currents.

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/media/supp_cur02a.html[7/29/2015 3:00:17 PM]

Tidal Currents 2 - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  T I D A L C U R R E N T S 2
Currents
Tidal Currents 2
Currents
Also similar to tides, tidal currents are

Welcome
affected by the relative positions of the
Tidal Currents 1
moon and Earth. When the moon and
Tidal Currents 2
Earth are positioned nearest to each
other (perigee), the currents are stronger
Coastal Currents
than average and are called “perigean Waves
currents.” When the moon and Earth are Longshore Currents
at their farthest distance from each other The elliptical orbits of the Rip Currents
(apogee), the currents are weaker and moon around the Earth and Upwelling
are called “apogean currents.” the Earth around the sun
have substantial effects on Surface Ocean Currents
The shape of bays and estuaries also the Earth’s tides and the The Coriolis Effect
can magnify the intensity of tides and the currents they produce. Surface Ocean
currents they produce. Funnel-shaped Currents
Click the image for a larger
bays in particular can dramatically alter Boundary Currents
view.
tidal current magnitude. The Bay of The Ekman Spiral
Fundy in Nova Scotia is a classic

The Global Conveyor
example of this effect, and has the
Belt
highest tides in the world - over 15 meters (Thurman, H.V., 1994).
Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
How Are Currents

Tidal Currents 2 - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Measured?
Age of Exploration
What is a "knot"?
Shallow Water
Move your computer mouse over the image above to see Drifter
the differences between high and low tides in the Bay of Deep Ocean Drifter
Fundy. Photos © Scott Walking Adventures. Current Profiler
Shore-based
Current Meters
The daily tidal currents experienced by coastal areas can also have a dramatic
How Currents Affect
effect on estuarine ecosystems. View a slide show of the remarkable daily rise of
Our Lives?
waters at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve in California:
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_estuaries/media/supp_est01a_tide.html
References
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Podcast - Currents
Search Education
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<< Back
The elliptical orbits of the moon around the Earth and the Earth around the sun have substantial effects on the Earth’s tides
and the currents they produce. When the moon and Earth are positioned nearest to each other (perigee), the currents are
stronger than average and are called “perigean currents.” When the moon and Earth are at their farthest distance from each
other (apogee), the currents are weaker and are called “apogean currents.”
T
Why does the ocean
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/media/supp_cur02c.html[7/29/2015 3:03:42 PM]

Waves - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  W A V E S
Currents
Waves
Currents
Coastal currents are intricately tied to

Welcome
winds, waves, and land formations.
Tidal Currents 1
Winds that blow along the shoreline—
Tidal Currents 2
longshore winds—affect waves and,
therefore, currents.
Anatomy of a wave. Click Coastal Currents
the image for larger view. Waves

Before one can understand any type of
Longshore Currents
surface current, one must understand
Rip Currents
how wind and waves operate. Wave Upwelling
height is affected by wind speed, wind duration (or how long the wind blows), and
fetch, which is the distance over water that the wind blows in a single direction. If Surface Ocean Currents
wind speed is slow, only small waves result, regardless of wind duration or fetch. The Coriolis Effect
If the wind speed is great but it only blows for a few minutes, no large waves will Surface Ocean
result even if the wind speed is strong and fetch is unlimited. Also, if strong winds Currents
blow for a long period of time but over a short fetch, no large waves form. Large Boundary Currents
waves occur only when all three factors combine (Duxbury, et al, 2002.) The Ekman Spiral
As wind-driven waves approach the shore, friction between the sea floor and the The Global Conveyor
water causes the water to form increasingly steep angles. Waves that become too Belt
steep and unstable are termed “breakers” or “breaking waves.” Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
How Are Currents
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/03coastal1.html[7/29/2015 9:57:13 AM]


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H O M E  E D U C A T I O N  C U R R E N T S  W A V E S
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The highest surface part of a wave is called the crest, and the lowest part is the trough. The vertical distance between the
crest and the trough is the wave height. The horizontal distance between two adjacent crests or troughs is known as the
wavelength.
Wave height is affected by wind speed, wind duration, or how long the wind blows, and fetch, which is the distance over water
that the wind blows in a single direction. If wind speed is slow, only small waves result. If the wind speed is great but it only
blows for a few minutes, no large waves will occur. Also, if strong winds blow for a long period of time but over a short fetch,
no large waves form. Large waves occur only when all three factors combine (Duxbury, et al, 2002.)

Longshore Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  L O N G S H O R E C U R R E N T S
Currents
Longshore Currents
Currents
The speed at which waves approach the

Welcome
shore depends on sea floor and
Tidal Currents 1
shoreline features and the depth of the
Tidal Currents 2
water. As a wave moves toward the
beach, different segments of the wave
Coastal Currents
encounter the beach before others, Waves
Longshore currents are
which slows these segments down. As a Longshore Currents
generated when a "train" of
result, the wave tends to bend and Rip Currents
waves reach the coastline
conform to the general shape of the Upwelling
and release bursts of
coastline. Also, waves do not typically
energy.
reach the beach perfectly parallel to the Surface Ocean Currents
shoreline. Rather, they arrive at a slight angle, called the “angle of wave The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
approach.”
Currents
When a wave reaches a beach or coastline, it releases a burst of energy that Boundary Currents
generates a current, which runs parallel to the shoreline. This type of current is The Ekman Spiral
called a “longshore current.”

The Global Conveyor
Discover: How does an island disappear? Belt
Thermohaline
Longshore currents are affected by the Circulation
velocity and angle of a wave. When a The Global
wave breaks at a more acute (steep) Conveyor Belt
angle on a beach, encounters a steeper Effects of Climate

Change
beach slope, or is very high, longshore
currents increase in velocity. Conversely,
How Are Currents

Longshore Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
a wider breaking angle, gentler beach

Measured?
slope, and lower wave height slows a
Age of Exploration
longshore current’s velocity. In either What is a "knot"?
case, the water in a longshore current Shallow Water
flows up onto the beach, and back into Drifter
the ocean, as it moves in a “sheet” Longshore drift can be very Deep Ocean Drifter
formation. Current Profiler
destructive to manmade
Shore-based
structures. Click the image
As this sheet of water moves on and off Current Meters
to view a slideshow and
the beach, it can “capture” and transport
learn more.
beach sediment back out to sea. This How Currents Affect
process, known as “longshore drift,” can Our Lives?
cause significant beach erosion.
References
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Podcast - Currents
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H O M E  E D U C A T I O N  C U R R E N T S  L O N G S H O R E C U R R E N T S
<< Back
Barrier Islands
In 1927, the lighthouse on Tucker's Island, NJ was destroyed

when powerful longshore currents washed over 300 yards of
the surrounding land out to sea.

Longshore drift has a very powerful influence on the shape and composition of the coastline. It changes the slopes of
beaches and creates long, narrow shoals of land called spits, that extend out from shore. Longshore drift may also create or
destroy entire “barrier islands” along a shoreline. A barrier island is a long offshore deposit of sand situated parallel to the
coast. As longshore drifts deposit, remove, and redeposit sand, barrier islands constantly change.
Tucker’s Island, New Jersey, is a barrier island that clearly illustrates how longshore drift and strong weather affect these
transient sand deposits. The island was first settled in 1735. Since its settlement, residents have had to move the island’s
lighthouse several times because the channels shifted constantly as a result of longshore drift. Eventually, they placed the
lighthouse on high ground at the island's northern end.
Meanwhile, the inlet north of Tucker’s Island—Beach Haven inlet—was also effected by longshore drift. At times, the inlet was
narrow or nonexistent and Tucker’s Island was attached to the nearby Long Beach Island. At other times, the inlet was wide,
and Tucker’s Island was separated from Long Beach Island.
Powerful longshore currents causing longshore drift washed Tucker's

Island away. Click the images to view a series of maps from 1856-2005
that show how Tucker's Island changed shape and eventually
disappeared.
In 1924, in an effort to stop the beach erosion that was occurring on Tucker’s Island, experts installed jetties. They were
initially successful in halting the erosion, but the jetties worked so well that the currents of Beach Haven inlet began to wash
in the other direction—toward Tucker’s Island. As the inlet began to widen, the island then began to erode very quickly. By
1927, just three years after the jetties were installed, waves and longshore drift washed away most of the beach. Later that
year, the remaining 300 yards of beach were washed away in a series of storms. Then, in a final dramatic display, the
lighthouse fell into the sea!
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H O M E  E D U C A T I O N  C U R R E N T S  B A R R I E R I S L A N D S
<< Back
Powerful longshore currents causing longshore drift washed Tucker's Island, New Jersey, away. Scroll down the page to view
a series of maps from 1856-2005 that show how Tucker's Island changed shape and eventually disappeared.
This map of New Jersey was printed in 1856 by Charles DeSilver of Philadelphia. The map is provided courtesy of the Special
Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries. The full map may be viewed at:
http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/NJ_1856.jpg.
This map of inland waterways was printed in 1928 by the

State of New Jersey Board of Commerce and Navigation.
The map is provided courtesy of the Special Collections and
University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries. The full
map may be viewed at:
http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/HISTORICALMAPS/InlandWaterway_1928.jpg.
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/media/supp_cur03e.html[7/29/2015 3:08:33 PM]

This 1938 road, municipal, and navigation map of Ocean

County, New Jersey, was distributed by the New Jersey
Ocean County Bureau of Publicity. The map is provided
courtesy of the Special Collections and University Archives,
Rutgers University Libraries. The full map may be viewed at:
http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/Ocean/OceanCo_pix_1938.jpg.
A 1953 road map of Ocean County, New Jersey. The map is

provided courtesy of the Special Collections and University
Archives, Rutgers University Libraries. The full map may be
viewed at:
http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/Ocean/Ocean_County_1953.gif

A 2005 map of Ocean County, New Jersey. Created by the

New Jersey Department of Transportation, Division of
Information Technology, Bureau of Information Management
and Technology Planning Geographic Information Systems,
in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration. The full map may be
downloaded at:
http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/gis/maps/ocean.pdf
(3.9 MB).


Rip Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  R I P C U R R E N T S
Currents
Rip Currents
Currents
As longshore currents move on and off

Welcome
the beach, “rip currents” may form
Tidal Currents 1
around low spots or breaks in sandbars,
Tidal Currents 2
and also near structures such as jetties
and piers. A rip current, sometimes
Coastal Currents
incorrectly called a rip tide, is a localized Waves
These images of dangerous
current that flows away from the Longshore Currents
rip currents were taken at
shoreline toward the ocean, Rip Currents
public swimming beaches. Upwelling
perpendicular or at an acute angle to the
Click the image to view a
shoreline. It usually breaks up not far
slideshow and learn more. Surface Ocean Currents
from shore and is generally not more
than 25 meters (80 feet) wide. The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
Rip currents typically reach speeds of 1 to 2 feet per second. However, some rip Currents
currents have been measured at 8 feet per second—faster than any Olympic Boundary Currents
swimmer ever recorded (NOAA, 2005b). If wave activity is slight, several low rip The Ekman Spiral
currents can form, in various sizes and velocities. But in heavier wave action,
The Global Conveyor
fewer, more concentrated rip currents can form.
Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
How Are Currents

Rip Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Measured?
Age of Exploration
What is a "knot"?
Shallow Water
Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
When waves travel from deep to shallow water, they break Current Profiler
near the shoreline and generate currents. A rip current Shore-based
forms when a narrow, fast-moving section of water travels in Current Meters
an offshore direction. Rip current speeds as high as 8 feet
per second have been measured--faster than an Olympic How Currents Affect
swimmer can sprint! This makes rip currents especially Our Lives?
dangerous to beachgoers as these currents can sweep even

the strongest swimmer out to sea.
References
Because rip currents move perpendicular to shore and can be very strong, beach Tutorial PDF
swimmers need to be careful. A person caught in a rip can be swept away from Subject Review
shore very quickly. The best way to escape a rip current is by swimming parallel Podcast - Currents
to the shore instead of towards it, since most rip currents are less than 80 feet
wide. A swimmer can also let the current carry him or her out to sea until the force Search Education
weakens, because rip currents stay close to shore and usually dissipate just
beyond the line of breaking waves. Occasionally, however, a rip current can push
search
someone hundreds of yards offshore. The most important thing to remember if
you are ever caught in a rip current is not to panic. Continue to breathe, try to
keep your head above water, and don’t exhaust yourself fighting against the force
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H O M E  E D U C A T I O N  C U R R E N T S  R I P C U R R E N T S
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These images of rip currents were taken at public swimming beaches. Rip currents are powerful, channeled currents that flow
away from shore and can occur at any beach with breaking waves. Rip currents can be killers and account for over 80% of
rescues performed by surf beach lifeguards.
The greatest precaution that you can take is to recognize the danger of rip currents and only swim at beaches with lifeguards
on duty. If you get caught in a rip current, never fight against it. Remain calm to conserve your energy. Think of the rip current
like a treadmill that can't be turned off, and which you need to step to the side of the treadmill to get off. To escape a rip
current, swim in a direction parallel to the shoreline. When out of the current, swim at an angle--away from the current--
towards shore. If you can't swim out of the rip current, float or calmly tread water. When out of the current, swim towards
shore. For more information go to the NOAA Rip Current Safety Web site: http://www.ripcurrents.noaa.gov.
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/media/supp_cur03d.html[7/29/2015 3:42:32 PM]

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Upwelling - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  U P W E L L I N G
Currents
Upwelling
Currents
Winds blowing across the ocean surface often push water away from an area.
Welcome
When this occurs, water rises up from beneath the surface to replace the
Tidal Currents 1
diverging surface water. This process is known as “upwelling.”
Tidal Currents 2
Coastal Currents
Waves
Longshore Currents
Rip Currents
Upwelling
Surface Ocean Currents

The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
Currents
Boundary Currents
The Ekman Spiral
Upwelling occurs when winds blowing across the ocean The Global Conveyor
surface push water away from an area and subsurface Belt
water rises up to replace the diverging surface water. Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Upwelling occurs in the open ocean and
Conveyor Belt
along coastlines. The reverse process, Effects of Climate
called downwelling, also occurs when Change
wind causes surface water to build up
along a coastline. The surface water How Are Currents

Upwelling - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
eventually sinks toward the bottom. Measured?

Major upwelling areas along Age of Exploration
Subsurface water that rises to the surface the world's coasts are What is a "knot"?
as a result of upwelling is typically highlighted in red. Click the Shallow Water
colder, rich in nutrients, and biologically image for a larger view. Drifter
productive. Therefore, good fishing Deep Ocean Drifter
grounds typically are found where Current Profiler
Shore-based
upwelling is common. For example, the rich fishing grounds along the west coasts
Current Meters
of Africa and South America are supported by year-round coastal upwelling.
Seasonal upwelling and downwelling also occur along the West Coast of the How Currents Affect
United States. In winter, winds blow from the south to the north, resulting in Our Lives?
downwelling. During the summer, winds blow from the north to the south, and
water moves offshore, resulting in upwelling along the coast. This summer
References
upwelling produces cold coastal waters in the San Francisco area, contributing to
the frequent summer fogs. (Duxbury, et al, 2002.)
Tutorial PDF
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H O M E  E D U C A T I O N  C U R R E N T S  U P W E L L I N G
<< Back
This image highlights major upwelling areas along the world's coasts in red. Upwelling occurs when winds blowing across the
ocean surface push water away from an area and subsurface water rises up from beneath the surface to replace the
diverging surface water. These subsurface waters are typically colder, rich in nutrients, and biologically productive.
Therefore, good fishing grounds typically are found where upwelling is common. For example, the rich fishing grounds along
the west coasts of Africa and South America are supported by year-round coastal upwelling.
T

The Coriolis Effect - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  T H E C O R I O L I S E F F E C T
Currents
The Coriolis Effect
Currents
Welcome
Tidal Currents 1
Tidal Currents 2
Coastal Currents
Waves
Longshore Currents
Rip Currents
Upwelling
Because the Earth rotates
If the Earth did not rotate on
on its axis, circulating air is
its axis, the atmosphere Surface Ocean Currents
deflected toward the right in
would only circulate The Coriolis Effect
the Northern Hemisphere
between the poles and the Surface Ocean
and toward the left in the Currents
equator in a simple back-
Southern Hemisphere. This Boundary Currents
and-forth pattern. Click the
deflection is called the The Ekman Spiral
image for a larger view.
Coriolis effect. Click the
image for a larger view. The Global Conveyor
Belt
Thermohaline
Coastal currents are affected by local winds. Surface ocean currents, which occur
Circulation
on the open ocean, are driven by a complex global wind system. To understand The Global
the effects of winds on ocean currents, one first needs to understand the Coriolis Conveyor Belt
force and the Ekman spiral. Effects of Climate
Change
If the Earth did not rotate and remained stationary, the atmosphere would circulate
between the poles (high pressure areas) and the equator (a low pressure area) in How Are Currents
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/04currents1.html[7/29/2015 9:57:47 AM]

The Coriolis Effect - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
a simple back-and-forth pattern. But because the Earth rotates, circulating air is Measured?
deflected. Instead of circulating in a straight pattern, the air deflects toward the Age of Exploration
right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere, What is a "knot"?
resulting in curved paths. This deflection is called the Coriolis effect. It is named Shallow Water
after the French mathematician Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843), who Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
studied the transfer of energy in rotating systems like waterwheels. (Ross, 1995).
Current Profiler
Shore-based
Current Meters
How Currents Affect

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If the Earth did not rotate on its axis and remained stationary, the atmosphere would only circulate between the Earth's polar
regions (areas of high pressure) and the equator (a low pressure area) in a simple back-and-forth pattern. Image B shows a
"cutaway" view of this hypothetical circulation pattern.
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Coriolis Effect
The rotation of the Earth on its axis deflects the atmosphere toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left
in the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in curved paths. The deflection of the atmosphere sets up the complex global wind
patterns which drive surface ocean currents. This deflection is called the Coriolis effect. It is named after the French
mathematician Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843), who studied the transfer of energy in rotating systems like
waterwheels. (Ross, 1995).

Surface Ocean Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  S U R F A C E O C E A N C U R R E N T S
Currents
Currents
In the Northern Hemisphere, warm air

Welcome
around the equator rises and flows north
Tidal Currents 1
toward the pole. As the air moves away
Tidal Currents 2
from the equator, the Coriolis effect
deflects it toward the right. It cools and
Coastal Currents
descends near 30 degrees North Waves
latitude. The descending air blows from Longshore Currents
Atmospheric circulation and
the northeast to the southwest, back Rip Currents
the Coriolis effect create
toward the equator (Ross, 1995). A Upwelling
global wind patterns
similar wind pattern occurs in the
including the trade winds
Southern Hemisphere; these winds blow Surface Ocean Currents
and westerlies. Click the
from the southeast toward the northwest The Coriolis Effect
image for a larger view. Surface Ocean
and descend near 30 degrees South
Currents
latitude.
Boundary Currents
These prevailing winds, known as the trade winds, meet at the Intertropical The Ekman Spiral
Convergence Zone (also called the doldrums) between 5 degrees North and 5
The Global Conveyor
degrees South latitude, where the winds are calm. The remaining air (air that
Belt
does not descend at 30 degrees North or South latitude) continues toward the
Thermohaline
poles and is known as the westerly winds, or westerlies. The trade winds are so
Circulation
named because ships have historically taken advantage of them to aid their The Global
journies between Europe and the Americas (Bowditch, 1995). Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
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Trade Winds
Atmospheric circulation and the Coriolis effect create global wind patterns including the trade winds and westerlies.
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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  B O U N D A R Y C U R R E N T S
Currents
Boundary Currents
Currents
Global winds drag on the water’s surface, causing it to move and build up in the
Welcome
direction that the wind is blowing. And just as the Coriolis effect deflects winds to
Tidal Currents 1
the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, it
Tidal Currents 2
also results in the deflection of major surface ocean currents to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere (in a clockwise spiral) and to the left in the Southern
Coastal Currents
Hemisphere (in a counter-clockwise spiral). These major spirals of ocean-circling Waves
currents are called “gyres” and occur north and south of the equator. They do not Longshore Currents
occur at the equator, where the Coriolis effect is not present (Ross, 1995). Rip Currents
Upwelling

The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
Currents
Boundary Currents
The Ekman Spiral
The Global Conveyor

Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
There are five major ocean-wide gyres—the North Atlantic, The Global
South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, and Indian Conveyor Belt
Ocean gyres. Each is flanked by a strong and narrow Effects of Climate
“western boundary current,” and a weak and broad “eastern Change
boundary current” (Ross, 1995).
How Are Currents

Boundary Currents - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Measured?
One particularly powerful western Age of Exploration
boundary current is the Gulf Stream. The What is a "knot"?
Gulf Stream, paired with the eastern Shallow Water
boundary Canary Current, flanks the Drifter
North Atlantic gyre. The Gulf Stream, Deep Ocean Drifter
also called the North Atlantic Drift, Current Profiler
The Gulf Stream is a Shore-based
originates in the Gulf of Mexico, exits
powerful western boundary Current Meters
through the Strait of Florida, and follows
current in the North Atlantic
the eastern coastline of the United
Ocean that strongly How Currents Affect
States and Newfoundland. It travels at
influences the climate of the Our Lives?
speeds of 25 to 75 miles per day at
East Coast of the United
about one to three knots (1.15-3.45
States and many Western
miles per hour or 1.85-5.55 kilometers References
European countries. Click
per hour). It influences the climate of the Roadmap to Resources
the image for a larger view.
east coast of Florida, keeping Tutorial PDF
temperatures warmer in the winter and Subject Review
cooler than the other southeastern states Podcast - Currents
in the summer. Since it also extends toward Europe, it warms western European
countries as well. Search Education
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The Gulf Stream Current

The Gulf Stream is a powerful western boundary current in the North Atlantic. Originating in the Gulf of Mexico, waters in the
Gulf Stream travel at speeds of about one to three knots (1.15-3.45 miles per hour or 1.85-5.55 kilometers per hour). The
Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of Florida, keeping temperatures warmer in the winter and cooler than
the other southeastern states in the summer. Since it also extends toward Europe, it warms western European countries as
well.


The Ekman Spiral - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  T H E E K M A N S P I R A L
Currents
The Ekman Spiral
Currents
The Ekman spiral, named after Swedish

Welcome
scientist Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874-
Tidal Currents 1
1954) who first theorized it in 1902, is a
Tidal Currents 2
consequence of the Coriolis effect.
When surface water molecules move by
Coastal Currents
the force of the wind, they, in turn, drag Waves
deeper layers of water molecules below Longshore Currents
The Ekman spiral occurs as
them. Each layer of water molecules is Rip Currents
a consequence of the
moved by friction from the shallower Upwelling
Coriolis effect. Click the
layer, and each deeper layer moves
image for a larger view.
more slowly than the layer above it, until Surface Ocean Currents
the movement ceases at a depth of The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
about 100 meters (330 feet). Like the
Currents
surface water, however, the deeper water is deflected by the Coriolis effect—to
Boundary Currents
the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Ekman Spiral
As a result, each successively deeper layer of water moves more slowly to the
right or left, creating a spiral effect. Because the deeper layers of water move
The Global Conveyor
more slowly than the shallower layers, they tend to “twist around” and flow Belt
opposite to the surface current. Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
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Ekman spiral
The Ekman spiral occurs as a consequence of the Coriolis effect. When surface water molecules are moved by the wind, they
drag deeper layers of water molecules below them. Like surface water, the deeper water is deflected by the Coriolis effect—
to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. As a result, each successively deeper
layer of water moves more slowly to the right or left, creating a spiral effect.

Thermohaline Circulation - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  T H E R M O H A L I N E C I R C U L A T I O N
Currents
Thermohaline Circulation
Currents
Winds drive ocean currents in the upper

Welcome
100 meters of the ocean’s surface.
Tidal Currents 1
However, ocean currents also flow
Tidal Currents 2
thousands of meters below the surface.
These deep-ocean currents are driven
Coastal Currents
by differences in the water’s density, Waves
Thermohaline circulation
which is controlled by temperature Longshore Currents
begins in the Earth's polar
(thermo ) and salinity (haline ). This Rip Currents
regions. When ocean water
process is known as thermohaline Upwelling
in these areas gets very
circulation.
cold, sea ice forms. The Surface Ocean Currents
In the Earth's polar regions ocean water surrounding seawater gets The Coriolis Effect
gets very cold, forming sea ice. As a saltier, increases in density Surface Ocean
consequence the surrounding seawater and sinks. Currents
gets saltier, because when sea ice Boundary Currents
forms, the salt is left behind. As the The Ekman Spiral
seawater gets saltier, its density increases, and it starts to sink. Surface water is
The Global Conveyor
pulled in to replace the sinking water, which in turn eventually becomes cold and
Belt
salty enough to sink. This initiates the deep-ocean currents driving the global
Thermohaline
conveyer belt.
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
How Are Currents
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The Global Conveyor Belt - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  T H E G L O B A L C O N V E Y O R B E L T
Currents
The Global Conveyor Belt
Currents
Welcome
Tidal Currents 1
Tidal Currents 2
Coastal Currents
Waves
Longshore Currents
Rip Currents
Upwelling

The Coriolis Effect
This animation shows the path of the global conveyer belt.
Surface Ocean
The blue arrows indicate the path of deep, cold, dense water
Currents
currents. The red arrows indicate the path of warmer, less
Boundary Currents
dense surface waters. It is estimated that it can take 1,000
The Ekman Spiral
years for a "parcel" of water to complete the journey along
the global conveyor belt. The Global Conveyor
Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
Thermohaline circulation drives a global- The Global
scale system of currents called the Conveyor Belt
“global conveyor belt.” The conveyor belt Effects of Climate
begins on the surface of the ocean near Change
the pole in the North Atlantic. Here, the
water is chilled by arctic temperatures. It How Are Currents

Cold, salty, dense water Measured?

also gets saltier because when sea ice
sinks at the Earth's northern Age of Exploration
forms, the salt does not freeze and is left
polar region and heads What is a "knot"?
behind in the surrounding water. The
south along the western Shallow Water
cold water is now more dense, due to
Atlantic basin. Drifter
the added salts, and sinks toward the Deep Ocean Drifter
ocean bottom. Surface water moves in to Current Profiler
replace the sinking water, thus creating a Shore-based
current. Current Meters
This deep water moves south, between How Currents Affect

the continents, past the equator, and Our Lives?
down to the ends of Africa and South
America. The current travels around the
The current is "recharged"
edge of Antarctica, where the water References
as it travels along the coast
cools and sinks again, as it does in the Roadmap to Resources
of Antarctica and picks up
North Atlantic. Thus, the conveyor belt Tutorial PDF
more cold, salty, dense Subject Review
gets "recharged." As it moves around
water. Podcast - Currents
Antarctica, two sections split off the
conveyor and turn northward. One
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section moves into the Indian Ocean, the
other into the Pacific Ocean.
search
These two sections that split off warm up
and become less dense as they travel
northward toward the equator, so that
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they rise to the surface (upwelling). They The main current splits into
then loop back southward and westward two sections, one traveling
to the South Atlantic, eventually northward into the Indian Ü T f R

returning to the North Atlantic, where the Ocean, while the other F 1 U
cycle begins again.
heads up into the western

Pacific.
The conveyor belt moves at much slower
Contact Us
speeds (a few centimeters per second)
than wind-driven or tidal currents (tens to
hundreds of centimeters per second). It
is estimated that any given cubic meter
of water takes about 1,000 years to
complete the journey along the global
conveyor belt. In addition, the conveyor
moves an immense volume of water— The two branches of the
more than 100 times the flow of the current warm and rise as
Amazon River (Ross, 1995). they travel northward, then
loop back around
The conveyor belt is also a vital
southward and westward.
component of the global ocean nutrient
and carbon dioxide cycles. Warm
surface waters are depleted of nutrients

and carbon dioxide, but they are

enriched again as they travel through the
conveyor belt as deep or bottom layers.
The base of the world’s food chain
depends on the cool, nutrient-rich waters
that support the growth of algae and The now-warmed surface
seaweed. waters continue circulating
around the globe. They
eventually return to the
North Atlantic where the
cycle begins again.
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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  E F F E C T S O F C L I M A T E C H A N G E
Currents
Effects of Climate Change
Currents
The global conveyor belt is a strong, but

Welcome
easily disrupted process. Research
Tidal Currents 1
suggests that the conveyor belt may be
Tidal Currents 2
affected by climate change. If global
warming results in increased rainfall in
Coastal Currents
the North Atlantic, and the melting of Waves
glaciers and sea ice, the influx of warm Longshore Currents
freshwater onto the sea surface could Rip Currents
block the formation of sea ice, disrupting Global climate change could Upwelling
the sinking of cold, salty water. This disrupt the global conveyer
sequence of events could slow or even Surface Ocean Currents
belt, causing potentially
stop the conveyor belt, which could The Coriolis Effect
drastic temperature
Surface Ocean
result in potentially drastic temperature changes in Europe and
Currents
changes in Europe. even worldwide. Boundary Currents
The Ekman Spiral
The Global Conveyor

Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
How Are Currents

Age of Exploration - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  A G E O F E X P L O R A T I O N
Currents
Age of Exploration
Currents
Since the age of exploration, mariners

Welcome
have needed to know the speed and
Tidal Currents 1
direction (velocity) of ocean currents to
Tidal Currents 2
steer their ships within harbors and
along trade and exploration routes. A
Coastal Currents
mariner needs to be able to measure the Waves
An oceanographer deploys
velocity of currents by observing Longshore Currents
a current meter in the
distance, time, and direction. Rip Currents
1920s while working in
Upwelling
The simplest method of determining the Alaska.
velocity of a current involves an Surface Ocean Currents
observer, a floating object or drifter, and The Coriolis Effect
a timing device. The observer stands on an anchored ship with a timer. He or she Surface Ocean
then places the drifter (such as a piece of wood) into the water and measures the Currents
amount of time the drifter takes to move along the length of the ship. He or she Boundary Currents
then stops the timer after the object has traveled some distance, and measures The Ekman Spiral
that distance, noting the direction in which the object moved.

The Global Conveyor
The observer then divides the distance the object traveled by the time it took the Belt
object to travel that distance, which equals the speed of the current. By combining Thermohaline
Circulation
the speed of the object with the direction in which it moved, the observer can then
The Global
determine the current’s velocity. Ocean currents typically are measured in knots.
Conveyor Belt
Although they still follow the same essential concept to measure ocean currents, Effects of Climate
Change
mariners today use more accurate and sophisticated instruments. Today, drifters
are often elaborate buoys equipped with multiple oceanographic instruments.
How Are Currents
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/06measure1.html[7/29/2015 9:58:28 AM]

Age of Exploration - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Some are equipped with global positioning system technology and satellite
Measured?
communications to relay their position in the ocean back to observers on land.
Age of Exploration
Other drifters submerge for long periods of time to measure the ocean currents at What is a "knot"?
depth. The drifter occasionally rises to the surface to send a signal that relays its Shallow Water
position. Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
Current Profiler
Shore-based
Current Meters
How Currents Affect

Our Lives?
References
Tutorial PDF
Joseph Louis Lagrange
Subject Review
(1736-1813) was the first
Podcast - Currents
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) mathematician to describe
was the first mathematician the path followed by fluids.
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to describe the speed and To this day, all drifter buoy
direction of a liquid's flow as measurements are referred
it passes a single point in to as "Lagrangian search
space. measurements."
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All drifter measurements are termed “Lagrangian measurements,” named after
mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813), who first described the path
Ü T f R
followed by fluids. But current velocities can be measured another way as well—
using “Eulerian measurements.” Named after Swiss mathematician Leonhard F 1 U

Euler (1707-1783), Eulerian measurements involve describing fluid flow by

measuring the speed and direction of the fluid at one point only. In this method,
an instrument is anchored in the ocean at a given location, and the water Contact Us
movement is measured as it flows past the instrument.
Measuring currents by Eulerian methods is becoming increasingly more common.

One reason is that it is easier to retrieve these expensive but stationary
instruments than it is to locate floating drifters.

What is a "knot"? - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  W H A T I S A " K N O T " ?
Currents
What is a "knot"?
Currents
The term “knot”, in reference to currents, is defined as one nautical mile per hour
Welcome
and is used to measure speed. A nautical mile is slightly more than a standard
Tidal Currents 1
mile.
Tidal Currents 2
1 nautical mile = 1.15 miles = 1.85 kilometers

Coastal Currents

1 knot = 1.15 miles per hour = 1.85 kilometers per hour
Waves

1 knot = 20.251969 inches per second = 51.44 centimeters per second
Longshore Currents
Rip Currents
Upwelling

The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
Currents
Boundary Currents
The Ekman Spiral
The Global Conveyor

Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
How Are Currents

What is a "knot"? - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Measured?
Age of Exploration
What is a "knot"?
Shallow Water
Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
Current Profiler
The term knot dates from the 17th Century, when sailors measured the speed of
Shore-based
their ship by the use of a device called a “common log.” This device was a coil of Current Meters
rope with uniformly spaced knots tied in it, attached to a piece of wood shaped
like a slice of pie. The piece of wood was lowered from the back of the ship and How Currents Affect
allowed to float behind it. The line was allowed to pay out freely from the coil as Our Lives?
the piece of wood fell behind the ship for a specific amount of time. When the
specified time had passed, the line was pulled in and the number of knots on the
rope between the ship and the wood were counted. The speed of the ship was References
said to be the number of knots counted (Bowditch, 1984). Roadmap to Resources
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Podcast - Currents
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Shallow Water Drifter - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  S H A L L O W W A T E R D R I F T E R
Currents
Shallow Water Drifter
Currents
A Davis drifter is an instrument designed to measure wind-driven surface currents.

Welcome
It has four major components: (1) body, (2) sails, (3) floats, and (4) a data
Tidal Currents 1
collection/transmitter package. The body, which is a waterproof tube about 3 feet
Tidal Currents 2
long and 10 inches wide, holds the collection/transmitter package. The sails
extend out from the body as four pairs of cloth or vinyl “arms” with about 3 square
Coastal Currents
feet of total sail area. The sails move the drifter along with the prevailing currents. Waves
The four floats are attached by ropes to the body of the drifter, keeping it Longshore Currents
suspended a few feet beneath the surface so that the drifter is not directly Rip Currents
affected by the wind or waves. Upwelling

The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
Currents
Boundary Currents
The Ekman Spiral
The Global Conveyor

Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
The image on the left is a schematic diagram of a shallow water Davis Effects of Climate
drifter. The image on the right shows an actual Davis drifter after it is Change
deployed in the water. Click on the images for a larger view.

How Are Currents

Shallow Water Drifter - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Measured?
The drifter’s transmitter sends signals to a polar orbiting satellite that calculates its Age of Exploration
position and relays this information to a receiving station. A typical drifter will What is a "knot"?
transmit data for about one year before its power supply expires. Shallow Water
Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
Current Profiler
Shore-based
Current Meters
How Currents Affect

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References
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Podcast - Currents
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Shallow Water or Davis Drifter

These are larger images of a shallow water Davis Drifter. The image on the top shows an actual Davis drifter after it is
deployed in the water. Scroll down to see a detailed schematic diagram of the same drifter.

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Deep Ocean Drifter - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  D E E P O C E A N D R I F T E R
Currents
Deep Ocean Drifter
Currents
To monitor ocean currents and ocean water characteristics far beneath the ocean
Welcome
surface, scientists use devices called profiling floats. While Davis drifters remain
Tidal Currents 1
at the ocean surface during their deployment, profiling floats are programmed to
Tidal Currents 2
sink to a particular depth and remain there for a specific period of time. At that
depth, which scientists call a "parking depth", the profiling float drifts with the
Coastal Currents
prevailing current. After the pre-programmed time period, the profiling float begins Waves
to rises to the ocean surface. As the profiling float ascends, it can be programmed Longshore Currents
to take a series measurements from the surrounding water, which may include the Rip Currents
water's temperature, salinity, and pressure. When the profiling float reaches the Upwelling
surface, it transmits its data to an orbiting satellite to determine the profiling float's
position, and begin to receive the profiling floats data. The satellite also receives Surface Ocean Currents
information about the path the float has taken while it was drifting. When all of the The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
float's data has been transmitted, the float sinks again to drift and the cycle is
Currents
repeated. Floats are designed to make about 150 such cycles. Some floats, such
Boundary Currents
as the one depicted in the image below, can sink and drift up to 2,000 meters
The Ekman Spiral
(approximately 6,500 feet) beneath the surface of the ocean.
The Global Conveyor

Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
The Global
Conveyor Belt
Effects of Climate
Change
How Are Currents

Deep Ocean Drifter - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Measured?
Age of Exploration
What is a "knot"?
Shallow Water
Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
Current Profiler
Shore-based
Current Meters
How Currents Affect

Our Lives?
References
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Podcast - Currents
Search Education
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Current Profiler - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  C U R R E N T P R O F I L E R
Currents
Current Profler
Currents
Welcome
Tidal Currents 1
Tidal Currents 2
Coastal Currents
Waves
Longshore Currents
Rip Currents
Two ADCPs deployed in a An Acoustic Doppler Current Upwelling
waterway. Together, they Profiler (ADCP) waiting to
provide very accurate be deployed on the deck of Surface Ocean Currents
measurements of currents a NOAA vessel. Click on The Coriolis Effect
for vessels traveling the image for a larger view. Surface Ocean
through that waterway. Currents

Boundary Currents
Click on the image for a
The Ekman Spiral
larger view.
The Global Conveyor

An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measures ocean currents using the Belt
principle of “Doppler shift.” If you have heard a train whistle in the distance, you Thermohaline
are familiar with Doppler effect. As the train gets closer, the whistle pitch gets Circulation
higher. As the train moves away, the whistle pitch gets lower. The change in pitch The Global
Conveyor Belt
is proportional to the speed of the train.
Effects of Climate
An ADCP follows the premise of the Doppler effect. It emits a series of high- Change
frequency pulses of sound that bounce off of moving particles in the water. If the
How Are Currents
particle is moving away from the instrument, the return signal is at a lower

Current Profiler - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Measured?
frequency. If the particle is moving toward the instrument, the return signal is at a
Age of Exploration
higher frequency. Because the particles move at the same speed as the water
What is a "knot"?
that carries them, the speed of the water’s current can be determined.
Shallow Water
Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
Current Profiler
Shore-based
Current Meters
How Currents Affect

Our Lives?
References
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Podcast - Currents
Search Education
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H O M E  E D U C A T I O N  C U R R E N T S  A D C P
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ADCP, Acoustic Doppler Current Profler

This illustration shows two ADCPs deployed in a waterway. One device rests on the ocean bottom and provides information
about the horizontal component of the current. The other device is mounted on its side, perhaps on a pier, and provides
information about the vertical component of the current. Together they provide very accurate measurements of currents to
vessels traveling through that waterway.


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H O M E  E D U C A T I O N  C U R R E N T S  A D C P
<< Back
ADCP, Acoustic Doppler Current Profler

An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) waiting to be deployed on the deck of a NOAA vessel.
T
Why does the ocean

Shore-based Current Meters - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  S H O R E - B A S E D C U R R E N T M E T E R S
Currents
Shore-based Current Meters
Currents
Shore-based current meters employ radio antennas and high frequency (HF)
Welcome
Radio Detecting and Ranging systems (radar) to measure surface ocean currents.
Tidal Currents 1
Following the same premise of the ADCP, these shore-based instruments use the
Tidal Currents 2
Doppler effect to determine when currents are moving toward or away from the
shore. If a wind-driven current is moving toward the shore, the return signal is at a
Coastal Currents
high frequency. If the wind-driven current is moving away from shore, the return Waves
signal is at a low frequency. Scientists also use these measurements to determine Longshore Currents
the velocity of the current. When two or more radar antennas are used, a scientist Rip Currents
can calculate an entire field of surface current velocities for thousands of points. Upwelling
Using this data, the scientist can produce a “map” of surface currents for a large
coastal area. Surface Ocean Currents
The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
Currents
Boundary Currents
The Ekman Spiral
The Global Conveyor

Belt
Thermohaline
Circulation
This antenna uses high
The Global
frequency radar to measure
Conveyor Belt
the direction and speed of
Effects of Climate
ocean surface currents. This plot of ocean surface
Change
currents was created using
shore-based high frequency
How Are Currents


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<< Back
Shore-based Current Meters

This antenna uses high frequency (HF) Radar to measure the direction and speed of ocean surface currents. When two or
more Radar antennas are used, a scientist can calculate an entire field of wind driven surface current velocities.
T
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<< Back
This plot of wind driven ocean surface currents was created using shore-based high frequency radar. When two or more radar
antennas are used, a scientist can calculate an entire field of surface current velocities. Using this data, the scientist can
produce a map of surface currents for a large coastal area. The map consists of a series of different colored arrows. The
direction of each arrow represents the direction that the current is moving, and the color of each arrow represents the
current's speed at that particular location (red=fast, blue=slow.)
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/media/supp_cur06g.html[7/29/2015 3:56:58 PM]

How Currents Affect Our Lives? - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  H O W C U R R E N T S A F F E C T O U R L I V E S ?
Currents
How Currents Affect Our Lives?
Currents
Current measurements are important to

Welcome
shipping, commercial fishing,
Tidal Currents 1
recreational boating, and safety. By
Tidal Currents 2
using predicted, real-time and short-term
forecasted currents, people can safely
Coastal Currents
dock and undock ships, maneuver them Waves
in confined waterways and safely Longshore Currents
navigate through coastal waters. With Rip Currents
this information, merchandise and Upwelling
people can arrive on schedule. Lack of
this knowledge can lead to collisions and Surface Ocean Currents
delayed arrivals. Hundreds of massive The Coriolis Effect
Surface Ocean
container ships rely daily on
Search-and-rescue personnel can use Currents
accurate real-time tide and
real-time and predicted current patterns Boundary Currents
current information to
to determine where the water may carry The Ekman Spiral
navigate safely to and from
a missing person or floating object(s).
U.S. ports. The Global Conveyor
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Belt
programs are used to assist in search-
Thermohaline
and-rescue efforts as well. These
Circulation
programs use the last-known position of the lost person or item(s), predicted and The Global
real-time current and weather data, and drift patterns to estimate the location of Conveyor Belt
the person or item(s). Effects of Climate
Change
Hazardous material (HAZMAT) cleanup operations also use real-time and
predicted current information. Hazardous materials such as oil and fuel from How Are Currents
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/07affect.html[7/29/2015 9:59:26 AM]

How Currents Affect Our Lives? - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
tankers, typically remain on or near the water’s surface, and travel with surface Measured?
currents and winds. Models created from high-frequency radar, satellite, and wind Age of Exploration
data help predict where the hazardous material will go. What is a "knot"?
Shallow Water
NOAA’s Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) Drifter
is working with a prototype of a quick-response buoy that can be deployed when a Deep Ocean Drifter
HAZMAT spill occurs. The buoy collects real-time current speed and direction, Current Profiler
wind speed direction and gusts, barometric pressure, and water and air Shore-based
temperature. The buoy can be deployed for up to 30 days. Current Meters
How Currents Affect

Our Lives?
References
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Knowing when and where
Podcast - Currents
upwelling currents occur, Deploying and regular
and therefore where fish maintenance of data buoys

assures scientists, fishers,
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stocks may be located, is
an enormous benefit to mariners, rescue personnel
fishers. and others, of accurate and search

timely oceanographic and
meteorological information.
Get Social
In addition, scientists study nutrient, sediment, and the concentration of chemicals
which travel in the water column, to understand how currents transport these
Ü T f R
materials locally and globally.
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Finally, currents affect swimmers and fishers. Localized currents can be observed
in the form of rip currents at the beach, or a piece of floating wood meandering in
different patterns in a tidal bay or river. Swimming at the beach near rip currents Contact Us
can be very dangerous. Before going to the beach, learn how to recognize rip
currents and strong shore currents, and pay attention to the warning signs.
Recreational and commercial fishers pay close attention to the timing and
strength of currents to maximize their chances of catching fish.

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/07affect.html[7/29/2015 9:59:26 AM]

References - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  R E F E R E N C E S
Currents
References
Currents
Bowditch, N. 1995. American Practical Navigator. Bethesda, MD: Defense

Welcome
Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center. pp. 873.
Tidal Currents 1
Duxbury, et al. 2002. Fundamentals of Oceanography, 4th edition. New York: Tidal Currents 2
McGraw Hill. pp. 344.

Coastal Currents
Lloyd, J.B. 1986. Eighteen Miles of History on Long Beach Island. Harvey Cedars, Waves
New Jersey. Down The Shore Publishing and the SandPaper, Inc. pp. 204. Longshore Currents
Rip Currents
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2005a. Ocean Upwelling
Explorer: Technology. Online at
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/technology.html. Surface Ocean Currents
The Coriolis Effect
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2005b. Rip Current Surface Ocean
Safety. Online at http://www.ripcurrents.noaa.gov. Currents
Boundary Currents
New Jersey Department of Transportation Geographic Information Sysyems. The Ekman Spiral
2006. State and County Maps. Online at
http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/gis/map.shtm. The Global Conveyor
Belt
Pinet, P.R. 1998. Invitation to Oceanography. Sudbury, MA.: Jones and Bartlett Thermohaline
Publishers. 596 pp. Sudbury, MA. Circulation
The Global
Ross, D. 1995 Introduction to Oceanography. New York: HarperCollins College Conveyor Belt
Publishers. pp. 199-226, 339-343. Effects of Climate
Change
Rutgers University. Geography Department. Cartography homepage. Historical
Maps of New Jersey Online at: http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/MAPS.html. How Are Currents
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/08references.html[7/29/2015 9:59:32 AM]

References - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education
Measured?
Thurman, H. 1994. Introductory Oceanography, 7th edition. New York: Macmillan Age of Exploration
Publishing Company. pp. 172-222. What is a "knot"?
Shallow Water
Drifter
Deep Ocean Drifter
Current Profiler
Shore-based
Current Meters
How Currents Affect

Our Lives?
References
Tutorial PDF
Subject Review
Podcast - Currents
Search Education
search
Get Social
Ü T f R

F 1 U

Contact Us
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Why does the ocean
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Currents Roadmap to Resources - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  C U R R E N T S R O A D M A P T O R E S O U R C E S
Currents
Currents Roadmap to Resources
Currents
NOAA and many other organizations have numerous online resources on ocean
Welcome
currents. The following Web pages are meant to guide educators and students to
Tidal Currents 1
specific data and information related to content presented in the currents tutorial.
Tidal Currents 2
Some of the Web pages listed below reside within larger Web sites. You may
wish to browse these sites to examine the other online resources they have
Coastal Currents
available. Waves
Longshore Currents
Please note: The Web links provided have been checked at the time of this page's
Rip Currents
publication, but the linking sites may become outdated or non-operational over Upwelling
time. If you should come across a non operational link please contact NOAA
Ocean Service Education at http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/ Surface Ocean Currents
The Coriolis Effect
NOAA Tutorial on Tides and Water Levels
Surface Ocean
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/welcome.html Currents
Boundary Currents
This online tutorial presents an overview of the complex systems that govern the
The Ekman Spiral
movement of tides and water levels, including what tides are and what causes
them, the types and causes of tidal cycles, how tides vary with geography, and The Global Conveyor
how tides are monitored. The tutorial includes illustrations and graphics to Belt
enhance the text. Thermohaline
Circulation
(top) The Global
Conveyor Belt
NOAA's Tides and Currents Web Site
Effects of Climate
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov Change
The NOAA Tides and Currents Web site is the home page of NOAA's Center for
How Are Currents
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/supp_currents_roadmap.html[7/29/2015 9:59:38 AM]

Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS). This Web site is

Measured?
the portal to NOAA's collection of historical and real-time oceanographic and
Age of Exploration
meteorological data, predictions, and forecasts including data and information What is a "knot"?
about tides, water levels, currents, and weather observations. Shallow Water
Drifter
Select the term “products” on the top navigation bar of the Web page and you will Deep Ocean Drifter
arrive at a page (http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/products) which provides terms Current Profiler
and definitions of, and links to, the wide range of online information available Shore-based
through the CO-OPS Web site. The real-time and archived data are available in Current Meters
tabular or graphic formats.
How Currents Affect
Glossary of Tide and Current Terminology Our Lives?
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/glossary2.pdf (28 pages, pdf, 600Kb)
This indispensable reference tool lists and defines more than 400 terms and References
concepts concerned with the tidal phenomena and its measurement. Roadmap to Resources
Tutorial PDF
The Physical Oceanographic Real Time System (PORTS®) Web Site
Subject Review
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/ports.html Podcast - Currents
This Web site provides access to real-time oceanographic and meteorological data
Search Education
for 13 major U.S. harbors. After selecting a particular harbor area, you can view
the types of sensors and their locations with the integrated Google Maps®
application. To view specific data for a particular sensor in graphic and text search
formats, roll your mouse over it and “click.”
(top)
Get Social
The Bridge
http://www.vims.edu/bridge Ü T f R

The Bridge is a growing collection of online marine education resources. It F 1 U

provides educators with content-correct and content-current marine information

and data; supports researchers in outreach efforts; and improves communication
among educators and between the education and research communities. Contact Us
Resources are organized in the Web site navigation menu on the left side of the
screen. To access resources related to currents, go to the navigation menu on the
left side of the screen and click on Ocean Science Topics , then click on Physics ,
then click on the heading Currents at the top of the page.
The Bridge Data Tips/Classroom Activities

Data Tips are classroom activities focused on a particular subject. Each Data Tip
provides a description of the subject with links to images, animations, and other
Web sites. Each Data Tip has a classroom activity using online data to guide
students to a greater understanding of the subject presented.
To access the Data Tips related to subjects discussed in the currents tutorial, go to
the navigation menu on the left side of the screen and click on Lesson Plans ,
then Data Activities . Scroll down the main page and click on the topic Physics . In

the Physics Data Tip Archives, you will find the following activities:
September 2006 - Sea State

Being able to accurately forecast the conditions at sea, or sea state, has been the
goal of explorers, sailors, and fishermen for thousands of years. Now, through the
use of ocean observing systems, we can not only predict, but pinpoint, exactly
what the sea state will be like before leaving the dock.
November 2005 - Cold One Day, Warm Another?

Ever wondered why water temperatures at the beach can be so different from day
to day? Learn how upwelling influences beach water temperatures in this Data
Tip, a collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research
Facility.
March 1999 - The Far-Reaching Effects of Oil Spills

Drifter data, which yield information on ocean currents, are useful to scientists for
many purposes. One important application of the data is using them to help
predict the paths of oil spills. Use drifter data to predict where the oil from the New
Carissa spill off the coast of Oregon may go. Investigate what may happen to the
oil if a spill were to happen near where you live.
October 2005 - Waves: An Alternative Energy Source

Our lives have become so dependant on non-renewable energy sources that it is
hard to imagine life without them. But what about renewable or sustainable
energy sources? Explore the possibility of waves as an alternative energy source
and use data from U.S. ocean observing system buoys to determine the feasibility
of harnessing this energy source.
January 2005 -Tsunami

On Saturday, December 25, 2004, an underwater earthquake caused tsunamis to
crash into coasts around the Indian Ocean basin, claiming over 100,000 lives.
What are the underlying physical and geological forces that create these
devastating natural phenomena?
August 2000 - Tides

Tides dictate the lives of the marine organisms which live within their reach, as
well as the plans of those who live, work, and play near the coast. This month, we
examine the factors that influence the tides and use NOAA tide data to make tidal
predictions.
(top)
Ocean Motion and Surface Currents

http://oceanmotion.org/
This visually and content-rich multimedia Web site is an excellent resource for
teachers looking to enhance their subject content knowledge of ocean currents.
The site includes comprehensive essays on ocean currents, the forces that
influence them, the impacts currents have on the Earth's climate and biological

diversity, methods used to measure ocean currents, and profiles of researchers

that work in fields involving ocean currents. The Web site also includes a series of
professional development modules for teachers and lesson plans for students on
a range of oceanographic subjects including Navigation, Coriolis, and Ocean
Gyres. To access the modules and lesson plans, you must provide a password
which is distributed upon request.
(top)
Ocean World
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu

Select the Current s icon on the home page of this Web site to learn more about
ocean currents, the forces that effect them and ways that currents are measured
and to find links to real-time data. There is also an interactive quiz. These
materials will be most helpful for teachers looking for professional development by
increasing their science content knowledge, advanced high school students, or
undergraduates. The Ocean World Web site provides an excellent opportunity to
explore specific topics in and related to oceanography, find rea-time data, and
delve deeper into oceanography.
(top)
Ocean Surface Currents

http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/index.html

This Web site promises to provide a detailed presentation of all of the major
surface currents in the world. Although still under construction, the site presents
exhaustive information and data on over 32 individual surface ocean currents in
the Atlantic Ocean. The developers intend to present information on surface
currents from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and the Earth’s Polar regions. To
explore the surface currents of the Atlantic, move your mouse over the image of
the Atlantic Ocean and click on it. To explore a specific current, roll your mouse
over the name of the current and click on it.
(top)
Sea Surface Current Radar Tutorial

http://www.thecoolroom.org/boaters/boat_help_codar.htm

This is a brief and well-written online tutorial of sea surface current radar and how
it is being used to map ocean surface currents along the shore of New Jersey.
(top)
Adrift!
http://www.coolclassroom.org/cool_projects

/lessons/physics_middleschool/physicsmiddlesch.html

This inquiry-based activity teaches students how scientists use vectors via sea
surface current radar to study the surface currents of the ocean. Then using real
data, students will locate a missing ship off the New Jersey coast. To use this
activity, you can follow the navigation links at the bottom of each Web page of the
activity, or the navigation path on the left-hand side of each Web page.
(top)
Dive and Discover – Deep Ocean Circulation

http://divediscover.whoi.edu/circulation/infomod.html
This section of the Dive and Discover Web site focuses on the causes of deep
ocean circulation. It includes a video on how differences in temperature and
salinity cause different water masses to form layers, as well as animations of
water circulation in the North Atlantic and the Global Conveyer belt.
(top)
Online Article – Greenhouse Gas Buildup May Cause Collapse of the Global
Conveyer Belt
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/23/11/13.html
Though almost a decade old, this brief article which appeared in the Columbia
University Newspaper discussed an important warning being issued from several
of the world's leading climate experts. The article states the buildup of
greenhouse gases may cause an abrupt collapse of the oceans' prevailing
circulation system (aka the global conveyer belt) that could send temperatures
across Europe plummeting in a span of 10 years.
T
Why does the ocean
comments, and
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Topics

Currents Subject Review - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

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HOM E  E D U C A T I ON  C U R R E N T S  C U R R E N T S S U B J E C T R E V I E W
Currents
Currents Subject Review
Currents
(http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/welcome.html )
Welcome
1. The __________ of currents includes speed and direction components. Tidal Currents 1
2. Three factors that drive ocean currents are __________. Tidal Currents 2
3. When a coastal tidal current __________ it moves toward the land and away
from the sea. When a coastal tidal current __________ it moves toward the Coastal Currents
sea away from the land. Waves
4. As a coastal tidal current moves from ebbing to flooding (and vice versa), Longshore Currents
there is a period during which there is no current velocity. This period is called Rip Currents
__________. Upwelling
5. Tidal currents are most strongly influenced by motions of the __________.
6. When the moon is at full or new phases, the tidal current velocities are Surface Ocean Currents
__________ and are called __________ When the moon is at first or third The Coriolis Effect
quarter phases, tidal current velocities are __________ and are called Surface Ocean
__________. Currents
7. “__________ currents” occur when the moon and Earth are closest to each Boundary Currents
other. “__________ currents occur when the moon and Earth are farthest The Ekman Spiral
from each other.
8. Wave height is affected by wind __________, wind ________, and The Global Conveyor
__________. Belt
9. Breaking waves are caused by __________. Thermohaline
10. When a wave reaches a beach or coastline, it releases a burst of energy that Circulation
generates a current, which runs parallel to the shoreline. This type of current The Global
is called a __________. Conveyor Belt
11. Water flowing in a longshore current can transport beach sediment and cause Effects of Climate
significant beach erosion through a process known as __________. Change
12. A localized current that flows toward the ocean, perpendicular or nearly
perpendicular to the shoreline is called a __________. How Are Currents
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/lessons/currents_subrev.html[7/29/2015 10:02:23 AM]

13. Swimmers caught in a rip current can escape by ________. Measured?

14. A long offshore deposit of sand situated parallel to the coast is called a Age of Exploration
__________. What is a "knot"?
15. __________ occurs when winds blowing across the ocean’s surface push Shallow Water
water away from an area, causing subsurface water to come up from beneath Drifter
the surface to replace the diverging surface water. Areas where this occurs Deep Ocean Drifter
are often good for __________, because__________. Current Profiler
16. Earth’s rotation causes air circulating in the atmosphere to deflect toward the Shore-based
right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Current Meters
Hemisphere. This deflection is called __________.
17. Between 5 degrees North latitude and about 25 degrees North latitude,
How Currents Affect
surface winds generally blow from the northeast to the southwest, and are
Our Lives?
known as the ________.
18. Between 5 degrees North and 5 degrees South latitude, where the winds are
generally sporadic and have little or no velocity. This region is called
References
__________.
19. Between about 35 degrees North latitude and about 55 degrees North latitude,
Tutorial PDF
surface winds generally blow from the west, and are known as __________.
Subject Review
20. Global winds drag on the ocean’s surface, causing the water to move in the
Podcast - Currents
direction that the wind is blowing and thus create surface ocean currents.
Deflection of these currents by Earth’s rotation produces spiral currents called
__________. Search Education
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21. Each of the major ocean-wide gyres is flanked by a strong and narrow
“western boundary current,” and a weak and broad “eastern boundary search
current.” The western boundary current of the North Atlantic gyre is called
__________, and the eastern boundary current of this gyre is known as
__________. Get Social
22. When surface water molecules move by the force of the wind, friction with
water molecules below them causes movement of deeper water layers.
Deeper layers move more slowly than shallower layers, however, and all Ü T f R

layers are deflected by Earth’s rotation (to the right in the Northern
F 1 U
Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere). These forces create
a spiral effect called __________.

23. Deep-ocean currents below 100 meters are driven by __________, in a
Contact Us
process known as __________.
24. The global-scale system of deep-ocean currents is sometimes called the
__________.
25. Global ocean circulation resulting from deep-ocean currents is vital to the
world’s food chain because __________.
26. Global ocean circulation resulting from deep-ocean currents could be
disrupted by global warming if__________.
27. Ocean and coastal current velocities are typically are measured in
__________, which is equal to about ________standard (or “statute”) miles
per hour or about __________ kilometers per hour.
28. Current measurements made with drifters are termed “__________
measurements,” while measurements of the speed and direction of a fluid at
a single point are termed “__________ measurements.”
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Why does the ocean
comments, and
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NOAA's National Ocean Service: Podcast Archive
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Home > Multimedia > Podcasts > August 2009
Podcasts: August 2009 Archive
2013
Making Waves Episode 33: Hydropalooza 2009—Aug. 19, 2009 2012

In this episode, we head north to Kachemak Bay, Alaska, for Hydropalooza 2009. No, this isn’t a rock
concert on the water, and you can’t get a T-shirt, but for the people up in Alaska taking part in
Hydropalooza this month, it’s like a festival – a festival of data collection in the Bay.
2011
Links from current episode:
Hydropalooza Web site 2010

Kasitsna Bay Laboratory
Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
2009
Subscribe Download MP3 (13 MB) Transcript
2008
Diving Deeper: Currents —August 12, 2009
Learn about currents in this interview with Laura Rear from the Center for Operational Oceanographic
Products and Services. The discussion highlights the difference between tides and currents, how we
monitor currents, and how we use current data every day. (18:44 minutes)
NOS Education Tutorial on Currents

Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services
National Current Observation Program
Tidal Current Predictions
NOAA Ocean Currents Education Activities
NOAA Rip Currents
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Making Waves Episode 32: Gulf Dead Zone Size Measured; NOAA
Funding Helps Manage New England Red Tide— Aug. 5, 2009
2009 Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone Size Measured
The size of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico is slightly smaller than expected this year, but it's still
going to be severe.
NOAA Funding Helps Manage New England Red Tide
NOAA provides emergency funding to support sampling, mapping, and forecasting of a massive red tide
in New England.
LUMCON Hypoxia Site

University of Michigan Hypoxia Forecasting Site
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/podcast/supp_aug09.html[7/29/2015 10:02:32 AM]

NOAA's National Ocean Service: Podcast Archive
NCCOS Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone Research for Management

NOAA SEAMAP Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Watch
Deadzone Fact Sheet
2009 New England Red Tide Updates
Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Northeast PSP
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Currents Tutorial

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Currents Tutorial

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Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education

National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

When used in association with water, the

How Are Currents

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http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/welcome.html[7/29/2015 9:56:33 AM]

National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

The Global Conveyor

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produce. Click the image Measured?

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

hank you for What is a pelagic fish? Ü T f

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

Also similar to tides, tidal currents are

Fundy in Nova Scotia is a classic

How Are Currents

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hank you for What is a pelagic fish? Ü T f

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

Coastal currents are intricately tied to

the image for larger view. Waves

How Are Currents

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

hank you for What is a pelagic fish? Ü T f

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

The speed at which waves approach the

called a “longshore current.”

angle on a beach, encounters a steeper Effects of Climate

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a wider breaking angle, gentler beach

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

In 1927, the lighthouse on Tucker's Island, NJ was destroyed

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/media/supp_cur03c.html[7/29/2015 3:07:27 PM]

Powerful longshore currents causing longshore drift washed Tucker's

hank you for What is a pelagic fish?

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National Ocean Service

NOS Education About Students Teachers For Fun

This map of inland waterways was printed in 1928 by the