CS6704 -RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

QUESTION BANK
VII SEMESTER

UNIT I -LINEAR PROGRAMMING

1. What is linear programming?

Linear programming is a technique used for determining optimum utilization of limited
resources to meet out the given objectives. The objective is to maximize the profit or minimize
the resources (men, machine, materials and money)

2. Write the general mathematical formulation of LPP.

1. Objective function
Max or Min Z = C1x1 + C2x2+ …..+ Cnxn
2. Subject to the constraints
a11x1+a12x2+…………+ a1nxn (≤=≥)b1
a21x1+a22x2+…………+ a2nxn (≤=≥)b2
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
am1x1+am2x2+…………+ amnxn (≤=≥)bm
3. Non-negative constraints
x1,x2,….xm≥ 0
3. What are the characteristic of LPP?
 There must be a well defined objective function.
 There must be alternative course of action to choose.
 Both the objective functions and the constraints must be linear equation or inequalities.
4. What are the characteristic of standard form of LPP?
 The objective function is of maximization type.
 All the constraint equation must be of equal type by adding slack or surplus variables
 RHS of the constraint equation must be positive type
 All the decision variables are of positive type
5. What are the characteristics of canonical form of LPP?
In canonical form, if the objective function is of maximization type, then all constraints
are of ≤ type. Similarly if the objective function is of minimization type, then all constraints are
of ≥ type. But non-negative constraints are ≥type for both cases.
6. A firm manufactures two types of products A and B and sells them at profit of Rs 2 on
type A and Rs 3 on type B. Each product is processed on two machines M1 and M2.Type A
requires 1 minute of processing time on M1 and 2 minutes on M2 Type B requires 1 minute
of processing time on M1 and 1 minute on M2. Machine M1 is available for not more than
6 hours 40 minutes while machine M2 is available for 10 hours during any working day.
Formulate the problem as a LPP so as to maximize the profit.
Maximize z =2x1 +3x2
Subject tot the constraints:
x1 + x2 ≤ 400
2x1 + x2 ≤ 600
x1 ,x2≥ 0
7. A company sells two different products A and B , making a profit of Rs.40 and Rs. 30 per
unit on them,respectively.They are produced in a common production process and are sold
in two different markets, the production process has a total capacity of 30,000 man-hours.
It takes three hours to produce a unit of A and one hour to produce a unit of B. The market
has been surveyed and company official feel that the maximum number of units of A that
can be sold is 8,000 units and that of B is 12,000 units. Subject to these limitations, products
can be sold in any combination. Formulate the problem as a LPP so as to maximize the
profit
Maximize z =40x1 +30x2
Subject tot the constraints:
3x1 + x2 ≤ 30,000
x1 ≤ 8000
x2 ≤ 12000
x1 ,x2≥ 0
8. What is feasibility region?
Collections of all feasible solutions are called a feasible set or region of an optimization
model. Or A region in which all the constraints are satisfied is called feasible region.
9. What is feasibility region in an LP problem? Is ti necessary that it should always be a
convex set?
A region in which all the constraints are satisfied is called feasible region. The feasible
region of an LPP is always convex set.
10. Define solution
A set of variables x1,x2….xn which satisfies the constraints of LPP is called a solution.
11. Define feasible solution?
Any solution to a LPP which satisfies the non negativity restrictions of LPP’s called the feasible
solution
12. Define optimal solution of LPP.
Any feasible solution which optimizes the objective function of the LPP’s called the
optimal solution
13. State the applications of linear programming
 Work scheduling
 Production planning & production process
 Capital budgeting
 Financial planning
 Blending
 Farm planning
 Distribution
 Multi-period decision problem
Inventory model
Financial model
Work scheduling
14. State the Limitations of LP.
 LP treats all functional relations as linear
 LP does not take into account the effect of time and uncertainty
 No guarantee for integer solution. Rounding off may not feasible or optimal solution.
 Deals with single objective, while in real life the situation may be difficult.
15. What do you understand by redundant constraints?
In a given LPP any constraint does not affect the feasible region or solution space then
the constraint is said to be a redundant constraint.
16. Define Unbounded solution?
If the feasible solution region does not have a bounded area the maximum value of Z
occurs at infinity. Hence the LPP is said to have unbounded solution.
17. Define Multiple Optimal solution?
A LPP having more than one optimal solution is said to have alternative or multiple
optimal solutions.
18. What is slack variable?
If the constraint as general LPP be <= type then a non negative variable is introduced to
convert the inequalities into equalities are called slack variables. The values of these variables
are interpretedas the amount of unused resources.
19. What are surplus variables?
If the constraint as general LPP be >= type then a non negative
is introduced to convert the inequalities into equalities are called the surplus variables.
20. Define Basic solution?
Given a system of m linear equations with n variables(m<n).The solution obtained by
setting (n-m) variables equal to zero and solving for the remaining m variables is called a basic
solution.

21. Define non Degenerate Basic feasible solution?

The basic solution is said to be a non degenerate basic solution if None of the basic
variables is zero.
22. Define degenerate basic solution?
A basic solution is said to be a degenerate basic solution if one or more of the basic
variables are zero.
23. What is the function of minimum ratio?
 To determine the basic variable to leave
 To determine the maximum increase in basic variable
 To maintain the feasibility of following solution
24. From the optimum simplex table how do you identify that LPP has unbounded
solution?
To find the leaving variables the ratio is computed.The ratio is <=0
then there is an unbounded solution to the given LPP.
25. From the optimum simplex table how do you identify that the LPP has no solution?
If atleast one artificial variable appears in the basis at zero level with a +ve value in the
Xb column and the optimality condition is satisfied
then the original problem has no feasible solution.
26. How do you identify that LPP has no solution in a two phase method?
If all Zj – Cj ≤ 0 & then atleast one artificial variable appears in the optimum basis at non
zero level the LPP does not possess any solution.
27. What do you understand by degeneracy?
The concept of obtaining a degenerate basic feasible solution in LPP is known as
degeneracy. This may occur in the initial stage when atleast one basic variable is zero in the
initial basic feasible solution.
28. Write the standard form of LPP in the matrix notation?
In matrix notation the canonical form of LPP can be expressed as
Maximize Z = CX(obj fn.)
Sub to AX <= b(constraints) and X >= 0 (non negative restrictions)
Where C = (C1,C2,…..Cn)

29. Define basic variable and non-basic variable in linear programming.

A basic solution to the set of constraints is a solution obtained by setting any n variables
equal to zero and solving for remaining m variables not equal to zero. Such m variables are
called basic variables and remaining n zero variables are called non-basic variables.
30.Solve the following LP problem by graphical method.
Maximize z =6x1 +4x2 Subject tot the constraints:
x1 + x2 ≤ 5
x 2≥ 8
x1 ,x2≥ 0.
31. Define unrestricted variable and artificial variable.
 Unrestricted Variable :A variable is unrestricted if it is allowed to take on positive,
negative or zero values
 Artificial variable :One type of variable introduced in a linear program model in order to
find an initial basic feasible solution; an artificial variable is used for equality constraints
and for greater-than or equal inequality constraints

UNIT-II
UNIT II DUALITY AND NETWORKS

1. Define transportation problem.

It is a special type of linear programming model in which the goods are shipped from
various origins to different destinations. The objective is to find the best possible allocation of
goods from various origins to different destinations such that the total transportation cost is
minimum.

2. Define the following: Feasible solution

A set of non-negative decision values xij (i=1,2,….m; j=1,2…n) satisfies the constraint
equations is called a feasible solution.

3. Define the following: basic feasible solution

A basic feasible solution is said to be basic if the number of positive allocations are m+n-
1.( m-origin and n-destination).If the number of allocations are less than (m+n-1) it is called
degenerate basic feasible solution.

4. Define optimal solution in transportation problem

A feasible solution is said to be optimal, if it minimizes the total transportation cost.

5. What are the methods used in transportation problem to obtain the initial basic feasible
solution.
 North-west corner rule
 Lowest cost entry method or matrix minima method
 Vogel’s approximation method
6. Write down the basic steps involved in solving a transportation problem.
 To find the initial basic feasible solution
 To find an optimal solution by making successive improvements from the initial basic
feasible solution.
7. What do you understand by degeneracy in a transportation problem?
If the number of occupied cells in a m x n transportation problem is less than ( m+n-1)
then the problem is said to be degenerate.

8. What is balanced transportation problem& unbalanced transportation problem?

When the sum of supply is equal to demands, then the problem is said to be
balanced transportation problem.
A transportation problem is said to be unbalanced if the total supply is not equal to the
total demand.

9. How do you convert an unbalanced transportation problem into a balanced one?

The unbalanced transportation problem is converted into a balanced one by adding a
dummy row (source) or dummy column (destination) whichever is necessary. The unit
transportation cost of the dummy row/ column elements are assigned to zero. Then the problem
is solved by the usual procedure.
10. Explain how the profit maximization transportation problem can be converted to an
equivalent cost minimization transportation problem.
If the objective is to maximize the profit or maximize the expected sales we have to
convert these problems by multiplying all cell entries by -1.Now the maximization problem
becomes a minimization and it can be solved by the usual algorithm

11. Determine basic feasible solution to the following transportation problem using least
cost method. (MAY ’09)
A B C D SUPPLY
P 1 2 1 4 30
Q 3 3 2 1 50
R 4 2 5 9 20
Demand 20 40 30 10

12. Define transshipment problems?

A problem in which available commodity frequently moves from one source to another
source or destination before reaching its actual destination is called transshipment problems.

13. What is the difference between Transportation problem & Transshipment Problem?
In a transportation problem there are no intermediate shipping points while in
transshipment problem there are intermediate shipping points

14. What is assignment problem?

An assignment problem is a particular case of a transportation problem in which a
number of operations are assigned to an equal number of operators where each operator performs
only one operation, the overall objective is to maximize the total profit or minimize the overall
cost of the given assignment.

15. Explain the difference between transportation and assignment problems?

Transportation problems Assignment problems

1) supply at any source may be a Supply at any source will

any positive quantity. be 1.

2) Demand at any destination may Demand at any destination

be a positive quantity. will be 1.

3) One or more source to any number One source one destination.

of destination.

16. Define unbounded assignment problem and describe the steps involved in solving it?
If the no. of rows is not equal to the no. of column in the given cost matrix the problem is
said to be unbalanced. It is converted to a balanced one by adding dummy row or dummy
column with zero cost.
17. Explain how a maximization problem is solved using assignment model?
The maximization problems are converted to a minimization one of the
following method.
(i) Since max z = min(-z)
(ii) Subtract all the cost elements all of the cost
matrix from the
Highest cost element in that cost matrix.

18. What do you understand by restricted assignment? Explain how you

should overcome it?
The assignment technique, it may not be possible to assign a particular task to a
particular facility due to technical difficulties or other restrictions. This can be
overcome by assigning a very high processing time or cost (it can be ∞) to the
corresponding cell.

19. How do you identify alternative solution in assignment problem?

Sometimes a final cost matrix contains more than required number of zeroes
at the independent position. This implies that there is more than one optimal
solution with some optimum assignment cost.

20. What is a traveling salesman problem?

A salesman normally must visit a number of cities starting from his head
quarters. The distance between every pair of cities are assumed to be known. The
problem of finding the shortest distance if the salesman starts from his head quarters
and passes through each city exactly once and returns to the headquarters is called
Traveling Salesman problem.

21. Define route condition?

The salesman starts from his headquarters and passes through each city exactly once.

22. Give the areas of operations of assignment

problems? Assigning jobs to machines.
Allocating men to jobs/machines.
Route scheduling for a traveling salesman.

UNIT-III
INTEGER PROGRAMMING PROBLEM
1. Define Integer Programming Problem (IPP)?
A linear programming problem in which some or all of the variables in the optimal
solution are restricted to assume non-negative integer values is called an Integer
Programming Problem (IPP) or Integer Linear Programming

2. Explain the importance of Integer programming problem?

In LPP the values for the variables are real in the optimal solution. However in
certain problems this assumption is unrealistic. For example if a problem has a solution
of 81/2 cars to be produced in a manufacturing company is meaningless. These types
of problems require integer values for the decision variables. Therefore IPP is
necessary to round off the fractional values.
3. List out some of the applications of IPP?
 IPP occur quite frequently in business and industry.
 All transportation, assignment and traveling salesman problems are IPP,
since the decision variables are either Zero or one.
 All sequencing and routing decisions are IPP as it requires the integer values
of the decision variables.
Capital budgeting and production scheduling problem are PP. In fact, any
situation involving decisions of the type either to do a job or not to do can be treated
as an IPP.
 All allocation problems involving the allocation of goods, men, machines, give
rise to IPP since such commodities can be assigned only integer and not fractional
values.

4. List the various types of integer programming?

Mixed IPP
Pure IPP

5. What is pure IPP?

In a linear programming problem, if all the variables in the optimal solution are
restricted to assume non-negative integer values, then it is called the pure (all) IPP.

6. What is Mixed IPP?

In a linear programming problem, if only some of the variables in the optimal
solution are restricted to assume non-negative integer values, while the remaining
variables are free to take any non-negative values, then it is called A Mixed IPP.

7. What is Zero-one problem?

If all the variables in the optimum solution are allowed to take values either 0 or
1 as in ‘do’ or ‘not to do’ type decisions, then the problem is called Zero-one
problem or standard discrete programming problem.

8. What is the difference between Pure integer programming & mixed integer
integer programming.
When an optimization problem, if all the decision variables are restricted to take
integer values, then it is referred as pure integer programming. If some of the variables
are allowed to take integer values, then it is referred as mixed integer integer
programming.

9. Explain the importance of Integer Programming?

In linear programming problem, all the decision variables allowed to take
any non-negative real values, as it is quite possible and appropriate to have fractional
values in many situations. However in many situations, especially in business and
industry, these decision variables make sense only if they have integer values in the
optimal solution. Hence a new
procedure has been developed in this direction for the case of LPP subjected to
additional restriction that the decision variables must have integer values.

10. Why not round off the optimum values in stead of resorting to IP?
There is no guarantee that the integer valued solution (obtained by simplex
method) will satisfy the constraints. i.e. ., it may not satisfy one or more constraints
and as such the new solution may not feasible. So there is a need for developing a
systematic and efficient algorithm for obtaining the exact optimum integer solution to an
IPP.
11. What are methods for IPP?
Integer programming can be
categorized as
(i) Cutting methods
(ii) Search Methods.

12. What is cutting method?

A systematic procedure for solving pure IPP was first developed by R.E.Gomory
in 1958. Later on, he extended the procedure to solve mixed IPP, named as cutting
plane algorithm, the method consists in first solving the IPP as ordinary LPP.By ignoring
the integrity restriction and then introducing additional constraints one after the other to
cut certain part of the solution space until an integral solution is obtained.

13. What is search method?

It is an enumeration method in which all feasible integer points are
enumerated. The widely used search method is the Branch and Bound Technique. It also
starts with the continuous optimum, but systematically partitions the solution space into
sub problems that eliminate parts that contain no feasible integer solution. It was
originally developed by A.H.Land and A.G.Doig.

14. Explain the concept of Branch and Bound Technique?

The widely used search method is the Branch and Bound Technique. It starts
with the continuous optimum, but systematically partitions the solution space into
sub problems that eliminate parts that contain no feasible integer solution. It was
originally developed by A.H.Land and A.G.Doig.

15. Give the general format

of IPP? The general
IPP is given by
Maximize Z = CX
Subject to the
constraints
AX ≤ b,
X ≥ 0 and some or all variables are integer.

16. Write an algorithm for Gomory’s Fractional Cut algorithm?

1. Convert the minimization IPP into an equivalent maximization IPP and
all the coefficients and constraints should be integers.
2. Find the optimum solution of the resulting maximization LPP by using
simplex method.
3. Test the integrity of the optimum solution.
4. Rewrite each XBi
5. Express each of the negative fractions if any, in the kth row of the optimum
simplex table as the sum of a negative integer and a non-negative fraction.
6. Find the fractional cut constraint
7. Add the fractional cut constraint at the bottom of optimum simplex table
obtained in step 2.
8. Go to step 3 and repeat the procedure until an optimum integer solution is
obtained. 17. What is the purpose of Fractional cut constraints?
In the cutting plane method, the fractional cut constraints cut the unuseful area
of the feasible region in the graphical solution of the problem. i.e. cut that area which
has no integer-valued feasible solution. Thus these constraints eliminate all the non-
integral solutions without loosing any integer-valued solution.
18.A manufacturer of baby dolls makes two types of dolls, doll X and doll Y.
Processing of these dolls is done on two machines A and B. Doll X requires 2 hours
on machine A and 6 hours on Machine B. Doll Y requires 5 hours on machine A
and 5 hours on Machine B. There are 16 hours of time per day available on
machine A and 30 hours on machine B. The profit is gained on both the dolls is
same. Format this as IPP?
Let the manufacturer decide to manufacture x1 the number of doll X and x2
number of doll Y so as to maximize the profit. The complete formulation of the IPP is
given by
Maximize Z=
x1+x2 Subject to 2
x1 + 5 x2 ≤16 6 x1+ 5
x2 ≤30
and ≥0 and are integers.

19. Explain Gomory’s Mixed Integer Method?

The problem is first solved by continuous LPP by ignoring the integrity
condition. If the values of the integer constrained variables are integers, then the
current solution is an optimal solution to the given mixed IPP. Else select the source
row which corresponds to the largest fractional part among these basic variables which
are constrained to be integers. Then construct the Gomarian constraint from the source
row. Add this secondary constraint at the bottom of the optimum simplex table and use
dual simplex method to obtain the new feasible optimal solution. Repeat this procedure
until the values of the integer restricted variables are integers in the optimum
solution obtained.

20. What is the geometrical meaning of portioned or branched the original problem?
Geometrically it means that the branching process eliminates portion of the
feasible
region that contains no feasible-integer solution. Each of the sub-problems solved
separately as a LPP.
21. What is standard discrete programming problem?
If all the variables in the optimum solution are allowed to take values either 0 or
1 as in ‘do’ or ‘not to do’ type decisions, then the problem is called standard discrete
programming problem.
22. What is the disadvantage of branched or portioned method?
It requires the optimum solution of each sub problem. In large problems this
could be very tedious job.
23. How can you improve the efficiency of portioned method?
The computational efficiency of portioned method is increased by using the
concept of bounding. By this concept whenever the continuous optimum solution of a
sub problem yields a value of the objective function lower than that of the best available
integer solution it is useless to explore the problem any further consideration. Thus
once a feasible integer solution is obtained, its associative objective function can be
taken as a lower bound to delete inferior sub-problems. Hence efficiency of a branch
and bound method depends upon how soon the successive sub-problems are
fathomed.
24.What are the condition of branch and bound method
1.The values of the decision variables of the problem are integer
2.The upper bound of the problem which has non-integer values for its decision
variables is not greater than the current best lower bound
 3. The problem has an infeasible solution
25. What are Traditional approach to solving integer programming problems.

 Feasible solutions can be partitioned into smaller

subsets  Smaller subsets evaluated until best
solution is found.  Method is a tedious and
complex mathematical process.

U
NIT-IV
CLASSICAL OPTIMISATION THEORY
1. Discuss the different types of nonlinear programming
problems.  Price elasticity
 Product-mix
problem 
 Graphical
nillustration
 Global and local optimum
2. Explain the application areas of nonlinear programming
problems.  Transportation problem
 Product mix
problem  NP
Problems
3. What is Newton Ralphson method?
Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better
approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued functio

4. State the Kuhn-Tucker conditions.

1.Linearity constraint qualification.
2.Linear independence constraint qualification
(LICQ): 3.Mangasarian–Fromovitz constraint
qualification (MFCQ): 3.Constant rank constraint
qualification (CRCQ):
4.Constant positive linear dependence constraint qualification
(CPLD): 5. Define nonlinear programming.
Nonlinear programming is the process of solving an optimization problem
defined by a system of equalities and inequalities, collectively termed
constraints, over a set of unknown real variables, along with an objective
function to be maximized or minimized, where some of the constraints or the
objective function are nonlinear.

6.Write the general format of non linear programming

Let n, m, and p be positive integers. Let X be a subset of Rn, let f, gi, and hj
be real-valued functions on X for each i in {1, …, m} and each j in {1, …, p}.

A nonlinear minimization problem is an optimization problem of the form

8.What re the optimisation problems
 Constrained optimisation problems
  Un Constrained optimisation problems

UNIT-V
OBJECT SCHEDULING:
1. What do you mean by project?
A project is defined as a combination on inter related activities with limited
resources namely men, machines materials, money and time all of which must be
executed in a defined order for its completion.
2. What are the three main phases of
project?  Planning, Scheduling and
Control

3. What are the two basic planning and controlling techniques in a network
analysis?  Critical Path Method (CPM)
 Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

4. What are the advantages of CPM and PERT techniques?

 It encourages a logical discipline in planning, scheduling and control of
projects  It helps to effect considerable reduction of project times and the
cost
 It helps better utilization of resources like men,machines,materials and
money with reference to time
 It measures the effect of delays on the project and procedural changes on the
overall schedule.
5. What is the difference CPM and
PERT CPM
 Network is built on the basis of
activity  Deterministic nature
 One time
estimation PERT
 An event oriented
network 
 Probabilistic nature
 Three time
estimation 6. What is
network?
A network is a graphical representation of a project’s operation and is
composed of all the events and activities in sequence along with their inter relationship
and inter dependencies.
7. What is Event in a network diagram?
An event is specific instant of time which marks the starts and end of an
activity. It neither consumes time nor resources. It is represented by a circle.
8. Define activity?
A project consists of a number of job operations which are called activities. It
is the element of the project and it may be a process, material handling, procurement
cycle etc.
9. Define Critical Activities?
In a Network diagram critical activities are those whose if consumer more than
estimated time the project will be delayed.
10. Define non critical activities?
 Activities which have a provision such that the event if they consume a
specified time over and above the estimated time the project will not be delayed are
termed as non critical activities.
11. Define Dummy Activities?
When two activities start at a same time, the head event are joined by a dotted
arrow known as dummy activity which may be critical or non critical.
12. Define duration?
It is the estimated or the actual time required to complete a trade or an
activity. 13. Define total project time?
It is time taken to complete to complete a project and just found from the
sequence of critical activities. In other words it is the duration of the critical path.
14. Define Critical Path?
It is the sequence of activities which decides the total project duration. It is
formed by critical activities and consumes maximum resources and time.
15. Define float or slack?
Slack is with respect to an event and float is with respect to an activity. In other
words, slack is used with PERT and float with CPM. Float or slack means extra time over
and above its duration which a non-critical activity can consume without delaying the
project.
16. Define total float?
The total float for an activity is given by the total time which is available for
performance of the activity, minus the duration of the activity. The total time is available
for execution of the activity is given by the latest finish time of an activity minus the
earliest start time for the activity. Thus
Total float = Latest start time – earliest
start time. 17. Define free float?
This is that part of the total float which does not affect the subsequent activities.
This is the float which is obtained when all the activities are started at the earliest.
18. Define Independent float?
If all the preceding activities are completed at their latest, in some cases,
no float available for the subsequent activities which may therefore become critical.
Independent float = free –
tail slack. 19. Define Interfering
float?
Sometimes float of an activity if utilized wholly or in part, may influence the
starting time of the succeeding activities is known as interfering float.
Interfering float = latest event time of the head - earliest event time of the
event. 20. Define Optimistic?
Optimistic time estimate is the duration of any activity when everything goes
on very well during the project.
21. Define Pessimistic?
Pessimistic time estimate is the duration of any activity when almost
everything goes against our will and a lot of difficulties is faced while doing a project.
22. Define most likely time estimation?
Most likely time estimate is the duration of any activity when sometimes thing go
on very well, sometimes things go on very bad while doing the project.
24. What is a parallel critical path?
When critical activities are crashed and the duration is reduced other paths
may also become critical such critical paths are called parallel critical path.
25. What is standard deviation and variance in PERT network?
The expected time of an activity in actual execution is not completely reliable
and is likely to vary. If the variability is known we can measure the reliability of the
expected time as determined from three estimates. The measure of the variability of
possible activity time is given by standard deviation, their probability distribution
Variance of the activity is the square of the standard deviation
26. Give the difference between direct cost and indirect cost?
Direct cost is directly depending upon the amount of resources involved in the
execution of all activities of the project. Increase in direct cost will decrease in project
duration. Indirect cost is associated with general and administrative expenses, insurance
cost, taxes etc. Increase in indirect cost will increase in project duration.

CS6704 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

TOPIC WISE QUESTION BANK

LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS

1) What is OR techniques? Where it can be used?
2) What is OR? List out various applications of OR.
3) Explain how operation research helps management in decision making.
4) Define following terms.
i) Solution
ii) Feasible solution
iii) Optimum solution
iv) Degenerate solution
v) Basic solution
5) Explain the term.
i) Non negative restrictions
ii) Objective function
iii) Feasible region
6) What are basic & non basic variables?
7) What is degeneracy in case of LPP?
8) Convert in dual problem & solve by Simplex Method
9) Explain the concept of Duality? How it is helpful in solving LPP? Explain with a small example.
10) How LPP is solved using graphical method?
11) An Advertising company is planning a media campaign for a client, willing to spend Rs.2000000
to promote a new fuel economy model of a pressure cooker. The client wishes to limit his
campaign media to a daily newspaper, radio and prime time television .The agency‟s own
research data on cost effectiveness of advertising media suggest the following:

Advertising Media Cost per unit (Rs) Estimated number of housewives

Exposed to each advertising unit
Newspaper 20,000 1,00,000
Radio 40,000 5,00,000
 Television 1,00,000 10,00,000

12) The client wishes that at least 50,000 housewives should be exposed to T.V. advertising .Also the
expense on newspaper advertising must not exceed Rs.5,00,000.Formulate the problem as a linear
programming problem
 Solve by Simplex Method.
13) Maximize (Z) = 3x1+2x2+5x3

Subject to Constraints x1+x2+x3≤9

2x1+3x2+5x3≤30

2x1-x2-x3≤8

x1 , x2,x3≥0

14) Minimize (Z) = 25x+30y

Subject to Constraints 2/3 x+1/2y≥10

1/3x+1/2y≥6

x , y≥0

15) Minimize (Z) = x1+x2

Subject to Constraints 2x1+x2≥4

x1+7x2≥7

x1 , x2≥0

16) Maximize (Z) = 2x1+3x2+4x3

Subject to Constraints x1+x2+x3≤1

x1+x2+2x3=2

3x1+2x2+x3≥4

x1 , x2,x3≥0

17) Maximize (Z) = 4x1+10x2

Subject to Constraints 2x1+x2≤10

2x1+5x2≤20

2x1+3x2≤18

x1 , x2≥0

18) Maximize (Z) = 3x1+5x2+4x3

Subject to Constraints 2x1+3x2≤8

 2x1+3x2≤8

2x2+5x3≤10

3x1+2x2+4x3≤15

x1,x2,x3≥0

19) Maximize (Z) = x1+x2+x3

Subject to Constraints 3x1+2x2+x3≤3

2x1+x2+2x3≤2

x1,x2,x3 ≥0

Solve by Graphical Method

20) Maximize (Z) = 30x1+15x2

Subject to Constraints x1+3/2x2≤200

2x1+x2≤200

3x1≤200

x1 , x2≥0

21) Maximize (Z) = 5x1+7x2

Subject to Constraints x1+x2≤4

3x1+8x2≤24

10x1+7x2≤35

x1 , x2≥0

22) Minimize (Z) = 2x1+2x2

Subject to Constraints x1+3x2≤12

3x1+x1≥13

x1 -x2=3

x1 , x2≥0

23) Maximize (Z) = x1+x2

Subject to Constraints x1+2x2≤2000

 x1+x2≤1500

x2≤600

x1 , x2≥0

24) Maximize (Z) = 6x1-2x2+3x3

Subject to Constraints 2x1-x2+2x3≤2

x1+4x3≤4

x2≤600

x1 , x2,x3≥0

25) Maximize (Z) = 5x1+7x2

Subject to Constraints x1+x2≤4

3x1+8x2≤24

10x1+7x2≤35

x1 , x2≥0

26) Maximize (Z) = 300x1+400x2

Subject to Constraints 5x1+4x2≤200

3x1+5x2≤150

5x1+4x2≥100

8x1+4x2≥80

x1 , x2≥0

Convert in dual problem & solve by Simplex Method

27) Minimize (Z) = 2x1+3x2

Subject to Constraints 2x1+x2≥6

x1+2x2≥4

x1 +x2≥5

x1 , x20

28) Minimize (Z) = 2x1+3x2

Subject to Constraints x1+x2≥5

 x1+2x2≥6

x1 , x2≥0

29) Maximize (Z) = 3x1+2x2

Subject to Constraints x1+x2≤5

x1-x2≤2

x1 , x2≥0

30) Maximize (Z) = 6x1+7x2+3x3+5x4

Subject to Constraints 5x1+6x2-3x3+4x4≥12

x2+5x3-6x4≥10

2x1+5x2+x3+x4≥8

x1,x2,x3,x4≥0.
 Transportation Problems
1) Explain Transportation problem? Explain degeneracy in transportation problem?
2) Explain in detail „Stepping stone method‟ for transportation problem with illustration.
3) Explain the steps used to solve transportation problem using MODI method.
4) What is unbalanced transportation problem? Does any extra cost required to considered in case of
such type of problem?
5) Write down the steps of North West Corner Method for solving transportation problem.
6) Explain with example how Initial Basic Feasible Solution for transportation problem using Least
Cost Method .
7) Explain the steps of Vogel‟s Approximation Method with example.
8) Solve by North West Corner Method

Plants Warehouses
Supply
W1 W2 W3 W4
P1 6 2 6 12 120
P2 4 4 2 4 200
P3 13 8 7 2 80
Demand 50 80 90 180 400

9) Find the initial feasible solution for the following problem using North West Corner Method.
Optimize solution using stepping stone.

Consumption Warehouses Requirements

centers P1 P2 P3 P4 (Units)
C1 10 4 9 5 25
C2 6 7 8 7 25
C3 3 8 6 9 25
Capacity 9 28 20 18

10) Find the initial feasible solution for the following problem using North West Corner Method.
Optimize solution using MODI method.

Plants Machines Requirements

M1 M2 M3 M4 (Units)
A 8 5 7 10 25
B 4 5 9 12 40
C 11 2 6 5 10
Capacity 20 18 30 07
11) Solve by Vogel‟s Approximation Method.

Plants Warehouses Supply

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
P1 20 28 32 55 70 50
P2 48 36 40 44 25 100
P3 35 55 22 45 48 150
Demand 100 70 50 40 40 300

12) A company has three plants that supplies to four marketing areas are given below:
Find Basic feasible solution using VAM. Is the solution obtained is optimal?
Plants Warehouses
Supply
W1 W2 W3 W4
P1 19 30 50 10 1600
P2 70 30 40 60 1200
P3 40 8 70 20 1700
Demand 1000 1500 800 1200

13) Solve the following Transportation problem.

A B C Supply
1 17 31 45 5
2 12 14 23 8
3 46 32 13 7
4 38 16 19 5
Demand 5 11 5

14) Find the initial feasible solution for the following problem using least cost method.

Plants Warehouses
Supply
W1 W2 W3 W4
P1 1 2 1 4 30
P2 3 3 2 1 50
P3 4 2 5 9 20
Demand 20 40 30 10

15) Find the minimum shipping cost for the following transportation problem using VAM.

Plants Warehouses
Supply
A B C D
P 10 12 15 08 130
Q 14 12 09 10 150
R 20 05 07 18 170
Demand 90 100 140 120
16) Find the minimum shipping cost for the following transportation problem using VAM.

Plants Warehouses
Requirement
a b c d
A 10 13 14 20 30
B 7 8 29 23 52
C 28 27 16 14 28
Capacity 12 18 40 30

17) Solve the following transportation problem using VAM to minimize cost.

Factories Warehouses
Availability
W1 W2 W3 W4
F1 48 60 56 58 140
F2 45 55 53 60 260
F3 50 65 60 62 360
F4 52 64 55 61 220
Capacity 200 300 250 210

18) Solve the following Transportation problem using NWCM.

W1 W2 W3 Demand
M1 25 38 52 200
M2 15 37 29 300
Supply 180 220 150

19) Solve the following transportation problem by using Least Cost Method.

Factories Warehouses
Availability
M1 M2 M3 M4
W1 19 30 50 10 7
W2 70 30 40 60 9
W3 40 8 70 20 18
Capacity 5 8 7 14

20) Solve the following Transportation problem to get optimal cost using stepping stone.

I II III IV V VI Capacity
A 5 3 7 3 8 5 3
B 5 6 12 5 7 11 4
C 2 1 2 4 8 2 2
D 9 6 10 5 10 9 8
Demand 3 3 6 2 1 2
 21) Find the initial feasible solution for the following problem using North West Corner Method.
Optimize solution using stepping stone.

P1 P2 P3 Supply
M1 5 8 11 100
M2 7 13 9 350
M3 18 22 17 500
Capacity 200 600 150

22) Find the initial feasible solution for the following problem using North West Corner Method.
Optimize solution using stepping stone.

M1 M2 M3 M4 Supply
W1 10 6 8 3 40
W2 15 8 5 9 30
W3 8 10 5 9 20
Demand 25 15 15 35

Assignment Problems
1) What are Assignment problems? Describe mathematical formulation of an assignment problem?
2) Enumerate the steps in the “Hungarian Method” used for solving assignment problem.
3) A departmental head has four subordinates and four task for completion. The subordinates differ
in their capabilities and tasks differ in their capabilities and tasks differ in their work contents and
intrinsic difficulties. His estimate of time for each subordinate and each task is given the matrix
below:
how should the tasks be assigned to minimize requirements of man-hours?

4) An engineering company has branches in Bombay. Calcutta, Delhi and Madras. A branch
manager is to be appointed, one at each city, out of four candidates A, B, C and D Depending on
the branch manager and the city varies in lakhs of rupees as per details below:

Suggest which manager should be assigned to which city so as to get maximum total monthly

Business .

5) The machine shop supervisor has four machines and four tasks for completion. Each of the
machines can perform each of the four tasks .Time taken at each of the machines to complete the
tasks is given in the matrix below:

How should the tasks be assigned to minimize total time required for processing.
6) Solve the following assignment problem:

A B C D E
I 6.2 7.8 5.0 10.1 8.2
II 7.1 8.4 6.1 7.3 5.9
III 8.7 9.2 11.1 7.1 8.1
IV 4.8 6.4 8.7 7.1 8.0

7) Solve following assignment problem to minimize the cost.

M1 M2 M3 M4
Sachin 31 62 29 42
Rajesh 12 19 39 55
Anil 17 29 50 41
Bharat 35 40 38 42

8) Solve following assignment problem to minimize the cost.

Operator 1 2 3 4 5
A 6 2 5 2 6
B 2 5 8 7 7
C 7 8 6 9 8
D 6 2 3 4 5
E 9 3 8 9 7
F 4 7 4 6 8

9) Solve following assignment using Hungarian Method.

Operator 1 2 3 4 5
A 90 101 89 77 54
B 82 59 62 94 67
C 45 73 66 58 49
D 103 67 72 88 93

10) Solve following assignment problem to minimize the cost.

Operator 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1 12 24 30 45 32 42
T2 25 34 16 40 26 31
T3 37 51 26 33 19 28
T4 31 33 36 56 29 45
T5 37 34 26 27 15 43
T6 21 45 19 53 22 40
11) Solve following assignment problem Hungarian Method.

Operator a b c d e f
A 19 27 53 12 17 27
B 43 68 77 58 62 44
C 45 28 81 47 49 53
D 71 41 22 59 29 38
E 36 11 57 22 25 18
F 13 46 43 39 27 28

12) Solve following assignment problem to minimize the cost.

A B C D
P 8 5 8 2
Q 9 3 6 9
R 4 10 7 4
S 3 5 6 1

13) Solve following assignment problem to maximize the cost.

Operator 1 2 3 4 5
A 10 12 18 15 9
B 12 10 20 18 10
C 8 9 15 10 8
D 9 8 24 12 12
E 10 15 18 12 10

14) To determine the order in which books should be processed in order to minimize the total time
required to turn out all the books.

Book 1 2 3 4 5 6
Printing
30 120 50 20 90 110
Time(Hrs)
Binding
80 100 90 60 30 10
Time(Hrs)

15) To determine the order in which jobs should be processed in order to minimize the total time
required to turn out all the jobs.

Job Time for Turning(minutes) Time for Threading(minutes)

1 3 8
2 12 10
3 5 9
4 2 6
5 9 3
6 11 1
16) To determine the sequence of these jobs that will minimize the total elapsed time T. Also find T
and idle time for machines A & B.

Job 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Machine 3 12 15 6 10 11 9
A
Machine 8 10 10 6 12 1 3
B

17) To determine the order in which jobs should be processed in order to minimize the total time
required to turn out all the jobs. Also find the idle times for the three operations.

Job Time for Time for Time for

Turning(minutes) Threading(minutes) Kurling(minutes)
1 3 8 13
2 12 6 14
3 5 4 9
4 2 6 12
5 9 3 8
6 11 1 13

18) To determine the optimum sequence of these jobs that will minimize the total elapsed time T.
Also find idle time for three machines and waiting time for the jobs.

Job A B C
1 3 4 7
2 8 5 9
3 7 1 5
4 5 2 6
5 4 3 10

19) To determine the order in which books should be processed in order to minimize the total time
required to turn out all the jobs.

Job 1 2 3 4 5
Machine A 5 1 9 3 10
Machine B 2 6 7 8 4

20) To determine the optimum sequence of these jobs that will minimize the total elapsed time T.
Also find idle time for three machines and waiting time for the jobs.

Job A B C
1 8 5 4
2 10 6 9
 3 6 2 8
4 7 3 6
5 11 4 5

21) To determine the sequence of these jobs that will minimize the total elapsed time T. Also find T
and idle time for machines A & B & C.

Job 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Machine
12 6 5 3 5 7 6
A
Machine
7 8 9 8 7 8 3
B
Machine
3 4 11 5 2 8 4
c

22) To determine the order in which books should be processed in order to minimize the total time
required to turn out all the jobs.

Job 1 2 3 4 5
Machine
5 1 9 3 10
A
Machine
2 6 7 8 4
B

23) To determine the order in which books should be processed in order to minimize the total time
required to turn out all the books.

Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cutting
5 7 3 4 6 7 12
Time
Sewing
2 6 7 5 9 5 8
Time

24) To determine the order in which books should be processed in order to minimize the total time
required to turn out all the jobs.

Job 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Machine
5 4 22 16 15 11 9 4
M1
Machine
6 10 12 8 20 7 2 21
M2
25) To determine the sequence of these jobs that will minimize the total elapsed time T. Also find T
and idle time for machines A & B & C.

Job 1 2 3 4
Shaping 13 18 8 23
Drilling 3 8 6 6
Tapping 18 4 13 8
 PERT and CPM
.
1) Write difference between PERT Network & CPM Network.
2) Write a note on „activity and critical activity‟.
3) Write a short note on „Fulkerson‟s rule‟ for numbering the events in the network.
4) A research project consists of eleven activities Identified by their beginning (i) and ending nodes
(j) as under. Three time estimates have also been specified against each activity.

(a) Calculate expected time of each activity.

(b) Construct the network diagram for the above project
(c) Enter the expected time of the activities computed under (a) into the network.
Activity Estimated Duration (weeks)
(i-j) Optimistic time(a) Most likely time(m) Pessimistic time (b)
1-2 6 7 8
1-3 4 5 12
1-4 2 10 12
2-5 3 7 11
3-6 10 20 48
3-7 6 9 18
4-6 3 3 9
5-8 3 3 9
6-9 8 18 40
7-8 2 6 10
8-9 2 5 14

5) Draw a network for the following project and number the events according to Fulkerson‟s rule:
A is the start event and K is the end event .
A precedes event B.
J is the successesor event to F.
C and D are the successesor events of B.
D is the preceding event to G.
E and F occur after event C.
E precedes event F.
C restraints the occurrence of G and G precedes H.
H precedes J and K succeeds J.
F restraints the occurrence of H .

6) Draw a network for the simple project of erection of steel works for a shed . The various activities
of project are as under: using Fulkerson‟s rule:
Activity Description Preceded by
A Erect site workshop -
B Fence site -
C Bend reinforcement A
 D Dig foundation B
E Fabricate steel work A
F Install concrete pillars B
G Place reinforcement C,D
H Concrete foundation G,F
I Erect steel work E
J Paint steel H,I
K Give finishing touch J

7) Tasks A, B, C, H, I constitute a project. The precedence relationships are A < D; A<E, B < F; D <
F,C < G, C < H; F < I, G < I
Draw a network to represent the project and find the minimum time of completion of the project
when time, in days, of each task is as follows:

Also identify the critical path.

8) The utility data for a network are given below. Determine the total, free, and independent
floats and identify the critical path.
Activity 0-1 1-2 1-3 2-4 2-5 3-4 3-6 4-7 5-7 6-7
Duration 2 8 10 6 3 3 7 5 2 8

9) A Project has the following time schedule :

Activity Time in months Activity Time in months Construct network diagram,
1-2 2 4-6 3 Find the critical path, Find the
1-3 2 5-8 1 Earliest Starting and Finishing
1-4 1 6-9 5 time and Latest Starting and
2-5 4 7-8 4 Finishing time, Total floats for
3-6 8 8-9 3 each activity
3-7 5

10) A Project has the following time schedule :

Activity Predecessor Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic
Time (to) Time (tm) Time (tp) Construct PERT network
A - 4 4 10 diagram, Find the
B - 1 2 9 expected duration &
C - 2 5 14 variance of each activity,
D A 1 4 7 Find the critical path &
E A 1 2 3 expected project
F A 1 5 9 completion time
G B,C 1 2 9
H C 4 4 4
I D 2 2 8
J E,G 6 7 8
11) A Project has the following time schedule :
Activity Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic
Time (to) Time (tm) Time (tp) Construct PERT network
1-2 1 5 1.5 diagram, Find the
2-3 1 3 2 expected duration &
2-4 1 5 3 variance of each activity,
3-5 3 5 4 Find the critical path &
4-5 2 4 3 expected project
4-6 3 7 5 completion time. Also
5-7 4 6 5 find the project duration
6-7 6 8 7 at 95% probability.
7-8 2 6 4
7-9 5 8 6
8-10 1 3 2
9-10 3 7 5
12) What is critical path analysis? What are the areas where these techniques can be applied? 13) What is
the significance of three times estimates used in PERT?