GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JAGDALPUR, BASTAR (C.G.)-494005

LAB MANUAL
OF
MATERIAL TESTING LAB
337362 (37)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NAME OF STUDENT

SEMESTER

BATCH

ROLL NO.

ACADEMIC SESSION
 LABARATORY CLASSES - INSTRUCTIONS
TO STUDENTS

1. Students must attend the lab classes with ID cards and in the prescribed
uniform.
2. Boys-shirts tucked in and wearing closed leather shoes. Girls’ students
with cut shoes, overcoat, and plait incite the coat. Girls’ students should
not wear loose garments.
3. Students must check if the components, instruments and machinery are
in working condition before setting up the experiment.
4. Power supply to the experimental set up/ equipment/ machine must be
switched on only after the faculty checks and gives approval for doing
the experiment. Students must start to the experiment. Students must
start doing the experiments only after getting permissions from the
faculty.
5. Any damage to any of the equipment/instrument/machine caused due to
carelessness, the cost will be fully recovered from the individual (or)
group of students.
6. Students may contact the lab in charge immediately for any unexpected
incidents and emergency.
7. The apparatus used for the experiments must be cleaned and returned to
the technicians, safely without any damage.
8. Make sure, while leaving the lab after the stipulated time, that all
the power connections are switched off.
 Index
S. Page
Name Of Experiments
No. No. Date Signature Remark
To study the Cupping Test Machine and to
1 determine Erichsen value of Mild Steel sheet. 01

To perform the Tensile Test of Mild Steel on U.T.M

2 and To Draw Stress–Strain Curve 04

To determine strength of wood on U.T.M (i) Along

3 the Grain (ii) Across the Grain. 07

To determine shear strength of Mild Steel on

4 U.T.M. 10

To study the Impact Testing Machine and test

5 specimen of Izod. 19

To determines the impact energy by Charpy impact

6 test using Impact Testing Machine. 27

7 To study the Torsion Testing Machine. 33

To determine ultimate shear stress and modulus of

8 rigidity under Torsion. 36

To study the Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine

and to determine the Rockwell Hardness of the
9 given material. 38

To study the Brinell Hardness Machine and to

determine the Brinell hardness of the given
10 material. 40
 EXPERIMENT NO.01

AIM- To study the Cupping Test Machine and to determine Erichsen value of Mild
Steel sheet.

DIAGRAM-

MACHINE & MATERIAL REQUIRED-

1) Erichsen cupping test machine
2) A bulb lamp.
3) Mirror.
4) A mild steel plate.
5) A piece of Drawing Sheet.
6) Vernier caliper.

WORKING PROCEDURE- In the Erichsen cupping test machine, the retaining ring is
kept fixed with the machine block while the penetrator and the die can be moved
to and fro with the help of hand wheels provided. The whole procedure is as
follows-
1) The outer most point of the penetrator is aligned in a straight line with the
retaining ring such that the zero of the circulars scale mounted on the
penetrator coincides with the zero of the linear scale.
 2) The circulars scale is divided into 20 points and each parts shows 0.25
Erichen number. That means that the circulars scale has (0.25x20) = 5
Eeichen numbers. The linear scale mounted on the retaining ring has
divided into six parts and each part denotes 5 Erichen numbers. Which
means that one complete round of the circular scale moves one division
over the linear scale and is equal to 5 Erichen numbers.
3) Now a mild steel plate is taken of about 120mm x120mm and then we find
its thickness by a vernier caliper and note it in the observation table. The
plate is then inserted between the retaining ring and the die and we
precedes the die in forward direction with the help of hand wheel until the
mild steel plate is firmly fixed between these two.
4) Now we glow up the lamp to see the inside view of the testing machine and
the mirror is kept in such a position that we can easily view the whole
process of metal rupture along with rotating the wheel manually.
5) The circular scale and the hand wheel are mounted on the penetrator. Now
we start rotating the hand wheel of the penetrator along with viewing the
inside process in the mirror. The penetrator start moving forward and began
to push the metal plate with an increasing force. As we proceeds, we see
that the penetrator makes a cup like structure on the metal plate. A white
circle emerges along the outer side of the cup and there; we have to stop
rotating the hand wheel. With the simple calculation on the circular scale
we can note down the Erichen no. of the mild steel plate.
6) The some process (step 1to 5) is to be done while finding the Erichen no. of
drawing sheet piece.

OBSERVATION TABLE-

Sl.No. Material Thickness (in mm) Erichsen Number

01 Mild steel
02 Drawing sheet

PRECAUTIONS-
1) Cupping test is normal applicable to products having thickness of not less
than 0.5mm and more than 2mm.
2) The speed of the penetrator should be kept between 5 to 20mm per
minute.
3) The test pieces should be flat and pf such dimensions that the center of any
indentation is not les than 45mm from any edge of the test piece and not
 less than 90mm from the center of the nearest indentation, where the
dimensions of the product permit.

RESULT- The Erichsen cupping test shows that the metal with the grater Erichsen
number is having more drawing properties and is more ductile.

VIVA QUESTIONS –
1. What is ductility?
2. What is the precession for ductility?
3. What is the Erichsen cupping testing machine?
4. What is the Erichsen number for different material?
5. What are the properties of mild steel?

********
 EXPERIMENT NO.02

AIM- To perform the Tensile Test of Mild Steel on U.T.M and To Draw Stress–Strain
Curve.

DIAGRAM-

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

MATERIALS REQUIRED-
1) Mild Steel bar.
2) Vernier Scale

WORKING PROCEDURE- The following procedure may be adopted in performing

the tensile test-
1) This test consists in straining a test piece (mild steel) by tensile stress,
generally to fracture, with a view of deterring one or more mechanical
properties.
2) The test piece is fixed in between the grips of the testing machine.
3) The griped end may be of any shape to suit the holders of the testing
machine. For ductile materials, plain ends and for brittle materials, screwed
ends may be used for gripping.
4) The test piece shall be fitted in the testing machine in such a manner that
the pull is applied axially.
5) The test piece shall not be annealed or otherwise subjected to heat
treatment, unless the materials from which they are cut are similarly
treated.
6) Measure the diameter of the mild steel bar by means of a vernier scale at
least at three places and determine mean value.
7) Insert suitable jaws in the grips by adjusting the cross heads of the machine.
8) Fix the extensometer on the test piece and set its scale dials to zero
positions. Also set the vernier scale on the vertical column of the machine
to zero positions to take reading in plastic range.
9) To automatic graph recording system may also be set if desired.
10) Start the machine and take reading of both the dials on the extensometer
for a particular value of load.
11) Remove the extensometer immediately as soon as extension becomes
unproportionately large and start taking reading on the vernier scale.
12) The rate of loading may be 10 MPa per second initially and should be
reduced to 7.5 MPa per second when the yield pt. is reached.
13) Continue applying the load till the specimen brake and then stop the
machine.

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
OBERVATION TABLE-

SL.No. Load (p) in Change in length (∆l) Stress (σ) in Strain (∆l/L)
N in mm N/mm2 Es
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Gauge length of mild steel specimen=-----------= 5D

Where, D= Diameter of mild steel specimen= -------mm
Cross section Area of mild steel specimen, A= πD2/4=-----mm2
Stress, σ = Load (p)/Area (a) =-----N/mm2

PRECAUTIONS-
1) The length of the testpeice between the grips of the testing machine should
not be less then 9d in the case of bars which the diameter, d, does not
exceed 2.5 cm.
2) For bars whose, d, is more then 2.5 cm. Distance between the grips should
not be less than 4.5d.
3) The accuracy and sensitivity of the testing machine shall be within 5 percent
of the maximum load applied to the specimen.
4) The extensometer used shall be control to 0.005 percent of the gauge
length and the instrument shall posses a sensitivity of 0.001mm.
5) The rate of reading when approaching the yield stress should not be more
than 7.5 MPa per second.

VIVA QUESTIONS –
1. What is the stress?
2. What is the strain?
3. What is the stress strain relationship?
4. What is UTM machine?
5. What are the precautions for UTM machine?
 EXPERIMENT NO.03

AIM - To determine strength of wood on U.T.M (i) Along the Grain (ii) Across the
Grain.

MACHINE & MATERIALS REQUIRED-

1) A Wooden Beam.
2) Universal Testing Machine.
3) Roller Supports.

DIAGRAM-

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

WORKING PROCEDURE- A bending test may be performed on actual beam
cross-section by using the three-point loading system as shown in the figure below.

The bending fixture is supported on the plat form of the hydraulic cylinder
of the Universal Testing Machine. The loading knife-edge is held in the middle
crosshead. At a particular load the deflection at the center of the beam is
determine by using a dial gauge. The deflection at the beam is given by-
Deflection, δ = Wl3/48EI
Bending Moment, Bm = Load x Length of beam/2
θ r , Bm = Pl/2
The failure of a beam take place due to yielding, buckling, excessive shear
stress and local high stress due to concentrated loads. The distribution of
progressive bending stress in a beam material having linear stress-strain curve is
shown in figure below.
OBERVATION TABLE-

SL.No. Load (KN) Deflection, δ Bending Moments, Bm=P X l/2

(mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Distance between roller supports, l= ---- mm

Since, the load is applied at the center of the beam or we can say that at the
center distance of roller supports.
Bm = P X l/2

PREACUTIONS-
1) The width of the supports and the mandrel (bending tool) should be grater
than the with of the wooden beam.
2) The clear distance between the roller supports should be taken equal to (D
+ 3d) where, D, is the diameter of the mandrel, d, is the thickness of the
wooden beam.
3) After the bend is over the sides and the outside of the bent portion should
be examined to draw useful inferences.
VIVA QUESTIONS –

1. What is bending?
2. What is beam?
3. What is bending moment diagram?
4. What is the bending stress?
5. Why the failure criteria of any beam?

*********
 EXPERIMENT NO-04

AIM - To determine shear strength of Mild Steel on U.T.M.

MATERIALS REQUIRED-
1) Universal Testing Machine.
2) Hear Testing Machine (Test Rig).
3) Vernier Caliper.
4) Mild Steel Specimen.

DIAGRAM-

UNIVERSAL TETING MACHINE

PRINCIPLE-A type of force, which causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts
of the body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to plane of contact,
is called the shear force. The stress required to produces fracture in the plane of
cross section, acted on by the shear force is called shear strength.
The method for determining the shear strength consists of
subjecting a suitable length of steel specimen in full cross section to double shear,
using a suitable test rig, in a testing machine under a compressive load or tensile
pull and recording the maximum pull and recording the maximum load F to
fracture. The shear strength, τs, shall be calculated by-
τs = ½ F / π/4 x d2 = 2F/πd2
Where, d = Diameter of mild steel specimen.
F = Load applied.

WORKING PROCEDURE-
This method can be used for shear testing of mild steel
rounds up to and including 25 mm diameter.
For making shear test, a suitable steel shackle should
be fabricated based upon fork end and eye end principle. The specimen is inserted
as a connecting pin in the bush housing between the shackles, the fork plates of
the shackles held rigidity together by bolts for avoiding any bending tendency of
the specimen under high loads and tested in double shear. The nuts shown in the
figure on either side of the forked shackle are used only for positioning and tightly
holding the bushing in between. The nuts may be dispensed with if the outer dia
of eye plate bushings is slightly different from the diameter of the forked end
bushings.

TEST RIG FOR

CONDUCTING
SHEAR TEST
UNDER A
COMPRESSIVE
LOAD
OBSERVATION TABLE-

SL.No. Shear Force (KN) Slip, S (mm) Shear Stress, τs = F/A (KN/mm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Diameter of test piece, d = -------mm

Cross section area of test piece, A = 2 x πd2/4 = πd2/2 = --------mm2
Double shear force, F =---------KN.
Shear stress, τs = F/A = ----------KN/mm2

PRECAUTIONS-
1) The shearing edges of the shackle /bushing should have hardness of not
less than 530 HV.
2) Suitable hardness steel bushes may also be used for different sizes of
materials to be used.
3) The speed of testing or the rate of separation of cross heads at any moment
shall not be greater than 10 mm/min.

VIVA QUESTIONS –
1. What is shear stress?
2. What is the principle of UTM?
3. What are the precaution for UTM machine?
4. What is the compressive and tensile load?
5. What is the shear force?

********

EXPERIMENT NO.05
AIM - To study the Impact Testing Machine and test the specimen of Izod.

DIAGRAM-

IMPACT TESTING MACHINE

MACHINE & MATERIALS REQUIRED-

1) Impact Testing Machine.
 2) A test piece specimen (Squire Cross section, Rectangular Mild Steel Bar
having, V, notch)

WORKING PROCEDURE-

IMPACT TEST-The impact test is to determine the behavior of materials when

subjected to high rates of (sudden) loading, usually in bending, tension or torsion.
It measures the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen by a single bow or
impact. Impact testing is done on the specimen test piece piece of a determine
specification and a provided notch. A notch is a slot or groove of specified
characteristics intentionally cut in a test piece so a to concentrate the stress, thus
localizing the rupture.

IZOD IMPACT TEST- A pendulum type, single blow impact test in which the
specimen, usually notched (v- notch) is fixed at one end and broken by a falling
pendulum. The energy absorbed as measured by the subsequent rise of the
pendulum is a measure of impact strength or notch toughness. The impact
strength is measured as N-M or joule (j). The test piece for Izod test has following
specifications-

(All dimensions in mm)

METHOD-
1) The machine is first used without the specimen to observe the initial
reading or initial energy. By pressing the charging lever, we blow down the
hammer and the pointer of the scale will stick to some value. This is the
initial energy, which stick to some value. This is the initial energy, which is to
be noted and subtracted afterwards from the final value.
2) Now the test piece is fixed vertically between he jaws of the testing
machine as shown in the
figure below-
3) The hammer should be kept at 90 0 from the vertical force of the jaws. The
hammer is then blowed down by the charging lever and it passes away
swinging by breaking the test piece at the v-notch.
4) The energy absorbed in breaking the test piece is noted in the observation
table from the reading shown by the pointer on the scale.
5) By the use of the stopping lever, the swinging action of the hammer can be
Stopped.
OBERVATION TABLE-

Material Type of Impact Angle Initial Energy absorbed in

test Energy breaking the test piece
(In j) (in j)
Mild steel Izod 900 0J
test piece 0J

RESULT-Izod Impact Test shown that the materials which require higher energy for
braking can withstand easily when subjected to high rates of (sudden) loading.

VIVA QUESTIONS –
1. What is the Izod Impact testing machine?
2. What is the Impact Energy?
3. What is the different shape of specimen that is used in this experiment?
4. What is the precaution?
5. What is sudden loading?

*******
 EXPERIMENT NO.06

AIM -To determines the impact energy by Charpy impact test using Impact Testing
Machine.

DIAGRAM-

IMPACT TESTING MACHINE

MACHINE & MATERIALS REQUIRED-

1) Impact Testing Machine.
2) A test piece specimen. (Squire cross section, rectangular mild steel bar
having, U, notch.)

WORKING PROCEDURE-
CHARPY IMPACT TEST-A pendulum type ingle blow impact test, in which the
specimen (usually U- notched) is supported at both ends, as a simple beam and
broken by a falling pendulum on the face opposite to and immediately behind the
notch. The energy absorbed as determine by the subsequent rise of the
pendulum, is a measure of impact strength or notch toughness and is expressed
as N-m/m3. The test piece specimen for the charpy impact test has following
specifications-

(All dimensions in mm)

METHOD-
1) The machine is first used the specimen to observe the initial reading or
initial energy. By pressing the charging lever, we blow down the hammer
and the pointer of the scale will stick to some value. This is the initial
energy, which stick to some value. This is the initial energy, which is to be
noted and subtracted afterwards from the final value.
2) Now the test piece specimen is fixed horizontally between the jaws and the
hammer is blowed from behind the notch as shown in the figure-

3) During Charpy impact test the hammer should be kept at 140 0 to the
vertical face of the jaws that is the hammer should strike the specimen cut
on angle of 1400, which is the angle for release of the hammer.
 4) By pressing the charging lever, the hammer is released at passes away
swinging the, braking the test piece specimen.
5) The energy used for breaking the specimen can be noted from the scale to
the observation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE-

Material Type of impact Angle Initial energy Energy absorbed in

test (In J) breaking the test piece
(In J)
Mild steel Charpy 1400
bar

RESULT-Charpy impact test shows that the materials, which requires higher for
braking can withstand easily when subjected to high rates of loading.
VIVA QUESTIONS –
1. What is the Charpy testing machine?
2. What is impact energy?
3. What is the different shape of specimen that is used in this experiment?
4. What is the precaution?
5. What is sudden loading?

********
 EXPERIMENT NO-07

AIM - To perform Torsion Test on Mild Steel specimen and to determine the
modulus of rigidity.

DIAGRAM-

TORSION TESTING MACHINE

PRINCIPLE-A torsion test is generally performed to determine modules of rigidity

(G) torsion yield strength and modules of rupture in torsion. The modules of
rupture are equal to the nominal surface stress corresponding to the maximum
torque.
The torsion formula is given by-

T/J =τ/R =Gθ/l

Where
τ = Modules of rupture.
T = The maximum twisting moment.
R = Original outer radius of test piece.
J = polar moment of inertia of the original cross section.
θ = Angle of twist.
l = Parallel length of test piece

Modules of Rigidity, G = Tl/Jθ

Thus to determine modulus of rigidity, T, Vs θ curve is obtained on a torsion testing

machine. Then by knowing parallel length of the test piece and its radius, the
modulus of rigidity can be determined.

WORKING PROCEDURE- The following procedure may be adopted-

1) Measure the diameter of the test piece at four different planes on its
parallel length by using a micrometer. At each plane measure the diameter
at right angles to each other.
2) Measure the parallel length of test piece.
3) Insert the test piece in the grip of the machine.
4) Select a suitable scale on the machine and adjust the initial torque and
angle of twist reading to zero position.
5) Apply the torque initially by hand up to 100 angles of twist and note down
angle of twist.
6) The angle of twist and torque may be noted at an interval of 1 0. From 100 to
200, the reading may be noted at 20 intervals. After this the machine may be
operated electrically and the reading may be noted at an interval of 5 0 to
100, which ever is convenient.
7) Continue noting these reading until the specimen breaks.
8) Initially a line may be marked parallel to the length of the test piece to
visually see the helix formation.
OBERVATION TABLE-

SL No. Angle of Twist (θ) in Torque (T) in KG- Modulus of Rigidity

radians m 9G) in KG/m2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Length of test piece (mild steel rod)= l =---------mm

Diameter of the test piece, d =--------mm
Polar moment of inertia = πD4/32 = --------mm4
l = --------mm
J = --------mm

Modula’s of Rigidity, G = Tl/Jθ kg/m2

PRECAUTION-
1) The test piece should as for as possible, be straight.
2) The test piece shall be placed in the machine in such a way that its
longitudinal axis coincides with the axis of the grips so that it remains
straight during the test.
3) The end of the specimen is flattened to avoid slipping during twisting.
4) The dimensions of the gripped ends may be made according to the machine
used.
5) The outer diameter of the test piece used should not be less than 0.4 mm
and should not be grater that 12.5 mm.
6) After placing the test piece in the torsion-testing machine, one grip shall be
rotated at a reasonable constant speed until the piece breaks or until the
specified no. of turns is completed.
 7) In the number of turns is satisfactory, the test piece shall be considered as
having passed the test, irrespective of the position of the failure.

VIVA QUESTIONS –

1. What is torsion?
2. What is modulus of rigidity?
3. What is the torsion-testing machine?
4. What the precaution for torsion testing machine?
5. What is torque?
*********
 EXPERIMENT NO- 08

AIM - To study the Fatigue Testing Machine and to discuss the procedure to find
out endurance limit of given material.

MACHINE & MATERIAL REQUIRED-

i) Test pieces.
ii) Rotary bending fatigue machine.
iii) Dial gauge.
iv) Fatigue testing machine

THEORY- Fatigue can be defined as the failure of a material under varying loads,
well below the ultimate static load, after a finite number of cycle of loading and
unloading. This is very frequent cause of failure of working parts of machines ,and
load bearing parts of aircraft structures, rockets and missiles etc. subjected to
repetitive loading.
A verity of fatigue apparatus is available in the market. Basically it should consist
of some way to produce altering loads on the specimen, some counting
arrangement for the number of loads cycles, and some load measuring device.
Control devices like stopping the motor once the specimen brakes and keeping the
load amplitude constant etc. may also be incorporated.

PROCEDURE-

i) Insert the test piece in the bearing housing of the machine and measure
its diameter.
ii) By using a dial gauge and rotating the test piece check the eccentricity,
which should not be generally more than .o3 mm.
iii) Apply suitable load by adjusting the jockey weight.
iv) Set the revolution counter to zero.
v) Start the motor of the machine and recorded the number of revolutions
after which the specimen fails.
vi) Increase the load and test other specimen in a similar way.
vii) In each test calculate the stress applied.
viii) Plot a curve between stress and cycles.
 ROTARY BENDING FATIGUE MACHINE

OBSERVATION-

Dia. of test piece, d Load Number of cycles Stress

(mm) (Newton) (N) (N/mm2)

Endurance limit (106 cycle) = -------

VIVA QUESTIONS –
1. What is the endurance limit?
2. What is fatigue & failure?
3. What are the different types of loading?
4. What is bending in beam?
5. What is Eccentricity?

**********
 EXPERIMENT NO-09

AIM - To study the Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine and to determine the
Rockwell Hardness of the given material.

DIAGRAM-

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE

MACHINE & MATERIALS REQUIRED-

1) Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine.
 2) Indentor- (a) Steel ball indentor.
(b) 1200 cone angle diamond indentor.
3) Test specimen- (Circular Metal discs of Brass, Mild steel, Copper and
Aluminum)

WORKING PROCEDURE-

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST- An indentation hardness test using calibrated

machine to force a diamond cone indentor or a hard steel ball under specified
condition into the surface of the material under test in two operations
(preliminary and total loads) and to measure the depth of the impression under
the specified load conditions.

PRINCIPLE- Rockwell Hardness Testing method is used for testing of hardness over
a wide range of material hardness. The hardness of a material is measured by the
depth of the penetration of the indentor in the material. The depth of the
penetration is inversely proportional to the hardness. Both ball and diamond of
indentors are used in the test. This test gives directed hardness readings on a large
dial provided with these scales.

SCALE B- Scale B is used for test on unbranded steels, phosphor bronze,

aluminium and magnesium light alloys, etc. For reading on this scale a 1/16 inch
(1.5875 mm) diameter steel ball of hardness 850 HV 10 is used for indentation
with a 100 N minor load and 900 N major load.

SCALE C- Scale C is used with a 1200 cone angle diamond indentor with a minor
load of 100 N and major load of 1400 N. This is applicable to test on harder
metals, such as hardened steel or hard alloys.

SCALE A- Scale A is used with the same 120 0 cone angle diamond indentor but
with 500 N major load. This is used for the hardest materials.
The Rockwell Hardness with reference to
these three scales is written as HRA, HRB, HRC followed by the value of the
hardness corresponding to the scale B is 45.
 PRINCIPLE OF ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST WITH STEEL BALL

Where, ep = Depth of penetration due to minor preliminary load of 100 N.

ea = Increase in depth of indentation due to major or additional load of 900
N.
e = Permanent increase of depth of indentation under minor load of 100 N
after removal of
major load, expressed in units of 0.002 mm.

Rockwell Hardness, HR=E-e

Where, E is an orbitary value depends on the type of the indentor used.
The Rockwell Hardness test may be performed in the following sequential
way-
1) Clean the test piece and place on the special anvils or worktable.
2) Turn the capstan wheel to elevate the test specimen into contact with the
indentor point.
3) Further turn the wheel, (generally three rotations) forcing the test specimen
against the indentor. This will insure that the minor loads of 10 kg. Is
applied.
 4) Set the pointer on the scale dial at the appropriate position depending on
the scale being used.
5) Push back or forward the load application lever or crank handle of the
machine to apply the major load. A dashpot generally provided gradually.
6) As soon as the pointer comes to rest, pull or push the handle in the reverse
direction. This releases the major, but the minor load. the pointer will not
rotate in the reverse direction.
7) The Rockwell Hardness can be read off the scale dial, on the appropriate
scale, after the pointer comes to rest.

OBSERVATION TABLE-

SL. Material Scal Indente Load=Minor+Majo Time for Dial HRB/HR

No e r r (in kg.) Impressio (sec C
. n )
1 Mild steel
2 Copper
3 Brass
4 Aluminu
m

RESULT-
HRB of mild steel =
HRB of Copper =
HRB of Brass =
HRB of Aluminum =

VIVA QUESTIONS –
1. What is the Rockwell hardness number?
2. What is Rockwell harness testing machine?
3. What is the principle of Rockwell hardness testing machine?
4. What are the different scales in Rockwell hardness?

*********
 EXPERIMENT NO-10

AIM - To study the Brinell Hardness Machine and to determine the Brinell hardness of the
given material.

DIAGRAM -

BRINELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE

MACHINE & MATERIAL REQUIRED-

1) Brinell Hardness Testing Machine.
2) Test piece specimen (Mild steel, Copper, Brass and Aluminium)
3) Microscope (Brinell).

WORKING PROCEDURE-
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST-An indentation hardness test using calibrated machines to force a
hard steel ball, under specified condition of load and time, into the surface of the martial
under test and to measure the diameter of the resulting impression after release of the
load.

PRINCIPLE-This test consists of indenting of the surface of the metal kept over the base
plate by a hardened steel ball fixed in the jaw of specified diameter, D, mm. Now we set a
specific load of f N in the machine and starts operating it by switching it on. The load on
the ball allows it to make impression on the metal. Then we measure the average diameter
of, d mm of the impression by a brinell microscope fitted with a scale. The brinell hardness
(HB) is defined as the quotient of the applied force F divided by the spherical area of the
impression.

BRINELL HARDNESS (HB) = Test Load/Surface area of indentation

= 2F/πD (D- √D2 – d2 ) N/mm2
Where, F= Force applied on the indentor in N,
D= Diameter of the indentor ball in mm.
d= Diameter of the impression in mm.
For special test conditions, he symbol, HB, is supplemented by an index giving at first
place, the diameter of the ball in mm, at the second place, the test load in N, and at the
third place, the duration of the load in seconds. Thus, HB 5/7500/25 denotes that the test
was conducted using a steel ball 5mm. Diameter under a test load of 7500N applied for 25
seconds.
OBSERVATION TABLE-

Sl Test piece Dia. of Dia. Of Total Time for Brinell hardness

No. material Impression Indentor test impression (HBN)
(d in mm) (Din mm) load (in (in sec.) 2F/ πD (D- √D2 – d2
kg) ) N/mm2

1 Mild steel
2 Copper
3 Brass
4 Aluminium

PRECAUTIONS-
1) The load should be applied slowly and progressively to the specimen at right angles
to the surface.
2) The ratio of diameter of the impression to that of the ball should be preferably lie
between 0.30 and 0.50 and should not exceed 0.60.
3) The hardness of the ball should not be less than 850HV10.
4) Proper size of the ball should be selected along with the load so that they can suit
the material under test.
5) The thickness of the test specimen should be at least 10 times the depth of the
impression and never less than 8 times the depth of impression.
6) The distance of the center of the indentation from the edge of the test specimen
should not be less than 2.5 times the diameter of indentation, and the distance
between the centers of two indentations should be 4 times the diameter of
indentation.
7) The surface of the test specification should be smooth and the test spot free from
oil and dust. It should be polished to get a clear impression.
8) The test should be carried out at 20 0 -+20 in temperature climate and 270 -+ 20 in
tropical climate.
9) Occasionally turn the ball around in the chuck to minimize error due to minute
distortion of the ball.
10) Do not apply the ordinary Brinell test for thin material or to surface exceeding
5000HB.
RESULT-

BHN of mild steel =

BHN of copper =
BHN of brass =
BHN of aluminium =

VIVA QUESTIONS –

1. What is the Brinell hardness testing machine?

2. What is the principle of Brinell hardness?
3. What is Brinell hardness number?
4. What are the precautions?

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