W O R K B O O K

S U B J E C T

Curriculum Integration Reading Program

L8

W O R K B O O K
History

1
Crime
The History of Law

A Choose the correct words for the definitions.

ban reward collapse punishment severe

lash legal enforce possession compensation

civil interact responsibility entire common sense

Definition

1. adj. relating to personal matters between people

2. v. to suddenly fall down

3. to make people obey a law or rule

v.

4. the state of being the person who caused something to happen

n.

5. something done to a person because they did something bad

n.

6. something that you receive for doing something helpful

n.

7. something that a person owns

n.

8. adj. whole; complete

9. adj. relating to the law

10. adj. extreme, usually in a negative way

11. to not allow people to have or use something

v.

12. to hit repeatedly with a whip or stick

v.

13. reasonable, everyday judgment

n.

14. to communicate or do some activity with another person

v.

15. n. money paid to someone to make up for damage, injury, or other

trouble

Lesson 1 • Crime 3
 ial Studies
Soc

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 2 A Criminal Profiler

Crime

A government creates laws, which are rules used (A) controlling / to control the behavior
of citizens. People have to follow these rules every day. People usually agree with the laws, but A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
sometimes they disagree with them. Laws today are based on those of earlier societies. Ancient
Egypt had laws in 3000 B.C. The laws (B) depended / were depended on common sense views of essential evidence psychiatrist assure identity

right and wrong, and all people were equal under the law. Breaking the law resulted in punishments previous justice expert department mechanic

which varied from returning a stolen item to (C) be / being lashed with a whip. Sometimes, a suspect criminal degree serial set off

person’s entire family could be punished for their crimes.

Definition

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. 1. adj. before in time or order

The Romans created their first legal text, The Law of the Twelve Tables, in the mid-5th century B.C. 2. a person who commits a crime
n.
These laws were mostly civil. They were private laws about (A) how citizens interacted. Romans
adj. having to do with crime

considered laws about property and possession (B) important. These laws were well formed, and
3. a person who police think might have committed a crime
n.
they have influenced lawyers (C) since they were created. Without these ancient examples, our
modern laws would be very different. We have many laws today, and new ones (D) are still being 4. adj. necessary; important

created by governments. Sometimes, governments change past laws as well. In the early 20th century,
5. a document showing that higher education has been finished
n.
the government banned alcohol in the U.S. Later, the government (E) had made alcohol legal and
set a drinking age. This is just one example of how laws can be changed. 6. things used to prove something
n.

7. someone who repairs the engines of cars or machines

n.

D Choose the correct words for the blanks. 8. the system of using laws to judge people in court and punish criminals
n.

The Code of Hammurabi was from the land of Babylon. It was the f irst written code of law in 9. to cause something like a bomb or fireworks to explode
v.
history and was created in 1772 B.C. It included 282 laws overall. This is where we get the phrase,
10. a doctor who studies people’s minds
n.
“an eye for an eye,” as that was a punishment. There were laws about rewards for returning slaves
to owners and laws about robbery. (A) , there were laws about compensation for theft and 11. adj. committing a crime many times
loss, and laws about responsibility if a house collapsed. These laws were originally written on giant
12. who a person is
n.
stone tablets. (B) they are very old, some of the tablets still exist. They are kept in the Louvre
Museum. 13. a division within a larger organization
n.

(A) (B) (A) (B)

14. to tell someone that something is certainly true
v.
a. However Although b. Also Since
c. Moreover Even though d. Otherwise Despite 15. one who knows a lot about a particular subject
n.
d. Finally Since

4 Lesson 2 • Crime 5
 Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 3 Fingerprints in Criminal Investigations

Crime

From 1940 to 1956, a man named George Metesky set off bombs in places like movie theaters
and train stations all over New York City. The police had no idea (A) who / that the bomber A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
was, so they asked a psychiatrist named James A. Brussel for help. He used crime scene photos
and notes from the bomber to create a psychological prof ile. Based on this prof ile, Brussel visible tip combination preserve worldwide

(B) assured / was assured the police that the criminal (C) is / was an unmarried middle-aged fingerprint pottery fairly forensic object

mechanic from Connecticut. Finally, thanks to the help of James Brussel, the police were able to dust ridge investigation contemporary dig up

identify and arrest George Metesky.

Word Definition

1. n. the process of trying to find out the facts about something such
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. as an accident or crime

James A. Brussel’s method is an example of criminal profiling. Profiling (A) has been used for a long 2. any item such as a cup, book, box, etc.
n.
time to help the police when a criminal’s identity is unknown. The prof iler creates a psychological
3. adj. able to be seen
sketch of the criminal, and this sketch helps police (B) f inding the criminal more easily. It is an
essential tool for the police (C) trying to solve major crimes. Prof ilers can’t tell (D) who the criminal 4. the result of putting different things together
n.
is, but they can tell the police what kind of person to look for. (E) To be a profiler, one needs a
5. plates, bowls, and vases made from clay
n.
degree in psychology, criminal justice, or behavioral science. Prof ilers sometimes work in police
departments and sometimes they are independent workers. 6. adv. all over the world

7. a mark made by the tip of a finger when it touches a surface

n.

D Choose the correct words for the blanks. 8. to put a fine powder on a surface
v.

Profiling is an especially effective tool in cases of repeated crimes because the prof ile can tell the 9. adj. of present or very recent times
police what kind of person the killer may target next and where the crime might happen. (A) ,
10. to keep something in its original state
v.
the police can prevent further crimes. All of this is impressive, but not everyone agrees with profiling.
Some say it’s just a guessing game. Profiling methods have improved over time, though, and today’s 11. to find or uncover an object in the ground
v.
profilers are much more effective than those in the past. Thanks to decades of knowledge and
12. adv. quite; somewhat
experience, they can create more accurate prof iles. (B) their information isn’t perfect, it’s still a
great help to the police. 13. a narrow, raised line on the surface of something
n.

(A) (B) (A) (B)

14. adj. relating to the use of scientific ways to solve crimes
a. That way Since b. That way Even if
c. That way In case d. Nevertheless Since 15. the very end of something
n.
e. Nevertheless Even if

6 Lesson 3 • Crime 7
 Art

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 4 Art Theft

Crime

No matter what you touch, you always (A) leave / left behind fingerprints. Fingerprints are the
patterns on the tips of everyone’s fingers, made by the ridges in the skin. They are more unique than A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
a person’s DNA. Fingerprints are all unique, but they have common patterns, such as loops, whorls,
and arches. It’s the combination of these patterns in different sizes (B) that / in which makes smash robbery disguise acquire festivity

fingerprints so unique. Our sweat glands produce oils on our skin that (C) cause / causes these knock warrant professional notoriously eventually

unique patterns to be left behind on objects that we touch. handcuffs immediately reminder found collector

Word Definition
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
1. adv. after a long time
The study of fingerprints is a (A) fairly contemporary practice. In the 1870s, a man named Henry
Faulds noticed that fingerprints (B) had been leaving behind on pieces of ancient pottery that he 2. v. to hit a door or window with your hand to get someone’s attention

dug up in Japan. He was inspired (C) to study f ingerprints and eventually published a paper about
3. the crime of stealing
n.
them in Nature magazine in 1880. In this paper, he wrote about how f ingerprints can be recorded
using ink and (D) used to identify people. This method could then be used to catch criminals. Soon, 4. adj. being trained or especially good at one’s work

the idea began to spread. In 1901, Scotland Yard started a Fingerprint Bureau. And the next year, 5. an event or activity that is organized to celebrate something
n.
fingerprints (E) were used as evidence in a British court.
6. adv. widely known for something bad

7. something to make you notice or remember

n.

D Choose the correct place for the following sentence. 8. to break something into many pieces
v.

But even if they damage their fingerprints, they grow back in the same pattern. 9. to purchase or come to possess something
v.

10. metal rings joined by a chain and locked around a person’s wrists
n.
Today, fingerprints are commonly used to catch criminals. (A) Police have forensic experts gather
11. a legal document from a court that allows police to do something
n.
prints at crime scenes and from suspects. The forensic experts dust objects at a crime scene to make
the fingerprints visible. (B) Then they press film against the prints to copy them. These can then 12. to start something like an organization, company, etc.
v.
be preserved and compared with prints taken from suspects. In the past, people put their fingers in
13. to change one’s appearance to look like someone else
v.
ink and left their fingerprints on paper. (C) Today, they can place their fingers on a scanner and the
images can be saved on computers and shared worldwide. (D) Because fingerprint identification is 14. adv. with no delay
so effective, criminals have tried for years to change their fingerprints to avoid getting caught by the
15. a person who collects a certain type of thing
n.
police. (E) There’s no doubt that collecting fingerprints gives them an advantage when it comes to
catching criminals.

8 Lesson 4 • Crime 9
 Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 5 The Effects of Green Tea
D r in k s

The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, located in Boston, is unique in the art world. Founded in
1903, it is the only museum (A) which / where both the artwork and the building itself are part A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
of one person’s private collection. Gardner acquired many wonderful works of art on her travels to
Europe. She eventually opened her museum to the public so she (B) can / could share her art with tense interrupt sufficient immunity beneficial

the world. Unfortunately, the museum is also famous for being the site of one of the greatest art lessen cancer beat flu caution

thefts in history. In March 1990, two unknown thieves stole 13 pieces of art from the museum. anxiety quantity liver have a hand in side effect

(C) Valued / Valuing at $500 million, it was the largest private art theft ever.

Definition

1. to become smaller in size

v.
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. an important organ in the body that cleans the blood
n.
Late at night on St. Patrick’s Day, two thieves (A) disguised as police off icers knocked on the doors
3. the ability to be unaffected by a disease
n.
of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. (B) Because of the holiday, there were festivities all over
the city. The “police officers” told the two guards (C) that there was a problem outside. Once inside, 4. a bad effect that is caused by a drug or chemical
n.
one of the “police officers” looked at the guards. “I have an arrest warrant for you,” he said. That’s
5. v. to stop something while it is happening for short period
when he put handcuffs on the guards. The thieves stole art from all over the museum. (D) While
the robbery, they set off an alarm when they tried to take a Rembrandt off a wall, but they quickly 6. n. a disease caused by cells that grow

smashed it. The thieves (E) finally left the museum 81 minutes later with their stolen art.
7. n. an illness that makes you weak and causes a fever, sore throat,
runny nose, etc.

D Choose the best phrase for the blank. 8. a measure of how much there is of something
n.

The thieves’ stolen paintings included The Storm on the Sea of Galilee by Rembrandt, Landscape with 9. adj. having a positive effect
an Obelisk by Flinck, La Sortie de Pesage by Degas, and The Concert by Vermeer. The morning after
10. to warn someone about a possible danger
v.
the robbery, workers found the art gone and the guards still tied up. They immediately called in the
police and an investigation began. because paintings are notoriously hard 11. to be involved with
v.

to sell, but others claimed the thieves were very professional. They weren’t art experts and had likely
12. to make your muscles tight and hard
v.
been paid to steal the art. Today, the art has still not been found. Empty frames hang where the
paintings were. They are reminders of what was stolen. 13. adj. enough for some purpose

a. Some called the robbery “dumb” b. Some have tried to buy the paintings 14. to make the regular movements of your heart
v.

c. The investigation was a failure d. The guards had to pay for the stolen art
15. a feeling of being worried about something
n.
e. Many people praised the thieves

10 Lesson 5 • Drinks 11
 cial Studies
So

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 6 Tea Cultures Around the World
D r in k s

Green tea has so many health benefits that some people think of it as a form of medicine. Perhaps
that is why the Chinese (A) are using / have been using it for more than 4,000 years to treat all A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
kinds of medical problems. Scientists have discovered that there are several substances in green tea
that (B) has / have health benefits. For example, it contains small amounts of vitamin C. This custom apology gratitude adapt afford
vitamin has a hand in promoting immunity to colds and the flu. Additionally, it helps speed recovery formal aspect tap ceremony sacrifice
from those illnesses. And because the human body (C) can’t / shouldn’t make vitamin C in substantial means socialize tie serve
sufficient quantities, we have to get it from food and drink.

Definition
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. 1. to hit something lightly
v.

Green tea also has many other substances (A) that are good for our health. Theanine, for example, 2. to spend time with others
v.
has been shown (B) to lessen both mental and physical stress, and it can also increase one’s mental
3. adj. large in amount
abilities. Catechin, yet another substance (C) found in green tea, is helpful for reducing cancer risk.
(D) It protects the body from cancer-causing substances and slows the growth of cancer cells. In 4. to give food or drink
v.
addition to fighting cancer, catechin helps lower cholesterol levels and can even (E) prevents heart
5. adj. having a proper way
attacks and heart disease.

6. appreciation; thanks
n.

D Choose the correct words to complete the summary. 7. to have the ability to pay for something
v.

Like coffee, green tea also contains caffeine. Caffeine is a substance that causes the heart to beat 8. the act of giving up something you value for another’s benefit
n.
faster, the muscles to tense, and the pupils to widen. It was once thought that caffeine was not
9. the method used to do something
n.
particularly healthy, but studies suggest that it has certain benefits. Specifically, caffeine is linked
with a lower risk for Parkinson’s disease and liver disease. Caffeine also has some side effects, though. 10. to change something to fit a certain purpose or situation
v.
It can interrupt sleep cycles and cause anxiety, so experts caution teenagers not to have more than
11. something said or done to say that one is sorry for something
n.
100 milligrams of caffeine a day. This is about the amount of caffeine in a small cup of coffee.

12. a specific part of something

n.
Although caffeine has some positive health (A) , it also has some negative side effects.
So, experts (B) teenagers not to have more than 100 milligrams of caffeine a day. 13. a traditional activity of a certain group of people
n.

14. an act or event that is done in a traditional way

n.
(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. results think b. reasons concern 15. to connect
v.
c. benefits warn d. effects encourage
e. issues promote

12 Lesson 6 • Drinks 13
 Music

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 7 Coffee Cantata

D r in k s

In some cultures, tea drinking is a social event with specific customs. China is one example of a
country with a formal, well-developed tea culture. In China, there are ceremonial customs for every A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
aspect of tea-drinking, from filling the cup to (A) thank / thanking the pourer. For example, a
tea drinker can thank the server by tapping the table with the index and middle fingers. In Chinese soloist audience threaten appreciate devotion
society, tea customs can express a wide range of emotions. Offering tea to one’s elders, for example, director era score accompany refuse
is a way of (B) show / showing respect. In other situations, pouring tea for someone can be a form punish suitor factor movement refer to
of apology. On the other hand, a newly (C) married / marrying couple may serve tea during their
wedding ceremony to express gratitude to their parents for all the sacrifices they made raising them.
Definition

1. n. a document showing all the notes of a piece of music

2. to say that you will not do something

v.
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.

The United Kingdom is another country with a well-developed tea culture. Here, tea culture 3. to admire and understand something or someone
v.

(A) is closelyy tied to orkday schedule. The tea itself, usually from India or Ceylon (B) which
4. a person in charge of something
n.
is now known as Sri Lanka), (C) served
ed in a s ver teapot and china cups. Afternoon tea, Britain’s
best-known tea ceremony, (D) started
ted in the 184 It usually happens between 4 and 6 p.m. but it 5. n. something that influences a situation or causes something to happen

(E) can also be somewhat earlier or later.

6. love of and loyalty to something or someone
n.

7. the group of people watching and listening to a performance

n.

8. to play an instrument with someone who is singing or playing

v.
D Choose the correct words for the blanks.
9. a specific time in history
n.
In Britain, afternoon tea is a time when people take a break from their day for conversation and
relaxation. Traditionally, afternoon tea was taken with a light snack of pastries and sandwiches. 10. v. to talk about something or someone
(A) it is still sometimes served formally today, it is just as often served informally. High tea is a
11. to say that someone will be harmed if they do something
v.
variation on afternoon tea. It was originally adapted for working-class families who could not afford
a proper dinner. It happens slightly later in the day and is served with food more substantial than 12. a person who performs a piece of music alone
n.
pastries and sandwiches. But (B) it’s afternoon tea or high tea, these tea customs give people an
13. a man who is hoping to marry a certain woman
n.
opportunity to socialize and rest.
14. to make someone suffer for having done something bad
v.
(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. Because since b. Because as
15. a main section of a piece of music
n.
c. Provided whether d. Although since
e. Although whether

14 Lesson 7 • Drinks 15
 Science &
ial Studies
Soc

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 8 Inconvenient Truths About Beverages
D r in k s

When the German musician Johann Sebastian Bach wasn’t working on church music, he could
(A) find / be found writing music for the community. Between 1729 and 1739, he held a A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
position as the music director at Zimmermann’s coffee house. Coffee had been introduced to
Europe during Bach’s lifetime and had (B) became / become very popular. The best-loved advertise obesity alertness aware dose

(C) example / examples of Bach’s work from that era is called Coffee Cantata. And it’s likely that rate beverage responsible diabetes performance

the popularity of coffee in the 18th century was one factor contributing to the popularity of this intake workout athlete deliver blood pressure
piece.

Word Definition

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. 1. n. a drink of any kind

The score of Coffee Cantata (A) wrote for three soloists: a tenor, a soprano, and a bass. Strings, a flute, 2. the amount of something taken at one time
n.
and an instrumental bass line accompany the vocalists. (B) Some consider Coffee Cantata to be a mini
3. adj. having caused something to happen
opera. One reason for this is that it has a coro, a movement (C) where all the singers perform in chorus.
(D) Including a coro in an opera was popular during Bach’s time. The piece also contains some humor. 4. the state of being extremely overweight
n.
It makes fun of the fact that many people had coffee addictions (E) while being performed in a coffee
5. a person who plays sports or exercises
n.
house!
6. adj. knowing something

7. a period of physical exercise

n.

D Choose the correct order for the passage. 8. the amount of something that you take into your body
n.

Coffee Cantata starts with a narrator speaking to the audience. 9. the state of being able to think clearly
n.

(A) However, she secretly tells her suitors that she won’t marry them unless they promise she 10. to carry from one place to another
v.

can drink coffee whenever she wants. No doubt everyone in the audience at the coffee house
11. the number of times something happens within a certain period
n.
appreciated the daughter’s devotion to coffee!
(B) The father threatens to punish her, but she doesn’t care. Then he tells her she can’t marry unless 12. a disease where the body cannot control sugar levels in the blood
n.

she gives up coffee. That gets her attention, and she promises to give up coffee.
13. to show or talk about a product in order to sell it
v.
(C) He tells them, “Be quiet, stop chattering, and pay attention to what’s going on.” The scene
the narrator is referring to is a fight between the opera’s two main characters, a man and his 14. how well someone does something
n.

daughter. “Give up coffee!” the man orders his daughter, but she refuses. 15. the force of the blood moving through your body
n.

a. (A)-(B)-(C) b. (A)-(C)-(B) c. (B)-(C)-(A) d. (C)-(A)-(B) e. (C)-(B)-(A)

16 Lesson 8 • Drinks 17
 History

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 9 Ancient Glass

Glass

When you’re thirsty, there are many different beverages available to choose from. Advertisements
tell us we should choose beverages like diet soda and energy drinks, (A) saying / to say that they A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
are healthy for us. But are these really healthy choices? In fact, these types of beverages may not be
as healthy as advertised. They often (B) contain / contained ingredients that are harmful to our manufacture breakthrough purchase inflate decrease

bodies, but advertisements don’t mention this. So, it is important to know that drinking eruption bead estimate enable craftsperson

(C) too much / too many of these types of beverages can be risky. glassblowing lump territory exclusively sailor

Definition

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. 1. n. someone skilled in making things

Diet soda is like normal soda, but it (A) is sweetened with artificial sweeteners instead of sugar. As 2. to buy
v.
a result, it does not contain any (B) calories. Diet soda is therefore advertised as a healthier option
3. to make a guess based on the information that is available
v.
than regular soda. However, new studies show a link between obesity and diet soda, too. It is thought
that calorie-free sweeteners may cause cravings for sugar, just like sugar itself (C) is. Scientists also 4. to make something lower or less
v.
think artificial sweeteners might cause problems with the signals that (D) tell our brains we are full.
5. an area that is controlled by a government
n.
Moreover, they (E) could even be responsible for heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases.
6. an explosion of hot rock and smoke from a volcano
n.

7. to build or make an object

v.

8. a small ball with a hole in the center that can be put on a string
n.

D Choose the correct place for the following sentence.

9. a sudden and important discovery
n.

These include anxiety, sleep problems, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. 10. adv. only; completely

Because of the way energy drinks are advertised, people think that they will improve alertness or 11. to make something larger by filling it with air
v.

performance in sports. (A) However, when consumers use energy drinks, they are not always aware
12. a small amount of something that has not been shaped
n.
of what they are putting into their bodies. (B) That’s because energy drinks often contain large
amounts of sugar and caffeine. (C) Also, scientific studies suggest that there is a link between the 13. to make somebody able to do something
v.

consumption of energy drinks and certain serious health problems. (D) In certain cases, where young
14. a person who works on a boat
n.
athletes have a particularly serious workout schedule, energy drinks may provide some benefits. (E)
But for everyone else, water and a balanced diet are best. 15. the art of blowing air into melted glass
n.

18 Lesson 9 • Glass 19
 History

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 10 Glasses in the Past, Present, and Future
Glass

For thousands of years, humans lacked the technology to manufacture their own glass and
(A) rely / relied exclusively on naturally formed glass. One example of naturally formed glass A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
is obsidian, a type of volcanic glass that is formed when the lava from volcanic eruptions cools.
Humans found many uses for a hard, sharp material like obsidian, (B) that / which could be shaped magnification surgery transparent device unforeseen

into cutting tools, weapons, and beads. (C) So / However , demand for this type of glass was high. And origin religious bifocals leap research

since obsidian was not available everywhere, it was a popular trade item among Stone Age cultures. browse convenient impact partially millenium

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. Word Definition

According to the records of a Roman historian, sailors discovered glassmaking by accident. They 1. adj. not known ahead of time
had put stones of soda ash into a fire (A) built on the beach. They later discovered that the
2. to study a subject and try to find out new information
v.
stones (B) had
d melted and coo orm glass. Historians estimate that this breakthrough in
the understanding of glassmaking took place about 6,000 years ago. The first objects made from 3. adj. being related to religion
manufactured glass were little beads. As glassmaking developed, craftspeople (C) begin making
4. an object made and used for a particular purpose
n.
larger objects. They wrapped strings of glass around a core (D) made from clay. Using this process,
glassmakers could create objects as complex as perfume bottles from glass. However, the work was 5. adv. not completely
difficult and expensive—only (E) the very wealthy could purchase glass.
6. a medical procedure to fix or improve something
n.

D Choose the correct words to complete the summary. 7. a big change or improvement
n.

The next breakthrough in glass production came around 30 B.C. This is when glassblowing was 8. adj. able to be used easily
invented in Phoenicia, modern-day Lebanon and Syria. By blowing through a metal tube into a
9. adj. clear; see-through
lump of melted glass, a glassblower could inflate it like a balloon. This technology enabled a greater
variety of form than previously possible. It also decreased the difficulty of working with glass and 10. the time or place where something is created
n.
lowered the cost of glass products. For the first time, it became practical to use glass for more than
11. making something appear bigger
n.
just beads and perfume bottles.

12. a period of 1,000 years

n.
The development of glassblowing by the Phoenicians (A) the number of
forms that glass objects could take. It also made glass easier to work with, so glass 13. the effect of something
n.
products became (B) .
14. n. glasses that have two sections, one for seeing close up and
another for far away
(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. reduced stronger b. reduced more valuable
15. to look for something on the Internet
v.
c. reduced cheaper d. increased more valuable
e. increased cheaper
20 Lesson 10 • Glass 21
 Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 11 The Evolution of the Contact Lens
Glass

Nowadays, glasses come in many different designs. But it wasn’t always that way. In fact, glasses
have a very long history, and they have improved a lot since the time of their origin. The first record A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
of lenses (A) using / used for magnification appears in an Egyptian text from around the 5 th

century B.C. Yet the first mention of eyeglasses as we know them today did not come until more submerge blink irritation prototype sensation
than a millennium and a half later. In 1306, a religious leader in Italy mentioned (B) that / those propose reveal cornea refine crude
eyeglasses had been around for two decades. From that, we can conclude that they were invented commercially stick offer captivate eyesight
around 1286. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals, which helped people
(C) see / saw up close and far away using a single pair of glasses.
Definition

1. v. to make available

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. 2. to allow something to be seen

v.

In spite of advances like contact lenses and laser eye surgery, glasses remain popular today. What 3. to give an idea for others to think about
v.

(A) will be the next major leap in the evolution of glasses? Actually, future glasses may have
4. to close and open your eyes quickly
v.
functions that are completely unrelated to (B) correct the wearer’s vision. Technology companies are
researching ways (C) to make glasses into wearable computers. They may look like the glasses of the 5. adj. made in a very simple way

past, with a headband that (D) runs across your forehead and hooks behind each ear. But instead of
6. something that is extremely popular
n.
(E) having lenses, they may hold a partially transparent screen in front of your eyes. These glasses
could have all the functions of modern smartphones and more! 7. an early design of something
n.

8. to attach something to the surface of another thing

v.

9. the clear layer covering the front of the eye

n.
D Choose the correct words for the blanks.

In the future, you may be able to make calls, browse the Internet, and even get directions from your 10. v. to go under the surface of a liquid

glasses. (A) , future glasses may have an earpiece, speaker, and microphone, which may allow you
11. to get and hold someone’s attention
v.
to control the device through speech. If you actually need glasses to correct your vision, however, you
will need these futuristic features to be built into regular glasses. (B) the glasses of the future 12. soreness or itchiness
n.

sound very convenient, it’s likely they will have some unforeseen side effects. It would be a good idea 13. to improve something by making slight changes
v.
to study their impact before we start wearing screens in front of our eyes all the time.
14. vision
n.
(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. For example Although b. For example Since 15. adv. in a way that can be bought or sold
c. In addition Although d. In addition Unless
e. Yet Since

22 Lesson 11 • Glass 23
 Music
& Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 12 Glass Harmonica

Glass

Even though contact lenses are a relatively recent invention, the idea of contact lenses
(A) has / have been around for a long time. In fact, Leonardo da Vinci proposed an early form of A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
contact lens in 1508. You can try da Vinci’s concept by holding a glass bowl of water up to your head,
submerging your face, and (B) to open / opening your eyes. This technology wasn’t very practical composition pitch friction operate somewhat
for contact lenses, but da Vinci did not actually mean for his invention to be used to fix eyesight. array stack component pole spin
Rather, he was interested in how the eye focuses light. His concept revealed an understanding of edge revival ultimately fade pedal
(C) how / why the eye works.

Definition
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage. 1. n. highness or lowness of a sound
In 1636, René Descartes refined da Vinci’s idea, but his design was no more practical. He imagined
2. n. the outer point of something
a glass tube (A) filled with water that would sit (B) directly on the surface of the eye. Clear glass at
the far end of the tube would be shaped (C) to correct vision. The problem was, a person wearing 3. n. a large variety of objects

such lenses wouldn’t be able to blink. More than a century later, Thomas Young made a prototype of
4. adv. a little bit; not completely
Descartes’s design (D) to use wax to stick lenses to his eyes. Although crude, they showed that the
idea of a contact lens (E) had potential. 5. adv. at the end of a time period

6. something that you push with your foot

n.

D Choose the beat phrase for the blank. 7. a rod that something, such as a wheel, turns around
n.

In the late 19th century, A. E. Fick produced a pair of contact lenses that we would recognize. They
8. to become smaller or less
v.
sat on the eyes like modern contact lenses, except they were made out of blown glass and were
huge. The contact lens improved in 1938, when researchers developed an all-plastic lens. Starting 9. a piece of music
n.

around 1950, contact lenses became commercially available. However, it was not until 1971 that
10. to put things close to one another
v.
they became a sensation. That year, contact lens makers began offering the first soft contact lenses,
and consumers were captivated. The hunt for better lens designs continues today. And although 11. the force that prevents things from moving against each other
n.

technological advances are making contact lenses better than ever before, further developments in 12. a time when something becomes popular again
n.
eye surgery .
13. to work or function
v.
a. will make glass lenses useful once again
b. could make contact lenses a thing of the past 14. to repeatedly turn something around
v.

c. will make contact lenses much more expensive

15. one part of a larger thing
n.
d. could make contact lenses more popular than ever
e. might continue to decrease irritation felt in the eyes

24 Lesson 12 • Glass 25
 ial Studies
Soc

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 13 Integration in American Baseball

Bas
eball
Have you ever played a set of wine glasses as a musical instrument? If so, then you know that glass
is a material that can (A) use / be used to make musical sounds. More specifically, it is the friction A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
of running a wet finger along a glass surface that produces sound. Such musical instruments are
called crystallophones, and (B) a / the most famous example is the glass harmonica. It works just racism integration aggressive struggle barrier
like moving your finger around the edge of a wine glass. In the 1740s, a musician named Richard prevalent mood instantly equality likewise
Pockrich toured London with an early form of the glass harmonica. It was made of an array of award grant mirror bring down needless to say
glasses (C) filling / filled to different levels with water.

Word Definition

1. v. to reflect something

C Choose the grammar error in the passage. 2. bad treatment of people based on their race
n.

Benjamin Franklin was introduced to the glass harmonica by a friend, and he made many 3. adv. happening right away
improvements.He (A) had 37 glass bowls made in a range of sizes. Each created a different pitch.
4. a fight for some cause
n.
Instead of using (B) them upright, Franklin turned his glass bowls sideways. He stacked them from
largest to smallest along a central pole. The pole could be spun using a foot pedal. (C) Arranged this 5. adv. obviously
way, with the bowls close together and (D) spinning in the same direction, a musician could play up
6. adv. in a similar way
to 10 notes at once. Each finger could touch a different spinning bowl and (E) produced a note.
7. the combination of different things into a whole
n.

8. adj. common at a particular time

9. adj. using a lot of physical force

D Choose the correct place for the following sentence.
10. v. to give something hoped for to someone
And for a long time, it was forgotten.
11. to defeat or get over something
v.

Composers contemporary with Benjamin Franklin found the sound of the glass harmonica 12. a feeling shared by a group of people
n.

strange and interesting. (A) Many, including Mozart and Beethoven, created compositions for the
13. an obstacle that prevents a person from doing something
n.
instrument. (B) But ultimately, the popularity of the glass harmonica faded. (C) In the 1980s, an
instrument maker named Gerhard Finkenbeiner began producing an updated version of Franklin’s 14. the condition of having the same rights as everyone else
n.

glass harmonica, which is still sold today. (D) This caused the glass harmonica to experience a revival
15. something earned by being excellent such as a prize or money
n.
as modern musicians discovered its charms. (E)

26 Lesson 13 • Baseball 27
 Sports

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 14 Cric et vs. Baseball

Bas
eball

How would you feel if you (A) wasn’t / weren’t allowed to play on a sports team because of your
skin color? In the first half of the 20th century, many Americans had this experience. At that time, A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
the white men who controlled Major League Baseball teams would not allow people of color
(B) play / to play . This type of racism was prevalent in baseball until the World War II era, when distinctive alternate opposing score conflict

some of society’s ideas about race began to change. If black and white soldiers could fight a war conclude swap bowl batter switch

together, couldn’t (C) they / them play baseball together? This was the mood in America in 1947, swing measure take turns face off home plate

when Jackie Robinson became the first black baseball player on a major league team.

Word Definition

1. v. to meet an enemy in battle

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. adj. unique
Instantly, Robinson became a hero to people (A) who believed in equality. At the same time, he
became an enemy of (B) them who were against integration. Needless to say, (C) being the first 3. to try to hit something
v.
black player to join the major leagues was very difficult. Racists targeted their anger at Robinson,
4. to deliver the ball in cricket
v.
and some even threatened (D) to kill him. The baseball field wasn’t a safe place for Robinson,
(E) either. In one game, a player named Enos Slaughter actually gave Robinson a seven-inch cut on 5. to gain a point in a game
v.
his leg during an aggressive play at first base.
6. to do something one after the other
v.

7. to determine the length or size of a thing

v.

D Choose the correct words for the blanks. 8. the base that a baseball player touches to score
n.

(A) all of the difficulties that he faced, nothing stopped Jackie Robinson from being a star 9. to come to an end
v.
player. After his first season in the major leagues, he won the National League Rookie of the Year
award. Two years later, he was granted the National League’s Most Valuable Player award. This 10. to trade something
v.

award made it possible for more black players to join the major leagues. The percentage of black 11. a disagreement or fight between two sides
n.
players in Major League Baseball grew over the next decade. It soon equaled the percentage of
12. a person trying to hit a ball in baseball
n.
black people in the country. Robinson’s struggle mirrored the larger struggle of African Americans
for equal rights. (B) , his successes as a black public figure went beyond the world of baseball. 13. adj. against each other
Robinson helped bring down racial barriers throughout American society.
14. to change one thing to another thing (two possible answers)
v.
(A) (B) (A) (B)
a. In spite of However b. In spite of Likewise
c. Thanks to However d. Thanks to Likewise
e. Due to Likewise

28 Lesson 14 • Baseball 29
 History

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 15 The Baseball Cap

Bas
eball
As bat-and-ball games, cricket and baseball have some features in common. But fans of the two
sports are (A) quick / quickly to emphasize the many differences. The team size, scoring, outs, and A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
innings, for example, are distinctive to each sport. In both games, teams alternate between “batting”
and “fielding.” In other words, they take turns (B) attempting /attempted to score points and comfortable uniformity visor official elaborate
trying to stop the opposing team from earning points. In cricket, two batters at a time face off straw block amateur brim breeze
(C) from / against eleven members of the fielding team. In baseball, however, a single batter goes market appeal universal trend outdoors
up against nine fielders.

Word Definition

1. v. to try to get people to buy something

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. to be interesting or enjoyable
v.
(A) Scoring points in the game of baseball, the batter must hit the ball and run around first, second,
and third base and circle back to home plate. In cricket, there are two batters (B) playing at the same 3. adj. doing an activity for fun rather than money
time. The ball is bowled to one batter, who tries to hit it into play. If this happens, the batter at the
4. adv. not inside
other end of the field must run and switch sides with the batter (C) who hit the ball. Whenever the
two players swap sides, they score for their team. In both games, whenever the batter hits a ball that 5. adj. existing everywhere
is caught, that person (D) is considered “out.” In cricket, an out is also counted when a bail gets hit
6. the dried stems of wheat and similar grain plants
n.
off a wicket. In baseball, an out is dealt when a player with the ball touches a runner or the base
(E) that the runner is trying to reach, or when a batter swings at the ball and misses three times. 7. adj. having many different parts and details

8. adj. used by an organization

9. something popular or fashionable

n.
D Choose the best phrase for the blank.
10. the quality of being the same
n.
Difference between cricket and baseball is the way innings are measured. In cricket, there are two
innings, and every player on one team bats during an innings. Baseball has nine innings, each of 11. a light wind
n.
which concludes when both teams have three outs. Broadly speaking, both games are about the
12. to stop something from reaching a person or place
v.
conflict between the player throwing the ball and the player hitting the ball. However, the differences
between cricket and baseball . 13. adj. making you feel relaxed

a. are in fact similarities b. are becoming greater 14. a part of a hat that provides shade (two possible answers)
n.
c. aren’t very significant d. make it hard to learn both sports
e. make each sport unique

30 Lesson 15 • Baseball 31
 Science

B Circle the correct words in the boxes. 16 The Science of a Home Run
Bas
eball

How often do you see professional baseball players get hit by the ball they are trying to catch? This
doesn’t happen much. Thanks to their caps, baseball players don’t get blinded by the sun. In 1849, an A Choose the correct words for the definitions.
early baseball team called the New York Knickerbockers started wearing hats (A) make / made out
of straw. They did so to protect themselves from the sun when playing outdoors during the summer. resistance elevation force distance expend

Players on other teams thought it (B) is / was a good idea, and soon baseball players everywhere consequently fortunately environmental degree vapor

were wearing hats. At this time, since players could wear any kind of hat they wanted, there was angle dynamics edge tied humidity
(C) no / any uniformity within a team. Players wore tight-fitting and loose-fitting caps, and hats
with long visors and short visors.
Word Definition

1. physical strength
n.
C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.
2. adv. by good luck
In 1860, an amateur baseball team from Brooklyn called the Excelsiors started (A) wearing
ing a yle
of hat that was particularly good for baseball players. It was a rounded cap (B) that was tight-fitting 3. small drops of liquid floating in air
n.

and had a brim on the front (C) to blockk the sun Players didn’t want a brim on the sides because 4. adj. related to the natural world
that would cause the hat to catch the breeze and fly off too (D) easy. This is the shape we know
5. a measurement of how high above the ground something is
n.
today as the standard baseball cap. In 1954,it (E) was made part of the official uniform.

6. to use up
v.

D Choose the correct order for the passage. 7. a power that slows down a moving object
n.

8. the science of forces and moving objects

n.
Today, the baseball field isn’t the only place you’ll find people wearing baseball caps.
9. a measurement of how far away something is or goes
n.
(A) Everyone could appreciate how comfortable and practical they were, and thus the baseball cap
became a universal modern accessory. It’s hard to believe that this popular fashion is now more 10. the shape made where two lines meet
n.
than 150 years old.
11. a quality that gives someone a better chance in competition
n.
(B) In the 1940s and 1950s, baseball teams started putting their logo on baseball caps and
marketing them to the public. This allowed fans to purchase caps like the ones their favorite ball 12. adj. in which both teams have the same number of points

players wore.
13. adv. as a result
(C) However, the trend of wearing baseball caps was not limited to baseball fans. As manufacturing
technology advanced, product quality rose, the designs on the front became more elaborate, and 14. the amount of moisture in the air
n.

hats became less expensive. So, baseball caps started to appeal to a broad market.
15. a unit for measuring the size of an angle
n.

a. (A)-(C)-(B) b. (B)-(A)-(C) c. (B)-(C)-(A) d. (C)-(A)-(B) e. (C)-(B)-(A)

32 Lesson 16 • Baseball 33
 B Circle the correct words in the boxes.
Memo
You step up to the plate during the last inning of the game, and the score is (A) tie / tied . You can
win the game for your team if you hit a home run, but how do you do that? Actually, science can tell
us a lot about how (B) hit / to hit a home run. And understanding the dynamics of a baseball can
give your team an edge. From the moment a baseball flies off the bat, air is slowing it down. This
force (C) knows / is known as air resistance. Unfortunately, though, there’s not a lot you can do
about air resistance when you’re up to bat.

C Choose the grammatical error in the passage.

Air resistance depends on (A) how thin or dense the air is. Thinner, less-dense air produces less air
resistance. It is (B) mostly affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, elevation, and
humidity, (C) which
h means h w much water there is in the air. Warm air is lighter and less dense
than cool air and thus (D) carries
ies the l farther. The ball also travels farther at higher elevations
because the air is less dense there. Likewise, the ball can fly (E) most easilyy in humid air than in d y
air because water vapor is less dense than normal air.

D Choose the correct words for the blanks.

There are some things a batter can do to make a baseball go farther. The first is to swing the bat as
fast as possible. Energy will be transferred from the bat to the ball. Naturally, the more energy the
ball has, the farther it can go. The second way is to strike it at the correct angle. If a ball is hit too
low, gravity will pull it to the ground too soon. (A) , if a ball is hit too high, it will expend too
much energy moving upward rather than away from you. (B) , it will cover less distance. The
best angle to hit a baseball is said to be about 35 degrees.

(A) (B) (A) (B)

a. On the other hand Otherwise b. In addition Likewise
c. On the other hand Consequently d. In addition Consequently
e. On the other hand Likewise

34
Memo