Towards A South African Framework For Cultural Statistics: Jen Snowball

Towards a South African
Framework for Cultural Statistics

Jen Snowball
Cultural Observatory
Rhodes University, Professor of Economics
What is the purpose of a FCS?
• Why do we need a FCS?
• What it can do:
– Tracking CCIs over time
– Regional, national, international comparisons
– Economic & Social impacts / indicators
– Evidence-based policy
• Questions that could be answered
– How can the CCIs contribute to national and regional policy objectives?
– What are the challenges faced by the sector and how can their potential
be optimised?
– How has the structure and contribution of the industry changed over
time?
– How effective have national, provincial and regional CCI policies been in
achieving their goals?
– Are there some CCI sectors with more potential for achieving development
goals? Which sectors should be targeted and in what ways?
Defining the ‘creative’ & ‘cultural’
• ‘Cultural’ industries: symbolic content
• ‘Creative’ industries: protected by copyright
• Policy implications of choices:
– Move away from ‘subsidised arts’ to seeing creativity as central
to post-industrial wealth creation (trade policy, copyright, urban
development) (Flew & Cunningham, 2010)
– Danger is that ‘core’ activities treated in the same way as ‘outer’
layer, large commercial firms (Garnham, 2005)
– Scope affects quantitative impact
The Concentric Rings Model
Source: Australian Satellite Accounts, 2013

The UNESCO Framework: Overview
CULTURAL DOMAINS RELATED DOMAINS
A: CULTURAL B: C: VISUAL ARTS D: BOOKS and E: AUDIO- F: DESIGN and G: TOURISM H: SPORTS and
and NATURAL PERFORMANCE and CRAFTS PRESS VISUAL and CREATIVE RECREATION
HERITAGE and INTERACTIVE SERVICES -Charter travel
-Museums (also CELEBRATION -Fine arts -Books MEDIA -Fashion design and tourist -Sports
virtual) -Photography -Newspapers -Film and video -Graphic design services -Physical fitness
-Archaeological -Performing -Crafts and Magazines -TV and radio -Interior design and well-being
and historical arts -Other printed (also internet -Landscape -Hospitality and -Amusement
places -Music matter live streaming) design accommodation and theme
-Cultural -Festivals, fairs -Library (also -Internet -Architectural parks
Landscapes and feasts virtual) podcasting services -Gambling
-Natural -Book fairs -Video games -Advertising
heritage (also online) services
INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL

(oral traditions and expressions, rituals, languages, social practices) HERITAGE
EDUCATION and TRAINING EDUCATION and TRAINING
ARCHIVING and PRESERVING ARCHIVING and PRESERVING
EQUIPMENT and SUPPORTING

EQUIPMENT and SUPPORTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
Adapting the UNESCO Framework
“This new framework
aims to be flexible
and not proscriptive,
but promotes
comparability. The
FCS is intended to
help countries build
their own cultural
framework by
selecting the major
domains that form
part of their cultural
statistics.” (UNESCO,
2009:11).
South African Policy Definitions
Creative DAC Strategic
Creative Regional
White Paper Industries in Plan
South Africa Frameworks
(1996) South Africa (2015/16 –
(1998) (2008)
(2008) 2019/20)
Implications to
consider
• Design & Creative Services (fashion design, graphic design,
interior design, landscape design, architectural services and
advertising) make up nearly a third of CCI firms in SA.
Legal Status P&C VAC IBP AV& IM D&CS
Close Corporation 22% 31% 29% 41% 48%
Non-Profit
Company/Organisation 28% 10% 19% 11% 2%
Personal Liability Company 2% 2% 2% 1% 2%
Public Company 2% 2% 15% 3% 2%
Private Company 13% 11% 22% 22% 21%
Unregistered 26% 36% 7% 13% 18%
Not sure/Don't know/Other 7% 7% 6% 8% 7%
Female Black, Coloured, Indian,

Domain Employees Asian Employees Full-Time Part-Time Contract
Performance & Celebration 45% 86% 47% 26% 26%
Visual Arts & Crafts 61% 82% 73% 21% 6%
Information, Books & Press 60% 77% 83% 8% 8%
Audio-Visual & Interactive
Media 47% 71% 36% 6% 59%
Design & Creative Services 49% 69% 76% 14% 9%
Regional Studies: Cultural & Natural
Heritage
Design and
Creative • In the SBD Cultural and
Services
23%
Cultural and Natural Heritage category
Natural
Heritage (64 firms in total), 72%
Audio-Visual &
33%
(46 firms) fall into the
Media
2% natural heritage sub-
category.
Books and
Press
• The remaining 28% (18
8% firms) are classified as
Performance
museums.
Visual arts and
Crafts
and
Celebration • Averages for this Domain
19% 15%
will thus reflect, much
more, the situation in
natural heritage firms
than those in the cultural
Percentage of firms in each Domain for the heritage sector.
Sarah Baartman District
Measuring Cultural Employment
• Cultural workers may be found in cultural industries, but also in other
industries doing cultural work (not counting them may underestimate
cultural employment by up to 40%)
Measuring Cultural Employment in SA:
The Quarterly Labour Force Survey
Cultural Sector with cultural Non cultural sector but with Partially cultural sectors
workers cultural workers
245. Writers & 313. Optical & Electronic 347. Artistic, Entertainment &
Creative/Performing Artists Equipment Operators Sports Professionals
2451. Authors, journalists and 3131. Photographers and image 3471. Decorators & commercial
other writers recording equipment operators designers
2452. Sculptors, painters and 3132. Broadcasting & 3472. Radio, TV & other
related artists Telecommunication equipment announcers
operators
2453. Composers, musicians 3133. Medical equipment 3473. Street, nightclub &
and singers operators related singers, musicians &
dancers
2454. Choreographers and 3142. Ships’ deck officers and 3475. Athletes, sportspeople &
dancers pilots related
2455. Film, stage & related 3143. Aircraft pilots and related 3479. Art, entertainment and
actors & directors professionals. sport professional n.e.c.
Cultural Employment: LFS 2014
Composers, musicians & singers
Data Category Data
% of Labour Force 0.2%
Gender 63% men (All = 52.5%)
Education 53% Tertiary (All = 19%)
Permanent employment 20% (All = 61%)
Age Groups (<35) 47% (All = 37%)
Towards Cultural Satellite Accounts
• Uses existing national data to SA System of
National Accounts
track production (supply) and
consumption (use) in the creative
economy; Framework for
Cultural Statistics
• Uses existing national data
already produced by national
Cultural Satellite
statistical offices at regular Accounts
intervals;
• SA already has TSAs (expertise);
Cultural Indicators
• But: Average time to develop is 3
– 5 years (UNESCO, 2015);
• Requires co-operation between Policy
sectors and departments.
Developing Cultural Indicators
The way
forward
• Make key decisions on defining the scope of the CCIs that
balances providing statistics relevant to the South African
context and policy priorities and ensuring that statistics are
internationally comparative.
• Work with StatsSA to populate the Framework for Cultural
Statistics from national-level data sources: what do we know
and what is missing?
• Develop Cultural Satellite Accounts: 2 stage process (i)
Supply/production; (ii) Demand/use
• Develop cultural indicators: Identifying policy priorities,
indicators and weightings with policy-makers and industry
stakeholders.

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Towards a South African

Framework for Cultural Statistics

Source: Australian Satellite Accounts, 2013

CULTURAL DOMAINS RELATED DOMAINS

INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL

EDUCATION and TRAINING EDUCATION and TRAINING

ARCHIVING and PRESERVING ARCHIVING and PRESERVING

EQUIPMENT and SUPPORTING

Female Black, Coloured, Indian,

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