Scribd
Upload
364 views

Steam - Basic Concepts &: Fundamentals

This document provides an introduction to key concepts and terminology related to steam. It defines steam as a vapor used in steam engines and turbines. While steam does not obey the laws of a perfect gas, it is commonly assumed to for simplicity. The properties of steam were first investigated through experiments. Important terms defined include: enthalpy of saturated water, enthalpy of evaporation, enthalpy of dry saturated steam, wet steam and dryness fraction, superheated steam, specific volume of steam, and Mollier diagram/enthalpy-entropy chart. The Mollier chart graphically depicts the thermodynamic properties of steam across various states.

Uploaded by

ermias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
364 views

Steam - Basic Concepts &: Fundamentals

This document provides an introduction to key concepts and terminology related to steam. It defines steam as a vapor used in steam engines and turbines. While steam does not obey the laws of a perfect gas, it is commonly assumed to for simplicity. The properties of steam were first investigated through experiments. Important terms defined include: enthalpy of saturated water, enthalpy of evaporation, enthalpy of dry saturated steam, wet steam and dryness fraction, superheated steam, specific volume of steam, and Mollier diagram/enthalpy-entropy chart. The Mollier chart graphically depicts the thermodynamic properties of steam across various states.

Uploaded by

ermias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Module I

Steam – Basic Concepts &


Fundamentals
Introduction
• Steam is a vapor, used as working substance in the operation of steam
engines and turbines.

• Although steam (wet steam), as used in industries, does not obey the
laws of perfect gas until it is dry or superheated, it is assumed to be a
perfect gas but the pressure, volume and temperature of steam are not
connected by any simple relationship as that of a perfect gas equation.

• Properties of steam was first investigated by Regnault and Callender


by carrying out extensive experiments in electrical calorimeter. Tables
giving the properties of steam were compiled from study of equation
which was derived on experimental data.

• While temperature, pressure and volume properties were given on


absolute scale, enthalpy and entropy were given on relative scales.
Formation of Steam at Constant Pressure:
Formation of steam at constant pressure:
Formation of Steam at Constant Pressure:
Formation of steam at constant pressure:
Important Terminologies
Enthalpy of saturated water:
• Amount of heat absorbed by given mass of water from freezing point
(0o C at 1 atm) to boiling point (100o C at 1 atm) is known as enthalpy
of saturated water. It is denoted by the symbol ‘h’.

• At 1 atm, its value is 417.7 kJ for one kg of water.

Enthalpy of evaporation:
• Enthalpy of evaporation or latent heat, is defined as the amount of
heat required to convert a given mass of water at its saturation
temperature Ts at a given pressure P into steam at the same
temperature and pressure. It is denoted by the symbol ‘L’.

• Value of enthalpy of evaporation varies with pressure. Its value is 2258


kJ per unit mass of water at 1 atm.
Important Terminologies
Enthalpy of dry saturated steam:
• It is the sum of enthalpy of saturated water and enthalpy of
evaporation and is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of given mass of water from freezing point to the
temperature of evaporation Ts and then convert it into dry saturated
steam at that temperature and pressure.

• It is denoted by the symbol Hs.


HS = h + L kJ

• Value of enthalpy of 1 kg of dry saturated steam can be directly


obtained from steam tables for various pressure and temperatures.

• Enthalpy of evaporation is the enthalpy difference between the dry


saturated steam and saturated water.
Important Terminologies
Wet steam & Dryness fraction:
• Steam containing water in it in the form of fine particles is called wet
steam.

• Dryness fraction of steam is (usually wet steam) is the ratio of mass of


actual dry steam to the wet steam containing it. Dryness fraction is
often spoken as the quality of wet steam

ms ms = mass of dry steam in the sample


• Dryness fraction, x = ------------ m = mass of water in the steam sample
ms + m

• Enthalpy of wet steam, Hwet = h + xL kJ/kg


Enthalpy of evaporation of 1 kg of wet steam = (1-x)L kJ/kg
Important Terminologies
Superheated steam:
• Steam, heated out of contact with water, is said to be superheated.

• Superheating is assumed to happen at constant pressure. Amount of


superheating is measured by the rise in temperature of the steam
above its saturation temperature, Ts. Greater the superheating, the
more the steam acquire the properties of perfect gas.

• Heat absorbed per kg of dry steam during superheating


= Kp (Tsup – Ts) kJ/kg
where Kp is the mean specific heat of superheat steam, at constant
pressure.

• Enthalpy of one kg of superheated steam,


Hsup = Hs + Kp (Tsup – Ts) kJ/kg
Important Terminologies
Specific Volume of steam:
• Volume occupied by one kg of dry saturated steam is called specific
volume of the steam and is denoted by Vs.

• Specific volume of wet steam having a dryness fraction of x


= volume of dry steam + volume of water particles
= xVs + (1 – x) Vw m3/kg
where Vs and Vw denote the specific volume of steam and water
respectively.

• Approximate specific volume of superheated steam can be calculated


as,
Tsup
Vsup = Vs * ---------
Ts
Important Terminologies
Mollier diagram or Enthalpy – Entropy Chart:
• Mollier diagram is a chart on which enthalpy is the ordinate and
entropy is the abscissa.
• From steam tables, the enthalpy and entropy of water and dry
saturated steam for any particular pressure are obtained. Both these
lines meet at point C, the critical point (221.2 bar).
• At this point, water directly changes to supersaturated steam, without
passing through the 2 phase wet region. There is a zero enthalpy of
vaporization and zero entropy of vaporization.
• Mollier chart contains constant pressure lines, constant quality lines,
constant temperature lines and constant specific volume lines.
• The chart consists of 4 regions
i) Liquid region
ii) Wet region
iii) Superheated region
iv) very high degrees of superheat (not shown usually)
Important Terminologies
Mollier diagram or Enthalpy – Entropy Chart:

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy