Efficient Removal of CR (Vi) From Aqueous Solution With Ppy-Fe O Nanocomposite
Efficient Removal of CR (Vi) From Aqueous Solution With Ppy-Fe O Nanocomposite
Efficient Removal of CR (Vi) From Aqueous Solution With Ppy-Fe O Nanocomposite
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Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Research and Innovation, Volume 5, 7th-9th May 2014
done at room temperature (300 K) with superconducting confirms that the NCs is super-paramagnetic [13]. Therefore,
quantum interference devices (SQUIDs with applied field in the NCs meets the minimum criterion for successful magnetic
the range of -2T to 2T. separation of a material from a solution by use of conventional
2.4 Sorption dynamic studies. Adsorption kinetics
methods which requires a material to possess a value
experiments were conducted in the continuously stirred tank
reactor (CSTR) under varied conditions. In short, 4 g of each higher than 16 emu/g [14].
of 40.3 %, 50.4 % and 58.5% NCs were dispersed in 5 litres
containing 100 mg/L Cr (VI) aqueous solution at room
temperature. The solutions pH was adjusted to 2 (optimised
elsewhere [9]) using 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH while stirring
the solution at 300 rpm. Samples (5 mL) were collected at
predetermined time intervals for a period of 6 hours. Analysis
of residual Cr (VI) ions in the collected samples was done
with UV-Vis spectrophotometer (1800-Shimadzu, Japan) at
wavelength of 542 nm using the standard diphenylcarbazide
method [10]. Finally, Cr (VI) removal percentage was
computed according to (1) below.
(1)
where and are initial and time, t, concentrations (mg/L)
of Cr (VI) ions, respectively. Experiments were repeated using
50 and 150 mg/L of Cr (VI) ions. Fig. 2 Magnetic measurements for 50.4% Fe 3 O 4 loaded PPy-Fe 3 O 4 NC.
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Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Research and Innovation, Volume 5, 7th-9th May 2014
initial Cr (VI) concentration is increased from 50 to 150 mg/l, example. The correlation coefficient values, , obtained are
respectively. This phenomenon is attributed to the increase in close to unity (above 0.9900) and the rate constants
rate of accumulation of Cr (VI) ions on PPy-Fe3O4 NCs decreased from 0.0071 to 0.0009 mg/g/min with increase in
which is a function concentration gradient (driving force) concentration. Furthermore, the calculated equilibrium
according to linear driving force law [3][9][16]. Also, the sorption uptake, which were 63, 119 and 144 mg/g, for
improved ratio of total active sites to the total Cr (VI) ions in linear pseudo second model closer to the experimental
solution which leads to full interactions of Cr (VI) ions with equilibrium uptake, (63,122,147 mg/g) contrary to
the active sites contributes to these observations. Thus the linear pseudo first-order and Elovich models ( see parameters
sorption capacities are significantly influenced by the initial in Table 1). These findings confirms that sorption of Cr (VI)
Cr (VI) concentrations. on PPy-Fe 3 O 4 NC is well described using linear pseudo
second order model which assumes that the rate limiting step
may be chemical adsorption involving valence forces through
sharing or exchange of electrons between adsorbent surface
and Cr (VI) [20].
Fig. 4 Time dependent Cr (VI) uptake on 50.4% PPy-Fe 3 O 4 NCs for different
initial concentrations (pH=2, 300 rpm, Volume = 5 liters)
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Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Research and Innovation, Volume 5, 7th-9th May 2014
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Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Research and Innovation, Volume 5, 7th-9th May 2014
NGOMENI
Kyuso
layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The hardest KATSE
KYUSO
Wamwathi
forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as ENDAU UKASI
Mwingi
metamorphic rock because of later exposure to very high INDEX 1
NI
MIG WA
NUU
I
MIWAN
MUI
MUTUNGONI
MIAMBANI
Mutitu ENDAU
YANI
Isekele
of carbon along with variable quantities and qualities of MATIN
Kitui
MUTI
TU
NZ
ZOMBE
Karunga
AM
Mathuki
NI
KISASI
MULA
YATTA
LO
SOMALIA
VOO
ISIO
OM
O
Mui
SA
UT
RIS
EMBU
M o
GA
Mutom
The development and the exploitation of the coal in KANZIKU
Yoonye
ER
IKU
R IV
ATHI
TH A
Mutitu
S
HAKO
LAMU
Kabati
IFI
IAN
KIL
TAITA TAVETA
KWALE Mombasa
Zombe
Policy, correctly places the industrial sector as the potential TANZANIA INDEX 2
0 2 4 6 Km
construction sectors. Industrialization of any nation is Figure 1 Locality map of Mui basin [6].
largely dependent on the availability and affordability of
energy source [6]. The Mui Basin has been sub-divided into four
Coal in Mui basin is mined/extracted before being blocks [6]:
processed. Thus selection of equipment and machinery has 1. Block A (Zombe – Kabati), measuring 121.5
to be done in efficient way possible. km2
2. Block B (Mutito – Itiko), measuring
II. MAIN OBJECTIVES 117.5 km2
3. Block C (Kateiko – Yoonye), measuring 131.5
The main objective is to select and calculate the most km2
efficient equipment for exploitation/extraction of coal mine 4. Block D (Karung’a – Isekele), measuring
120.5 km2
1
Muthui, Richard K, Kabugu, M., Taita Taveta University College(Email:
somoka.kasomo@gmail.com)
Rop, B. K., Akisa, David M., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology
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Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Research and Innovation, Volume 5, 7th-9th May 2014
M2 M1
0410000
0413000
BL
098 83 000
K1 M ui Mkt
K2 K3
10 T4
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14
Mui R
Ktz 4
r
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T2 Cam p
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75
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Ma rket
098 70 000 T1
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0410000
0414000
0 1 2 3 4
Kilometres
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Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Sustainable Research and Innovation, Volume 5, 7th-9th May 2014
No. Well Name Drilled Depth Coal Seam Cumulative Coal Seam
T (metres) Depths (metres)
a
1 b
Zombe 1 81.2 19.8 – 20.1 0.30
l
2 Yoonye
e 2 65.4 19.0 – 25.5 6.50
3 Kateiko 2 201.0 20.5 – 23.0 & 5.80
2 147.0 – 150.3
4 W
Kateiko 3 75.5 20.5 – 24.0 3.50
e
5 Kateiko
l 4 180.3 137.8 -142.1 & 7.80
l 154.0 – 157.5
s
6 Kathonzweni 1 135.5 127.0 – 128. 8 1.80
7 w
Kathonzweni 2 157.2 137.5 – 141.0 3.50
i
8 Kathonzweni
t 3 324.0 134.4 -141.1,
h 146.97-149.48, 18.84
154.51-154.96,
C 210.0-211.98,
o 213.36-218.28,
a 221.00-222.13,
l 311.22-311.75,
313.5-313.80 &
S 315.00– 315.32
9 Kathonzweni
e 4B 240 239.0-240.0 1.0
10 a
Mathuki 1 201.5 23.0 – 27.0 & 8.46
m 82.0 - 86.46
11 Comm. Well 320.6 176.1 – 178.4 & 12.6
I 250.5 – 260.8
12 n
Yoonye 7 232.0 217.5 – 220.0 2.50
13 t
Yoonye 8 170.0 124.0 – 125.0 1.00
14 e
Yoonye 9 194.0 188.0 – 192.5 4.50
15 r
Yoonye 11 116.5 18.50-18.70, 2,72
s 55.85-56.35,
e 104.90-106.62 &
c 110.57-110.87
16 t
Yoonye 12 222.00 213.0-214.4 1.4
17 i
TOME 1 90.8 11.5 – 14.0 2.50
o
18 TOME 4 264.0 23.84- 24.27, 62.10-63.20 & 14.2
n
166.10-178.77
19 TOME 6 247.0 246.0 – 247.0 1.00
20 TOME 7 186.0 58.65-59.00, 3.84
122.55 – 124.00,
126.32-127.24,
132.65-133.50 &
138.73-139.00
21 TOME 8 136.0 22.5 – 25.0 & 3.75
76.5 – 77.75
22 TOME 9 125.5 114.8 – 117.5 &
121.8 – 123.5 4.4
23 TOME 10 171.00 18.46-19.72, 5.50
37.70-38.47,
84.08-86.41,
87.51-87.76,
89.75-90.04 &
170.13-170.73
24 TOME 11 61.15-61.65 0.5
25 FP 01 92.00 29.10-29.35 & 0.52
40.84-41.11
26 FP 02 198.55 109.94-111.47, 6.12
150.45-154.40,
156.01-156.65,
27 FP 03 263.47 90.20-91.02, 6.67
91.61-94.63,
95.23-95.60,
109.36-109.75,
181.27-183.00 &
208.80-209.14
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TABLE 3
COAL SEAMS DELINEATED IN BLOCK C REFERENCES
SEAMS VOLUME(M3) MASS(Tonnes)
Seam 1 14,279,195 18,277,369 [1] A. L. Bloom, Geomorphology. Third Edition, Prentice-Hall India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, 2002, p.482.
Seam 2 56,032,440 71,721,523 [2] B. K. Rop, Petroleum potential of the Chalbi basin, NW Kenya. Journal
Seam 3 32,846,220 42,043,161 of the Geological Society of India, Volume 81, 2013, pp. 405-414.
Seam 4 108,891,815 139,381,523 [3] Rop, B. K. Oil and Gas Prospectivity: Northwestern Kenya, 2013, p
152, Verlag/Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Seam 5 42,053,774 53,828,831
Seam 6 9,372,179 127,196,390 [4] B.S. Dhillion, Mining Equipment Reliability, Maintainability and safety,
2008, Berlin Germany: Springer link, ISBN 978-1-84800-288-3.
TOTAL 452,448,797 [5] H. L. Hartman, SME Mining Engineering, 2nd Edition, 1992, Colorado:
Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. Littleton, Colorado.
[6] Brochure from the ministry of energy: coal potential and investment
TABLE 4 opportunities in Kenya (October 2011)
DATA [7] R. L Peurifoy, Construction planning, equipment and method 1976,
USA, Mcgraw-Hill Book Co
Mine life 32 years
Overburden depth 20m
Total ore tonnage 400m metric tons
Overburden tonnage 30m metric tons
Ore density 1.2
Overburden density 1.6
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
The project covered material handling and equipment
selection right from the exploration stage down to the
haulage of ore to the crushing unit. The project further tried
to analyze the various approaches in selecting equipments
including selection by tonnage and loading respectively.
Based on the coal to be mined in Mui basin, the project
work recommends the use of mechanical boring rigs
because the coal seams are found at shallow depths – about
20m and above.
Since coal in Mui basin ranges from lignite to
bituminous, with hardness ranging from 1 to 3, it is
advisable that the company buys bucket wheel excavators
with cutting blades made of either iron (hardness 4) or steel
(hardness 7+) to help in reducing friction resistance which
usually affects machine productivity.
The mining company should also plan to acquire 13-
120tons-trucks in order to meet its annual productivity
(1.2Mt). Buying trucks of less capacity could mean having
many units (trucks), which could increase operating costs
(e.g. fuel, operators, maintenance).
VI. CONCLUSION
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