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    Report Writing: Purpose and Methodology

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    Sãröj Shâh
    The document provides guidance on writing research reports. It discusses that research involves gathering information to answer a question and sharing findings. Formal reporting is important to build trust within academic communities by conforming to standard methods and structures. The recommended order is to write methods and results during research, then guiding drafts of the abstract and introduction followed by discussion and conclusions after selecting a target journal. Key aspects covered include developing a question, planning hypotheses and evidence, structuring arguments and revising drafts.

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    Report Writing: Purpose and Methodology

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    Sãröj Shâh
    26 views18 pages
    The document provides guidance on writing research reports. It discusses that research involves gathering information to answer a question and sharing findings. Formal reporting is important to build trust within academic communities by conforming to standard methods and structures. The recommended order is to write methods and results during research, then guiding drafts of the abstract and introduction followed by discussion and conclusions after selecting a target journal. Key aspects covered include developing a question, planning hypotheses and evidence, structuring arguments and revising drafts.

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    Report Writing

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    The document provides guidance on writing research reports. It discusses that research involves gathering information to answer a question and sharing findings. Formal reporting is important to build trust within academic communities by conforming to standard methods and structures. The recommended order is to write methods and results during research, then guiding drafts of the abstract and introduction followed by discussion and conclusions after selecting a target journal. Key aspects covered include developing a question, planning hypotheses and evidence, structuring arguments and revising drafts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views18 pages

    Report Writing: Purpose and Methodology

    Uploaded by

    Sãröj Shâh
    The document provides guidance on writing research reports. It discusses that research involves gathering information to answer a question and sharing findings. Formal reporting is important to build trust within academic communities by conforming to standard methods and structures. The recommended order is to write methods and results during research, then guiding drafts of the abstract and introduction followed by discussion and conclusions after selecting a target journal. Key aspects covered include developing a question, planning hypotheses and evidence, structuring arguments and revising drafts.

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    of 18

    Report Writing

    Purpose and Methodology

    P Sunthar
    Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay
    What is Research?
    ● Write down your viewpoint
    ● Research is
    ○ Gather information to answer a question
    ○ Share information

    Question? Gather Data Answer.


    Share

    2
    Why Write?
    Question? Gather Data Answer.
    Share

    ● Write to Remember
    ○ as and when you do the work, read literature
    ● Write to Understand
    ○ see connectivity in larger patterns
    ○ discover new implications
    ○ find complications/limitations
    ● Write to Test Your Thinking
    ○ compelling beliefs (in minds) to organised arguments (on paper)
    3
    Origin of our Beliefs
    ● Do you believe America exists?
    ● Do you believe there is aether in between Sun and Earth?

    Trustworthy Information
    ● Trust on careful research
    ● Trust on accurate report
    ● Trust on teachers (textbooks) delivery

    4
    Why Formal Reporting?
    ● Suppressing individuality by conforming?
    ○ No, standard methods (of writing) widen thinking and individuality
    ● Conforming to community standards, builds trust
    ○ Circles of Trust:
    ■ Lab -> Topical (Journal) Community -> Wider discipline
    ● Underlying philosophy
    ○ Scientific Method
    ○ Fairly uniform report structure
    ■ Abstract, Intro, Methods, Results, Conclusion

    5
    Scientific Method
    Observation
    Question Answer
    Question

    Topic Claim
    Literature

    Question Reason
    Hypothesis

    Significance Evidence
    Prediction
    & Test

    6
    Planning an Answer
    ● Propose Working Answers/Hypothesis
    ○ Tentative solutions
    ○ Write your answers (in detail)
    ○ What evidence is required to support ? (Expts/Theory)
    ○ Don’t get infatuated by your working hypothesis. It could be wrong!
    ○ No W. Hypothesis ? Consider modifying question.
    ○ Bounce off answer with working group, supervisor.
    ● For each Hypothesis/Claim: Build Storyboard
    ○ Write down: Claim, Reason, Possible Evidence

    7
    Building a Storyboard

    Booth et. al (2008)


    8
    The “Write” Order
    1. Methods, Results
    ○ During your research
    2. Guiding Drafts
    ○ Abstract
    ○ Introduction
    3. Discussion, and Conclusions
    ○ After selecting target journal
    4. Introduction, Abstract and Title
    ○ At the end!

    9
    Methodology
    ● Why?
    ○ Community should be able to reproduce
    ○ Recall, building trust?
    ● Accurate description of materials, equipment
    ○ Purity, Source, Model, etc
    ● Background theory, model, assumptions
    ● Analysis procedure
    ○ How raw results (experiments, simulations) are
    processed
    ● Provide reference to established methodology

    10
    Structure of an Answer (Results)
    Start with data: Plot, image, table, equation proof, etc.
    ● Claim or Thesis: What is your answer ?
    ● Reason: Why should I believe that ?
    ● Evidence: How do you know that ?
    ● Acknowledgement and Response: But what about others’
    view?
    1. I claim that _________
    2. because of _________ (reason)
    3. which is based on _________ (evidence)
    4. Though the current view is ______________ (ackw), I show that
    _______ (response).

    Repeat this for each independent data 11


    Planning an Argument (Discussion)
    Recall: Claim, Reason, Evidence
    ● Write out possible questions/objections from readers
    ● Questions inside the argument
    ○ Reasons: inconsistent/contradictory, insufficient, weak, irrelevant
    ○ Evidence: unreliable, inaccurate, insufficient, unrelated
    ● Ask colleagues, friends, advisor to object.

    12
    Working Introduction
    Write Introduction Twice:
    1. Sketchy, for guiding your writing
    2. Final, for readers
    ● Current Situation
    a. What your readers think or know now ?
    b. Literature review (chief sources)
    c. Motivation
    ● Research Question
    a. Disruptive to current situation. We know . . . but . . . ?
    b. What we don’t understand ?
    ● Significance of Question: So what if we don’t know?
    ● Answer: Your primary claim.

    13
    Structure of a Question
    Problem Definition [Booth et al., 2008]
    ● Topic: Name/Area/Title
    ● Question: Who/What/Where/When/Why/How ?
    ● Practical or Conceptual Significance: So What ? For understanding What ?

    1. I am working on _______________ (topic)


    2. because I want to find out _________________ (why/what/how etc.)
    3. in order to [apply/understand] __________ (significance).

    I am working on lipid surfactants, because I want to find out what causes a particular
    size selection of lipid vesicles, in order to understand how to use these capsules for
    delivering cancer drugs.
    14
    Importance of Keywords
    ● Unites the paper
    ● Should be repeated in critical sections (Abstract, Introduction,
    Results, Conclusion)
    ● Using Keywords
    ○ Circle words from claim
    ○ Use same words not variations (alternate meanings)
    ○ Ignore title words
    ○ One term for a concept (reason)

    15
    Revising a Draft
    ● Rewriting Introduction
    ○ Expand Current Situation with detailed literature review
    ○ Use rejected hypothesis. It might be expected that . . . , but
    ○ Revisit keywords usage
    ● Writing the Conclusion
    ○ Restate your claim (further expanded)
    ○ Relate briefly to reasons and evidences
    ○ Ensure new keywords are included
    ○ State a new significance or practical application
    ● Re-write Abstract
    ● Write your title last

    16
    Summary of Writing Order

    Guiding Guiding Final Final


    Methodology Results Discussion Introduction Abstract
    Abstract Introduction

    Title

    17
    Bibliography
    ● Kate L. Turabian, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M.
    Williams. Student’s Guide to Writing College Papers. The
    University of Chicago Press, 4 edition, 2010.
    ● Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams.
    The Craft of Research. The University of Chicago Press, 3
    edition, 2008.

    18

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