Project Study 2
Project Study 2
By:
Alcaria, James P.
Ceniza, Jeric V.
Espinas, Nikko T.
Malapit, Jhansien G.
March 2018
APPROVAL SHEET
SEPARATOR” has been prepared and submitted by James P. Alcaria, Jeric V. Ceniza,
Nikko T. Espinas, Jay Boy M. Magante and Jhansien G. Malapit in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Bachelor Science in Mechanical Engineering and is hereby
The researchers wish to thank the Heavenly Father for the gifts of wisdom good health
Beloved parents, for their love, understanding, undying support and prayer which
Engr. Rodel Naval, their adviser, for his valued time in sharing his expertise in
scrutinizing in the researchers work which greatly helps in the accomplishment of this
endeavor;
the Thesis Committee, for sparing their precious time and effort in analyzing the different
These individuals, in many ways, helped the researchers in various stages of their
PAGE
Approval Sheet i
Acknowledgement ii
List of Tables 3
List of Figures 3
List of Appendices 4
Abstract 14
Chapter 3: Methodology
Appendices
Curriculum Vitae
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Bill of Materials 35
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
2 Site Map of UC 18
LIST OF APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
In the construction industry, workers usually operate a sieve to filter and separate large
particles of sand manually.Thus, resulting in longer amount of time to isolate fine particles
of sand for mixing with cement and is less efficient in terms of human error wherein fatigue
can be a factor. A sieve is a device that is usually made from a screen attached to a frame
made of wood or lumber and is manually operated by swinging back and forth by the
To eliminate human and fatigue factor in operating a sieve, the researchers proposed to
automate the operation of filtering sand as aggregate to the cement by coming up with a
With the automated system of sand filtration in place, human fatigue factor in doing
work is minimized.
3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In the construction industry, workers usually operate a sieve to filter and separate large
particles of sand manually.Thus, resulting in longer amount of time to isolate fine particles
of sand for mixing with cement and is less efficient in terms of human error wherein fatigue
can be a factor.
A sieve is a device that is usually made from a screen attached to a frame made of
wood or lumber and is manually operated by swinging back and forth by the movement of
In this study, the researchers aim to introduce an automated system to the working
principle of a sieve to lessen manual labor and promote efficiency in terms of quality,
The result of this study will be used to improvise a device that is fully automated, user
- friendly and effective that would improve production in the construction industry.
4
THE PROBLEM
The main aim of this project is to fabricate or construct a motor - powered sand filter
and separator which is the basis of separation of solid particles into different sizes by
passing it through mesh and with the assistant of shaking, large particles are retained on the
mesh and fine particles are collected into a chamber below the mesh. This device would
greatly improve work time and the automation principle eliminates human error and
fatigue. Thus, resulting in a more time - effective, efficient and high quality output.
1.2 Electrical?
3.2 Practicality?
workplace. Through automation, workload on the workers will be greatly reduced; thus,
Contractors. The study does not only contribute to the workers but also to the
amount of time in filtering sand resulting in more production and completed tasks in a
Future Researchers. The study will greatly contribute to the future researchers whose
study are in line with this study. This will also serve as a referral to improve their work.
6
This study was conducted aiming to come up with a device that provides automation of
the manually – operated sieve device used to filter sand in small – scale construction
industry. The data gathered are extracted from actual observations by the researchers on a
eliminate the manual labor in the construction industry. The automated device derived
the workers in field. With the automation, workers can focus on the other task in hand on
This prototype produces a decent amount of volume of sand filtered in a given amount
of time in small – scale construction industry use. This is best suited to be used in
residential scale construction. Bigger – scale projects requires more volume of output, thus,
DEFINITION OF TERMS
fragments or particles.
3. Cement - a powdery substance made with calcined lime and clay. It is mixed with
water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel, and water to make concrete.
4. Concrete - a heavy, rough building material made from a mixture of broken stone or
gravel, sand, cement, and water, that can be spread or poured into molds and that forms
supplies motive power for a vehicle or for some other device with moving parts.
9. Sand - a loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting from the
erosion of siliceous and other rocks and forming a major constituent of beaches,
10. Sieve - a utensil consisting of a wire or plastic mesh held in a frame, used for straining
solids from liquids, for separating coarser from finer particles, or for reducing soft
solids to a pulp.
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CHAPTER 2
Theoretical Background
The proposal of this device is inspired from the Theory of Production Efficiency.
Theoretically, production efficiency includes all of the points along the production
possibility frontier, but this is difficult to measure in practice. If the economy cannot make
more of a good without sacrificing the production of another, then a maximum level of
units of a good while using the least amount of resources possible. The aim is to find a
balance between the use of resources, rate of production and quality of the goods being
produced. When production efficiency has been reached, it is not possible to produce more
According to Burroway, Michael. 1984. "Organizing Concent on the Shop Floor: The
expressed as a number of units per an amount of time, such as 100 units per hour.
Efficiency relates to how well a goal is accomplished, normally by considering the amount
production efficiency, each phase of production must be examined. The primary focus is
on maintaining acceptable quality standards while reducing waste in both materials and
production times without harming another portion of the process. This is seen as a
long-term process, as changing conditions may impact current methods resulting in the
need for reevaluation. True production efficiency is only reached when it is not possible to
improve performance in one area without doing harm to another. At that point, the business
is seen as functioning at peak efficiency within the current system. The concepts of
production efficiency can also apply to the service industry. To perform a service,
resources are required, such as the use of human capital and time, even if no other supplies
are required. In these cases, efficiency can be measured by the ability to complete a
particular task or goal in the shortest amount of time while minimizing waste and
maintaining quality.
acts as a fine aggregate to the solution. It is a major component of concrete and without the
sand, concrete will not function as intended. The properties of a specific concrete mix will
be determined by the proportion and type of sand used to formulate the concrete.
Sand is usually a larger component of the mix than cement. The major components of
concrete are cement (typically Portland cement); sand; gravel or stones; and water. The
larger stones and gravel are called coarse aggregate and the sand is referred to as fine
aggregate. Air may also be considered a component of concrete. Air bubbles are formed in
finished concrete through the addition of special additives to the mixture. Sand typically
the Portland cement is approximately 10 to 15 percent. The coarse aggregate is the volume
of finished concrete, and the sand fills in the spaces between the larger stones of the coarse
aggregate. The cement in its wet form should coat the individual pieces of aggregate and as
the cement dries and hardens, it locks the gravel and sand into a matrix of small-to-larger
aggregate pieces, giving strength to the concrete. (Perry R.H. and C.H. Chilton,2003)
Sand for concrete can be classified as soft or sharp sand. Soft sand has a smooth
surface on the individual granules. It is natural sand formed by erosion factors such as
water movement on a beach. Sharp sand granules have a rough surface. This sand is the
result of manufacturing by crushing larger forms of aggregate. The most important factor
concerning sand used in concrete is that it must be clean sand. Impurities in the sand such
such as road building must meet rigid standards for size and cleanliness. Government
inspectors will take core samples of the concrete to determine if the sand and other
aggregate is of the proper size and composition. The strongest concrete comes from
aggregate labeled as well-graded. This means the sand and coarse aggregate mixture is
composed of granules and gravel of different sizes so the concrete mixture has uniform
voids between the aggregate particles. The voids fill with cement to give the concrete a
A sieve, or sifter, is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material
or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample, typically using a woven
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screen such as a mesh or net or metal. The word "sift" derives from "sieve". In cooking, a
sifter is used to separate and break up clumps in dry ingredients such as flour, as well as to
aerate and combine them. Industrial sieve compartment is a kind of machine fabricated to
be used in separating solid particles. The sieving equipment works by allowing solid
particles of different sizes to pass through the pores or the aperture which consist of orderly,
arranged sets of sieves in a manner of the particle sizes and shapes. Basically sieve
equipments consist of a set of sieves preferably with the quality of shocker in accordance
The sieve equipment operates best when the solid particles is in their coarse and fine
form. The equipment has high sensitive efficiency, but only few have been constructed
since the development of separation of particles. This is as a result of the losses incurred
and the procedure involved and also the labour needed to clean the sieve plate and to
portray such as determination of size and shape of the equipment which contributes to the
Size separation is a unit operation technique which is often used daily in industries,
and our daily lives. Sieving one of the size separation technique that is often needed and
therefore sieve is the equipment used, and therefore for effective size separation, there is
In size separation operation, sieve is mainly used. Other size separation equipments
etc.
The main use of sieving is in size analysis where a mesh of sieve of decreasing
aperture size is commonly used to obtain data in size distribution of samples. A sample is
placed on coarsest sieve. The nest of sieves is vibrated so that particles on the sieve are
presented to apertures in the surface of the sieve. Particles which are smaller than the
aperture will pass through and fall into the lower sieve, whilst particles which are larger
than the aperture will be retained. In this way a vertical classification based on the size of
particles relative to sieve aperture is obtained. If one consider the process, a number of
4. Particles shape
Suspended large particles to pass through the pores of the sieve plate will be retained
on the top plate, these particles are called the bulky particles. Under the bulky particles,
we have cobbles and silt particles which cover a large range and sizes, however, they are
bulky in shape. The term bulky is confined to particles that are relatively large in all three
the other two. The bulky shape has the following four subdivisions listed in descending
order.
They are Angular, sub-angular, sub-round, round. That is how they pass through
the sieve mesh of different sizes. The sieve plates are four in number and the angular
particles will retains on top as overlap for the sub-angular that passes through the second
plate called underflow, after which the sub-round, round, intermediate, sub-intermediate
The sieve equipment consists of a set of sieves. The size of the solid particles should
be uniform throughout the sieve plate. For practice, a high degree of separation is
achieved in sieve equipment than any other equipment, and as sensitive to the soil
particles. The occurrence of blinding which depends on the usage of the equipment
The quantity of solid particle used, at the initial stage of the experiment is not the
same with the one gotten at the end point of the process because of a larger particles causes
Also, the quantity of solid particle that can pass through the sieve mesh depends
on the condition of the sieve mesh at a particular time. At the commencement of the use of
the newly clear mesh the head lost is low and the passage is always rapid. But as blinding
occurs the head lost it low and the passage of the particle is ultimate reduced.
In the analysis of material for construction, materials that resist corrosion are
preferred to be used. In the analysis, stainless and mild steel should not be used because of
1) Highness in mixture
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The research design refers to the overall strategy that the researcher choose to integrate
the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
researcher will effectively address the research problem; it is compose of input, process
Project Analysis
Structural
Design
Prototy
Material
Modifying the pe
Preparation motor-powered
separator
Research Environment
The study was conducted in the University of Cebu (UC) - Main Campus, an
grade school, junior & senior high school, undergraduate degrees, and post-graduate
degrees.
It is located along Sanciangko St., Cebu City, beside GV Tower and across Julies
Bakeshop.
18
Research Respondents
The respondents of this study are the technicians and instructors of the Mechanical
are Mechanical Engineers and instructors of this university to validate our project based on
the correctness of the theories applied as well as the technical capability of the researchers
Gathering of Data
The data will be gathered during the demonstration of the prototype of the project.
The researchers will demonstrate the functions, specifications of the project and the
advantages and disadvantages of the innovated project. The researchers will compare the
operation in manual and the operation in automated. The data that will gather during the
demonstration will be used by the future researchers on how to improve the sand filtration
and separation.
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CHAPTER 4
motor.
Technical specifications
Research Procedure
1. Frame assembly
2. Motor - mounting
2.1. Make a base platform for the motor using the steel plate.
3.1. Make the frame by forming the angle bars using rivets.
3.2. Attached the screen to the frame such that is surrounds all over it.
3.3. Attache the filter and separator assembly to the main frame.
4.1. Make a piston rod from a flat bar and connect it to the assembly and
Computations :
In this prototype, we use a 0.5 Hp DC Motor to swing the mesh that filters the sand. The
Based on the researcher’s experimental data, for a ten kg of sand, the prototype completed
filtering in estimated time of 5 minutes. Computing the volume flow rated of performance:
Given:
Q = V/t
Q = 0.075 m3 / hr
Power Consumption:
Power consumption cost = Motor Rating x Operating Time per day x Electricity Cost per
KW-hr
Output per day (Manual labor) = 45 kg per sack x 25 sacks per day
= 1, 125kg/day
= 0.703 m3 / day
This study focuses on the automation of sand filtration in the construction industry
wherein, in most cases, workers manually operate a sieve to separate sand particles.
Through the use of this prototype, the process of filtration is automated. Thus, human labor
A usual manually - operated sieve is operated by one or two workers by swinging the
mesh back and forth. In this proposed automated system, an electric motor does the
swinging of the mesh eliminating human fatigue factor from manual labor.
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CHAPTER 5
Findings
This study is called motor- powered sand filter and separator because it is automated
which workload on the workers will be greatly reduced and buying them more time to do
other works. It is more efficient for it does minimize the human fatigue factor which
Conclusion
This machine is very helpful to the construction workers and contractors as well. It
lessens manual labor and reduce the amount of time rendered. It reduces a considerable
amount of time in filtering sand resulting in more production and completed tasks in a
Recommendations
To considerably reduce the amount of time in filtering sand on a construction site, the
1. Operation of this automated system of sand filtration should be used when demand
PRODUCT MODEL
Figure 3.0 A 3-D Model of the Proposed Motor – Powered Sand Filter and Separator
This is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for
characterizing the particle size distribution of a sample, typically using a woven screen
allowing solid particles of different sizes to pass through the pores or the aperture which
consist of orderly, arranged sets of sieves in a manner of the particle sizes and
shapes. Basically sieve equipments consist of a set of sieves preferably with the quality of
REFERENCES
https://www.grossarchive.com/upload/1423135005.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve
http://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0016268
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-3625-6_9
https://en.wikipedia.orghttp://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Construction/Doc_ManualofF
ieldTestProcedures/2013/04_AASHTO.pdf/wiki/Filtration
http://www.philstar.com/business/2017/04/24/1693190/construction-seen-fuel-phl-gr
owth
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814020953
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/production_efficiency.asp
http://www.katewillyard.com/academic-blog/theories-of-rationality-effectiveness-eff
iciency-and-control-in-organizations
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APPENDIX A
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
The study was conducted in the University of Cebu (UC) - Main Campus, an
grade school, junior & senior high school, undergraduate degrees, and post-graduate
degrees.
It is located along Sanciangko St., Cebu City, beside GV Tower and across Julies
Bakeshop.
29
APPENDIX B
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
GENDER: Male
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SECONDARY LEVEL
TERTIARY LEVEL
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
GENDER: Male
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SECONDARY LEVEL
TERTIARY LEVEL
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
GENDER: Male
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SECONDARY LEVEL
TERTIARY LEVEL
APPENDIX C
Bill of Materials
8 x 22 x 7mm
Skateboard Scooter Cebu Mercury Php Php
Roller Blade Bearings Auto Parts
4 pcs Wheels ABEC-5 608ZZ 28.00 112.00
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
GENDER: Male
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SECONDARY LEVEL
TERTIARY LEVEL
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
GENDER: Male
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SECONDARY LEVEL
TERTIARY LEVEL
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
GENDER: Male
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SECONDARY LEVEL
TERTIARY LEVEL