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    Expert System in AI

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    Alvi Hoto
    Expert systems are computer applications that solve complex problems in a particular domain at an expert human level. They contain a knowledge base of facts and rules about the domain that an inference engine uses to advise, diagnose, or make recommendations. Key components include the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. Expert systems are capable of advising and assisting with decision making but cannot substitute human judgment or have innate human capabilities.

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    Expert System in AI

    Uploaded by

    Alvi Hoto
    44 views11 pages
    Expert systems are computer applications that solve complex problems in a particular domain at an expert human level. They contain a knowledge base of facts and rules about the domain that an inference engine uses to advise, diagnose, or make recommendations. Key components include the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. Expert systems are capable of advising and assisting with decision making but cannot substitute human judgment or have innate human capabilities.

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    notes on expert system

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    Expert systems are computer applications that solve complex problems in a particular domain at an expert human level. They contain a knowledge base of facts and rules about the domain that an inference engine uses to advise, diagnose, or make recommendations. Key components include the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. Expert systems are capable of advising and assisting with decision making but cannot substitute human judgment or have innate human capabilities.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    44 views11 pages

    Expert System in AI

    Uploaded by

    Alvi Hoto
    Expert systems are computer applications that solve complex problems in a particular domain at an expert human level. They contain a knowledge base of facts and rules about the domain that an inference engine uses to advise, diagnose, or make recommendations. Key components include the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. Expert systems are capable of advising and assisting with decision making but cannot substitute human judgment or have innate human capabilities.

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    of 11

    Expert systems (ES) are one of the prominent research domains

    of AI. It is introduced by the researchers at Stanford University,


    Computer Science Department.

    What are Expert Systems?


    The expert systems are the computer applications developed to
    solve complex problems in a particular domain, at the level of
    extra-ordinary human intelligence and expertise.
    Characteristics of Expert Systems
     High performance
     Understandable
     Reliable
     Highly responsive

    Capabilities of Expert Systems


    The expert systems are capable of −
     Advising
     Instructing and assisting human in decision making
     Demonstrating
     Deriving a solution
     Diagnosing
     Explaining
     Interpreting input
     Predicting results
     Justifying the conclusion
     Suggesting alternative options to a problem
    They are incapable of −
     Substituting human decision makers
     Possessing human capabilities
     Producing accurate output for inadequate knowledge base
     Refining their own knowledge

    Components of Expert Systems


    The components of ES include −
     Knowledge Base
     Inference Engine
     User Interface
    Let us see them one by one briefly −

    Knowledge Base
    It contains domain-specific and high-quality knowledge.
    Knowledge is required to exhibit intelligence. The success of
    any ES majorly depends upon the collection of highly accurate
    and precise knowledge.
    What is Knowledge?
    The data is collection of facts. The information is organized as
    data and facts about the task domain. Data, information, and
    past experience combined together are termed as knowledge.
    Components of Knowledge Base
    The knowledge base of an ES is a store of both, factual and
    heuristic knowledge.
     Factual Knowledge − It is the information widely
    accepted by the Knowledge Engineers and scholars in the
    task domain.
     Heuristic Knowledge − It is about practice, accurate
    judgement, one’s ability of evaluation, and guessing.
    Knowledge representation
    It is the method used to organize and formalize the knowledge in
    the knowledge base. It is in the form of IF-THEN-ELSE rules.
    Knowledge Acquisition
    The success of any expert system majorly depends on the
    quality, completeness, and accuracy of the information stored in
    the knowledge base.
    The knowledge base is formed by readings from various experts,
    scholars, and the Knowledge Engineers. The knowledge
    engineer is a person with the qualities of empathy, quick
    learning, and case analyzing skills.
    He acquires information from subject expert by recording,
    interviewing, and observing him at work, etc. He then
    categorizes and organizes the information in a meaningful way,
    in the form of IF-THEN-ELSE rules, to be used by interference
    machine. The knowledge engineer also monitors the
    development of the ES.

    Inference Engine
    Use of efficient procedures and rules by the Inference Engine is
    essential in deducting a correct, flawless solution.
    In case of knowledge-based ES, the Inference Engine acquires
    and manipulates the knowledge from the knowledge base to
    arrive at a particular solution.
    In case of rule based ES, it −
     Applies rules repeatedly to the facts, which are obtained
    from earlier rule application.
     Adds new knowledge into the knowledge base if required.
     Resolves rules conflict when multiple rules are applicable
    to a particular case.
    To recommend a solution, the Inference Engine uses the
    following strategies −
     Forward Chaining
     Backward Chaining
    Forward Chaining
    It is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question,
    “What can happen next?”
    Here, the Inference Engine follows the chain of conditions and
    derivations and finally deduces the outcome. It considers all the
    facts and rules, and sorts them before concluding to a solution.
    This strategy is followed for working on conclusion, result, or
    effect. For example, prediction of share market status as an
    effect of changes in interest rates.

    Backward Chaining
    With this strategy, an expert system finds out the answer to the
    question, “Why this happened?”
    On the basis of what has already happened, the Inference Engine
    tries to find out which conditions could have happened in the
    past for this result. This strategy is followed for finding out
    cause or reason. For example, diagnosis of blood cancer in
    humans.
    User Interface
    User interface provides interaction between user of the ES and
    the ES itself. It is generally Natural Language Processing so as
    to be used by the user who is well-versed in the task domain.
    The user of the ES need not be necessarily an expert in Artificial
    Intelligence.
    It explains how the ES has arrived at a particular
    recommendation. The explanation may appear in the following
    forms −
     Natural language displayed on screen.
     Verbal narrations in natural language.
     Listing of rule numbers displayed on the screen.
    The user interface makes it easy to trace the credibility of the
    deductions.
    Requirements of Efficient ES User Interface
     It should help users to accomplish their goals in shortest
    possible way.
     It should be designed to work for user’s existing or desired
    work practices.
     Its technology should be adaptable to user’s requirements;
    not the other way round.
     It should make efficient use of user input.

    Expert Systems Limitations


    No technology can offer easy and complete solution. Large
    systems are costly, require significant development time, and
    computer resources. ESs have their limitations which include −
     Limitations of the technology
     Difficult knowledge acquisition
     ES are difficult to maintain
     High development costs

    Applications of Expert System


    The following table shows where ES can be applied.

    Application Description
    Design Domain Camera lens design, automobile design.
    Diagnosis Systems to deduce cause of
    Medical Domain disease from observed data, conduction
    medical operations on humans.
    Comparing data continuously with observed
    Monitoring system or with prescribed behavior such as
    Systems leakage monitoring in long petroleum
    pipeline.
    Process Control Controlling a physical process based on
    Systems monitoring.
    Knowledge
    Finding out faults in vehicles, computers.
    Domain
    Detection of possible fraud, suspicious
    Finance/Commerce transactions, stock market trading, Airline
    scheduling, cargo scheduling.

    Expert System Technology


    There are several levels of ES technologies available. Expert
    systems technologies include −
     Expert System Development Environment − The ES
    development environment includes hardware and tools.
    They are −
    o Workstations, minicomputers, mainframes.

    o High level Symbolic Programming Languages such as

    LISt Programming (LISP) and PROgrammation en


    LOGique (PROLOG).
    o Large databases.

     Tools − They reduce the effort and cost involved in


    developing an expert system to large extent.
    o Powerful editors and debugging tools with multi-

    windows.
    o They provide rapid prototyping

    o Have Inbuilt definitions of model, knowledge

    representation, and inference design.


     Shells − A shell is nothing but an expert system without
    knowledge base. A shell provides the developers with
    knowledge acquisition, inference engine, user interface,
    and explanation facility. For example, few shells are given
    below −
    o Java Expert System Shell (JESS) that provides fully

    developed Java API for creating an expert system.


    o Vidwan, a shell developed at the National Centre for

    Software Technology, Mumbai in 1993. It enables


    knowledge encoding in the form of IF-THEN rules.

    Development of Expert Systems: General


    Steps
    The process of ES development is iterative. Steps in developing
    the ES include −
    Identify Problem Domain
     The problem must be suitable for an expert system to solve
    it.
     Find the experts in task domain for the ES project.
     Establish cost-effectiveness of the system.
    Design the System
     Identify the ES Technology
     Know and establish the degree of integration with the other
    systems and databases.
     Realize how the concepts can represent the domain
    knowledge best.
    Develop the Prototype
    From Knowledge Base: The knowledge engineer works to −
     Acquire domain knowledge from the expert.
     Represent it in the form of If-THEN-ELSE rules.
    Test and Refine the Prototype
     The knowledge engineer uses sample cases to test the
    prototype for any deficiencies in performance.
     End users test the prototypes of the ES.
    Develop and Complete the ES
     Test and ensure the interaction of the ES with all elements
    of its environment, including end users, databases, and
    other information systems.
     Document the ES project well.
     Train the user to use ES.
    Maintain the System
     Keep the knowledge base up-to-date by regular review and
    update.
     Cater for new interfaces with other information systems, as
    those systems evolve.

    Benefits of Expert Systems


     Availability − They are easily available due to mass
    production of software.
     Less Production Cost − Production cost is reasonable.
    This makes them affordable.
     Speed − They offer great speed. They reduce the amount of
    work an individual puts in.
     Less Error Rate − Error rate is low as compared to human
    errors.
     Reducing Risk − They can work in the environment
    dangerous to humans.
     Steady response − They work steadily without getting
    motional, tensed or fatigued.
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