BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY 05
Prepared by: AL G. Diego
 ALTERNATIVE BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

PART I
 Cast-in- place concrete

Cast-in-place concrete
is transported in an
unhardened state,
primarily as ready-mix,
and placed in forms.

Ready mixed concrete

is proportioned and mixed
off the project site.
 Cast-in- place concrete

Cast-in-place concrete
is transported in an
unhardened state,
primarily as ready-mix,
and placed in forms.

Ready mixed concrete

is proportioned and mixed
off the project site.
Pre-cast concrete

PRE-CAST
CONCRETE
FLOOR SYSTEMS

Precast concrete slabs, beams and structural tees are one-way spanning units that may be
supported by site cast concrete, precast concrete, or masonry bearing walls, or by steel,
sitecast concrete, or precast concrete frames. The precast units are manufactured with
normal-density or structural lightweight concrete and prestressed for greater structural
efficiency, which results in less depth, reduced weight, and longer spans.
The units are cast and steam-cured in a plant off-site, transported to the construction site, and
set in place as rigid components with cranes. The size and proportion of the units may
be limited by the means of transportation. Fabrication in a factory environment enables
the unit to have a consistent quality of strength, durability, and finish, and eliminates the
need for on-site formwork. The modular nature3 of the standard-sized units may not be
suitable for irregular building shapes.
Pre-cast concrete

Precast concrete is a
construction product
produced by casting
concrete in a
reusable mold or "form"
which is then cured in a
controlled environment,
transported to the
construction site and lifted
into place.
In contrast, standard
concrete is poured into site-
specific forms and cured on
site.
Pre-cast
concrete
Comparison
Pre-cast
concrete
 Floor System &
Roof Slab System
 Flat Slab

A flat slab is a
reinforced concrete
slab supported
directly by concrete
columns without the
use of beams.
 Flat Slab

Flat Slab - The

principal features
of a flat slab floor
are a flat soffit,
simple formwork
and easy
construction.
 Flat Slab

flat slab with drop panel and column head

Flat Slab - A flat slab
is a one-way or two-
way system with
thickenings in the
slab at the columns
and load bearing
walls called ‘drop
panels’.
Flat Slab
TWO WAY FLAT SLABS

A flat-slab is a flat plate

Thickened at its column
supports to increase its shear
strength and moment-resisting
capacity. The slab is commonly
reinforced with bars running in
two directions. This area of
increased thickness is called a
drop panel or drop. The
columns are generally square in
cross section, but rectangular
or circular cross sections are
also used.
Flat Slab

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
• Simple formwork • Medium spans
• No beams—simplifying • Generally not suitable for
under-floor services supporting brittle (masonry)
outside the drops partitions
• Minimum structural • Drop panels may interfere with
depth
larger mechanical ducting
• Usually does not require
shear reinforcement at • Vertical penetrations need to
the columns. avoid area around columns
• For reinforced flat slabs,
deflection at the middle strip
may be critical.
Flat Slab
 Flat Plate System

FLAT PLATE - is a one- or

two-way system usually
supported directly on
columns or loadbearing
walls. It is one of the most
common forms of
construction of floors in
buildings.
Flat plate system
 Flat Plate System
Flat plate system

The principal feature of the

flat plate floor is a uniform
or near-uniform thickness
with a flat soffit which
requires only simple
formwork and is easy to
construct.
 Flat Plate System

The floor allows great

flexibility for locating
horizontal services above a
suspended ceiling or in a
bulkhead. The economical
span of a flat plate for low to
medium loads is usually
limited by the need to control
long-term deflection and may
need to be sensibly pre-
cambered (not overdone) or
pre-stressed. Flat plate system
Flat Plate Floor System
 Flat Plate System

TWO WAY FLAT PLATE.

A flat plate is a concrete slab

of uniform thickness
reinforced in two or more
directions and supported
directly by columns without
beams or girders. Simplicity
of forming, lower floor-to-floor
heights, and some flexibility
in column placement make
flat plates practical for Flat plate system
apartment and hotel
construction.
Flat Plate

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
• Simple formwork and • Medium spans
suitable for direct fix or
sprayed ceiling • Limited lateral load capacity as
part of a moment frame
• No beams—simplifying • May need shear heads or shear
under-floor services reinforcement at the columns or
• Minimum structural larger columns for shear
depth and reduced floor- • Long-term deflection may be
to floor height. controlling factor
• May not be suitable for supporting
brittle (masonry) partitions
• May not be suitable for heavy
loads.
Flat Plate
Floor System
 Ribbed Floor Slab

RIBBED FLOOR SLAB -

Introducing voids to
the soffit of a slab Ribbed Concrete
reduces dead weight
and increases the
efficiency of the
concrete section. A
slightly deeper section
is required but these
stiffer floors facilitate
longer spans and
provision of holes.
Economic in the range
8 to 12m.
 Ribbed Floor Slab

RIBBED FLOOR SLAB -

Ribbed slabs are made
up of wide band beams
running between
columns with equal
depth narrow ribs
spanning the orthogonal
direction. A thick top Ribbed Slab
slab completes the
system.
Ribbed Floor Slab
ONE WAY JOIST OR RIBBED SLABS

For medium span lengths with light or medium live

loads, ribbed slabs have proved to have an
economical type of floor construction. They are not
so well suited to heavy concentrated loads as the
solid one or two-way slabs. A one-way joist slab
consists of relatively small adjacent T-beams.
When the open spaces between the webs or rings
are filled with clay tile, gypsum tile,
concrete filler block or steel forms,
the floor system is called a ribbed slab.
 Ribbed Floor Slab

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
• Medium to long spans • Higher formwork costs than for
• Lightweight other slab systems
• Slightly greater floor thicknesses
• Holes in topping easily
accommodated • Slower
• Large holes can be
accommodated
• Profile may be expressed
architecturally, or used for heat
transfer in passive cooling
 Waffle Slab

WAFFLE SLABS tend to be

deeper than the
equivalent ribbed slab.
Waffle slabs have a thin WAFFLE
topping slab and narrow SLAB
ribs spanning in both
directions between
column heads or band
beams. The column
heads or band beams are
the same depth as the
ribs.
 Waffle Slab

Waffle slabs are a

reinforced concrete footing
and slab system constructed
on ground. They consist of a
perimeter footing (edge
beam) and a series of
narrow internal beams
(strip footings) at one
meter nominal centers
running each way. The
whole footing and slab WAFFLE SLAB
system is constructed on
top of the ground.
 Waffle Slab

TWO WAY WAFFLE SLAB

A waffle slab is a two way

concrete slab reinforced by
ribs in two directions.
Waffle slabs are able to
carry heavier loads and
span longer distances than
flat slabs.
WAFFLE SLAB
 Waffle Slab

Moulds are very

strong, lightweight
and capable of
supporting all the
normal loads
encountered in
building works.
Waffle Slab
 Waffle Slab

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
• Medium to long spans • Higher formwork costs than for other
slab systems
• Lightweight
• Slightly greater floor thicknesses
• Holes in topping easily
accommodated • Slower
• Large holes can be accommodated
• Profile may be expressed
architecturally, or used for heat
transfer in passive cooling
Ribbed Floor Slab
Waffle Slab
COMPARISON
 Lift Slab

Lift-Slab Construction is a precast

method of construction of slab on
the ground and then lifting it to
the structure.
A type of pre-casting used in
building construction involves
casting floor and roof slabs at or
near ground level and lifting
them to their final position,
hence the name lift-slab
construction. .
LIFT SLAB
Slip Form Method

Slip Form Method of concrete

construction is used for forming
both horizontal and vertical
concrete structures.
It is often used for forming
highway pavements as continuous
operation
Slip form method is also been
used for forming vertical
concrete structures
Slip Form Method

Basically, this method

involves the continuous
placing of concrete in a
shallow mould having the
same plan as the building to
be constructed.

SLIP FORM
Slip Form Method

Slip form construction, or

continuously formed
construction , is a
construction method in
which concrete is poured
into a continuously moving
form.

SLIP FORM
Slip Form Method

Procedure:
 Assembly can only start once
the foundations are in place
and the wall starter is in
correct alignment.
 Slip form shuttering is aligned
with the help of yokes
 Horizontal crossbeams connect
these yokes.
 Hydraulic jacks

SLIP FORM
 Slip Form Method

There are two types of slip forms; vertical and horizontal

Slip- form construction consumes very less time but requires careful
planning of construction process to achieve high production rates
Due to continuous concrete pouring in slip-form construction it
produces better concrete joint less and water tight structures.
Slip form systems require a few but highly skilled workforce
Slip form is also used in the construction of tapered structures
involving changing thicknesses in wall, diameters and /or shapes
Slip Form Method
Wall Panel Systems
 Wall Panel System
PANEL WALL

Panel wall are exterior

non-load bearing walls
whose outer surface may or
may not form the exterior
facing of the building and
whose interior surface may
or may not form the
interior finish. It may rest
on the building structure or
may be hung from the
structure
 Wall Panel System
FLAT TYPE

Wall panel is a single

piece of material,
usually flat and cut
into a rectangular
shape serves as the
visible and exposed
covering for a wall.
 Wall Panel System
FLAT TYPE

WALL PANEL FUNCTIONS:

 Decorative functions
 Insulating functions
 Soundproofing functions
 Uniformity of appearance
 Durability
 Ease of replaceability
 Wall Panel System
FLAT TYPE

BENEFITS OF USING
WALL PANELS
 Can reduce
construction costs
 Application of paints
or other finishing
materials are not
required
 Companies introduced
environment friendly
systems
Wall Panel System
FLAT TYPE

SLIP FORM
Wall Panel System
FLAT TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
Wall Panel System
RIBBED TYPE
 Wall Panel System
WINDOW TYPE

Window type
panel.
Transparent glass
and frame
incorporated in
panel curtain
wall.
Wall Panel System
WINDOW TYPE
Wall Panel System
WINDOW TYPE
Wall Panel System
WALL TYPE

SLIP FORM
 TILT-UP WALL PANEL SYSTEM

Tilt-up construction
involves site-casting the
concrete walls of a
building on its floor slab
or on separate casting
bed then tilting and
lifting them into position
by crane.
Tilt-up wall
 TILT-UP WALL PANEL SYSTEM

Tilt-up construction
 It is a special form of
precast wall construction in
which wall panels are cast
horizontally at the job site
and then erected.
 The wall panels are usually
cast on the previously
placed building floor slab
using only edge forms to
provide the panel shape Tilt-up wall
 TILT-UP WALL PANEL SYSTEM

Tilt-up construction
 The floor slab thus serve as
the bottom form for the
panel
 Panels may also be cast one
on top of another where
slab space is limited
 A bond breaker compound is
applied to the slab to
prevent the tilt-up panel
from sticking to the slab. Tilt-up wall
TILT-UP WALL PANEL SYSTEM

Tilt-up wall
THANK YOU!
Prepared by: AL G. Diego
THAK YOU!
Prepared by: AL G. Diego