Cultural studies

Cultural studies is a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that concentrates upon the
political dynamics of contemporary culture, its historical foundations, defining traits, conflicts, and contingencies. Cultural
studies researchers generally investigate how cultural practices relate to wider systems of power associated with or operating
through social phenomena, such as ideology, class structures, national formations, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, and
generation. Cultural studies views cultures not as fixed, bounded, stable, and discrete entities, but rather as constantly interacting
and changing sets of practices and processes.[1] The field of cultural studies encompasses a range of theoretical and
methodological perspectives and practices. Although distinct from the discipline of cultural anthropology and the
interdisciplinary field of ethnic studies, cultural studies draws upon and has contributed to each of these fields.[2]

Cultural studies was initially developed by British academics in the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, and has been subsequently
taken up and transformed by scholars from many different disciplines around the world. Cultural studies is avowedly and even
radically interdisciplinary and can sometimes be seen as antidisciplinary. A key concern for cultural studies practitioners is the
examination of the forces within and through which socially organized people conduct and participate in the construction of their
everyday lives.[3] As a result, Cultural Studies as a field of research is not concerned with the linguistically uncategorized
experiences of individuals, or, in a more radical approach, holds that individual experiences do not exist, being always the result
of a particular social-political context.

Cultural studies combines a variety of politically engaged critical approaches drawn including semiotics, Marxism, feminist
theory, ethnography, critical race theory, post-structuralism, postcolonialism, social theory, political theory, history, philosophy,
literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, communication studies, political economy, translation studies, museum studies
and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies and historical periods. Cultural studies seeks to
understand how meaning is generated, disseminated, contested, bound up with systems of power and control, and produced from
the social, political and economic spheres within a particular social formation or conjuncture. Important theories of cultural
hegemony and agency have both influenced and been developed by the cultural studies movement, as have many recent major
communication theories and agendas, such as those that attempt to explain and analyze the cultural forces related and processes
of globalization.

During the rise of neo-liberalism in Britain and the US, cultural studies both became a global movement, and attracted the
attention of many conservative opponents both within and beyond universities for a variety of reasons. Some left-wing critics
associated particularly with Marxist forms of political economy also attacked cultural studies for allegedly overstating the
importance of cultural phenomena. While cultural studies continues to have its detractors, the field has become a kind of a
worldwide movement that is to this day associated with a raft of scholarly associations and programs, annual international
conferences, publications and students and practitioners from Taiwan to Amsterdam and from Bangalore to Santa Cruz.[4][5]
Somewhat distinct approaches to cultural studies have emerged in different national and regional contexts such as the United
States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, Asia, Africa and Italy.

Contents
Characteristics
History
Stuart Hall's directorship of CCCS at Birmingham
Cultural studies in the late-1970s and beyond
Developments outside the UK
 Issues, concepts and approaches
Marxism, feminism, race and culture
Gramsci and hegemony
Structure and agency
Globalization
Cultural consumption
The concept of "text"
Academic reception
Literary scholars
Sociologists
Physicist Alan Sokal
Founding works
See also
Fields and theories
Associations
Authors
Journals
Notes
References
External links

Characteristics
In his 1994 book, Introducing Cultural Studies, Ziauddin Sardar lists the following five main characteristics of cultural studies:[6]

The aim of cultural studies is to examine cultural practices and their relation to power. For example, a study of a
subculture (such as white working class youth in London) would consider their social practices against those of
the dominant culture (in this example, the middle and upper classes in London who control the political and
financial sectors that create policies affecting the well-being of white working class youth in London).
The objective of cultural studies includes understanding culture in all its complex forms and analyzing the social
and political context in which culture manifests itself.
Cultural studies is a site of both study/analysis and political criticism/action. (For example, not only would a
cultural studies scholar study an object, but s/he would connect this study to a larger, progressive political
project.)
Cultural studies attempts to expose and reconcile constructed divisions of knowledge that purport to be grounded
in nature.
Cultural studies has a commitment to an ethical evaluation of modern society and to a radical line of political
action.

History
As Dennis Dworkin writes,[7] "a critical moment" in the beginning of cultural studies as a field was when Richard Hoggart used
the term in 1964 in founding the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) at the University of Birmingham in the UK,
which was to become home for the development of the intellectual orientation that has become known internationally as the
"Birmingham School" of cultural studies.[8] CCCS at the university thus became the world's first institutional home of cultural
studies.[9]

Hoggart appointed Stuart Hall as his assistant, and Hall was effectively directing CCCS by 1968.[10] Hall formally assumed the
directorship of CCCS in 1971, when Hoggart left Birmingham to become Assistant Director-General of UNESCO.[11] Thereafter,
the field of cultural studies became closely associated with Hall's work.[12][13] In 1979, Hall left Birmingham to accept a
prestigious chair in Sociology at the Open University in the UK, and Richard Johnson took over the directorship of the Centre.
In the late 1990s, "restructuring" at the University of Birmingham led to the elimination of CCCS and the creation of a new
Department of Cultural Studies and Sociology (CSS) in 1999. Then, in 2002, the University of Birmingham's senior
administration abruptly announced the disestablishment of CSS, provoking a substantial international outcry. The immediate
reason for disestablishment of the new department was an unexpectedly low result in the UK's Research Assessment Exercise of
2001, though a dean from the university attributed the decision to "inexperienced ‘macho management.’"[14] The RAE, a
holdover initiative of the Margaret Thatcher-led UK government of 1986, determines research funding for university
programs.[15]

There are numerous published accounts of the history of cultural studies.[16][17][18]

Stuart Hall's directorship of CCCS at Birmingham

Beginning in 1964, after the initial appearance of the founding works of British Cultural Studies in the late 1950s, Stuart Hall's
pioneering work at CCCS, along with that of his colleagues and postgraduate students including Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige,
David Morley, Charlotte Brunsdon, John Clarke, Richard Dyer, Judith Williamson, Richard Johnson, Iain Chambers, Dorothy
Hobson, Chris Weedon, Tony Jefferson, Michael Green and Angela McRobbie, gave shape and substance to the field of cultural
studies. Many cultural studies scholars employed Marxist methods of analysis, exploring the relationships between cultural forms
(the superstructure) and that of the political economy (the base). By the 1970s, the work of Louis Althusser radically rethought
the Marxist account of "base" and "superstructure" in ways that had a significant influence on the "Birmingham School." Much of
the work done at CCCS studied youth subcultural expressions of antagonism toward "respectable" middle-class British culture in
the post-WWII period. Also during the 70s, the politically formidable British working classes were in decline. Britain's
manufacturing industries were fading and union rolls were shrinking. Yet millions of working class Britons backed the rise of
Margaret Thatcher. For Stuart Hall and his colleagues, this shift in loyalty from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party had to
be explained in terms of cultural politics, which they had been tracking even before Thatcher's victory. Some of this work was
presented in the cultural studies classic, Policing the Crisis,[19] and in other later texts such as Hall's The Hard Road to Renewal:
Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left[20] and New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s.[21]

To trace the development of British Cultural Studies, see, for example, the work of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, Raymond
Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, Angela McRobbie, Paul Gilroy, David Morley, Charlotte Brunsdon, Richard Dyer, and
others.[22]

Cultural studies in the late-1970s and beyond

By the late 1970s, scholars associated with The Birmingham School had firmly placed questions of gender and race on the
cultural studies agenda, where they have remained ever since. Also by the late 1970s, cultural studies had begun to attract a great
deal of international attention. It spread globally throughout the 1980s and 90s. As it did so, it both encountered new conditions
of knowledge production, and engaged with other major international intellectual currents such as poststructuralism,
postmodernism and postcolonialism.[23] The wide range of cultural studies journals now located throughout the world, as shown
below, is one indication of the globalization of the field.

Developments outside the UK

In the US, prior to the emergence of British Cultural Studies, several versions of cultural analysis had emerged largely from
pragmatic and liberal-pluralist philosophical traditions.[24] However, when British Cultural Studies began to spread
internationally in the late 1970s, and to engage with feminism, poststructuralism, postmodernism and race in the late 70s and
1980s, critical cultural studies (i.e., Marxist, feminist, poststructuralist, etc.) expanded tremendously in US universities in fields
such as communication studies, education, sociology and literature.[25][26][27] Cultural Studies, the flagship journal of the field,
has been based in the US since its founding editor, John Fiske, brought it there from Australia in 1987.
A thriving cultural studies scene has existed in Australia since the late 1970s, when several key CS practitioners emigrated there
from the UK, taking British Cultural Studies with them, after Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister of the UK in 1979. A
school of cultural studies known as "cultural policy studies" is one of the distinctive Australian contributions to the field, though
it is not the only one. Australia also gave birth to the world's first professional cultural studies association (now known as the
Cultural Studies Association of Australasia) in 1990.[28][29] Cultural studies journals based in Australia include International
Journal of Cultural Studies, Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies and Cultural Studies Review.

In Canada, cultural studies has sometimes focused on issues of technology and society, continuing the emphasis in the work of
Marshall McLuhan, Harold Innis, and others. Cultural studies journals based in Canada include Topia: Canadian Journal of
Cultural Studies.

In Africa, human rights and Third World issues are among the central topics treated. Cultural Studies journals based in Africa
include the Journal of African Cultural Studies.

In Latin America, cultural studies has drawn on thinkers such as José Martí, Ángel Rama and other Latin American figures, in
addition to the Western theoretical sources associated with cultural studies in other parts of the world. Leading Latin American
cultural studies scholars include Néstor García Canclini, Jésus Martín-Barbero, and Beatriz Sarlo.[30][31] Among the key issues
addressed by Latin American cultural studies scholars are decoloniality, urban cultures, and postdevelopment theory. Latin
American cultural studies journals include the Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies.

Even though cultural studies developed much more rapidly in the UK than in continental Europe, there is a significant cultural
studies presence in countries such as France, Spain and Portugal. The field is relatively undeveloped in Germany, probably due to
the continued influence of the Frankfurt School, which is now often said to be in its third generation, which includes notable
figures such as Axel Honneth. Cultural studies journals based in continental Europe include the European Journal of Cultural
Studies, the Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, French Cultural Studies, and Portuguese Cultural Studies.

In Germany, the term cultural studies specifically refers to the field in the Anglo-sphere especially British Cultural Studies[32] to
differentiate it from the German Kulturwissenschaft which developed along different lines and is characterized by its distance
from political science. However, Kulturwissenschaft and cultural studies are often used interchangeably, particularly by lay
persons.

Throughout Asia, cultural studies has boomed and thrived since at least the beginning of the 1990s.[33] Cultural studies journals
based in Asia include Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. In India the Centre for Study of Culture and Society, Bangalore and the
Department of Cultural Studies at The English and Foreign Languages University Hyderabad at two major institutional spaces for
Cultural Studies.

Issues, concepts and approaches

Marxism, feminism, race and culture

As noted above, Marxism has been an important influence upon cultural studies. Those associated with CCCS initially engaged
deeply with the structuralism of Louis Althusser, and later in the 1970s turned decisively toward Antonio Gramsci. Cultural
studies has also embraced the examination of race, gender, and other aspects of identity, as is illustrated, for example, by a
number of key books published collectively under the name of CCCS in the late 1970s and early 80s, including Women Take
Issue: Aspects of Women's Subordination (1978), and The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 70s Britain (1982).

Gramsci and hegemony

To understand the changing political circumstances of class, politics and culture in the United Kingdom, scholars at The
Birmingham School turned to the work of Antonio Gramsci, an Italian thinker, writer and communist party leader of the 1910s,
20s and '30s. Gramsci had been concerned with similar issues: why would Italian laborers and peasants vote for fascists? What
strategic approach is necessary to mobilize popular support in more progressive directions? Gramsci modified classical Marxism,
and argued that culture must be understood as a key site of political and social struggle. In his view, capitalists used not only brute
force (police, prisons, repression, military) to maintain control, but also penetrated the everyday culture of working people in a
variety of ways in their efforts to win popular "consent." It is important to recognize that for Gramsci, historical leadership, or
"hegemony," involves the formation of alliances between class factions, and struggles within the cultural realm of everyday
common sense. Hegemony was always, for Gramsci, an interminable, unstable and contested process.[34]

Scott Lash writes:

In the work of Hall, Hebdige and McRobbie, popular culture came to the fore... What Gramsci gave to this was
the importance of consent and culture. If the fundamental Marxists saw power in terms of class-versus-class, then
Gramsci gave to us a question of class alliance. The rise of cultural studies itself was based on the decline of the
prominence of fundamental class-versus-class politics.[35]

Edgar and Sedgwick write:

The theory of hegemony was of central importance to the development of British cultural studies [particularly The
Birmingham School. It facilitated analysis of the ways subordinate groups actively resist and respond to political
and economic domination. The subordinate groups needed not to be seen merely as the passive dupes of the
dominant class and its ideology.[36]

Structure and agency

The development of hegemony theory in cultural studies was in some ways consonant with work in other fields exploring agency,
a theoretical concept that insists on the active, critical capacities of subordinated peoples (e.g. the working classes, colonized
peoples, women).[37] As Stuart Hall famously argued in his 1981 essay, "Notes on Deconstructing 'the Popular'," "ordinary
people are not cultural dopes."[38] Insistence on accounting for the agency of subordinated peoples runs counter to the work of
traditional structuralists. Some analysts have however been critical of some work in cultural studies that they feel overstates the
significance of or even romanticizes some forms of popular cultural agency.

Cultural studies often concerns itself with agency at the level of the practices of everyday life, and approaches such research from
a standpoint of radical contextualism.[39] In other words, cultural studies rejects universal accounts of cultural practices,
meanings, and identities.

Judith Butler, an American feminist theorist whose work is often associated with cultural studies, wrote that

the move from a structuralist account in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively
homologous ways to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition, convergence and
rearticulation brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure. It has marked a shift from a form
of Althusserian theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the
contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent
sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power.[40]
Globalization
In recent decades, as capitalist culture has spread throughout the world via contemporary forms of globalization, cultural studies
has generated important analyses of local sites and practices of negotiation with and resistance to Western hegemony.[41]

Cultural consumption
Cultural Studies criticizes the traditional view of the passive consumer, particularly by underlining the different ways people
read, receive and interpret cultural texts, or appropriate other kinds of cultural products, or otherwise participate in the production
and circulation of meanings. On this view, a consumer can appropriate, actively rework or challenge the meanings circulated
through cultural texts. In some of its variants, then, cultural studies has thus shifted the analytical focus from (traditional
understandings of) production to consumption, which is nevertheless understood as a form of production (of meanings, of
identities, etc.) in its own right. Stuart Hall, John Fiske, and others have been influential in these developments.

A special 2008 issue of the field's flagship journal, Cultural Studies, examined "Anti-Consumerism" from a variety of cultural
studies angles. As Jeremy Gilbert noted in his contribution to this issue, cultural studies must grapple with the fact that “we now
live in an era when, throughout the capitalist world, the overriding aim of government economic policy is to maintain consumer
spending levels. This is an era when ‘consumer confidence’ is treated as the key indicator and cause of economic
effectiveness."[42]

The concept of "text"

Cultural studies, drawing upon and developing semiotics, uses the concept of text to designate not only written language, but also
television programs, films, photographs, fashion, hairstyles, and so forth; the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful
artifacts of culture. This conception of textuality derives especially from the work of the pioneering and influential semiotician,
Roland Barthes, but also owes debts to other sources, such as Juri Lotman and his colleagues from Tartu–Moscow School.
Similarly, the field widens the concept of "culture." "Culture," for a cultural studies researcher, includes not only traditional high
culture (the culture of ruling social groups),[43] but also everyday meanings and practices, which have, as noted above, become a
central focus of cultural studies. Cultural studies even approaches sites and spaces of everyday life, such as pubs, living rooms,
gardens and beaches, as "texts."[44]

Jeff Lewis summarized much of the work on textuality and textual analysis in his cultural studies textbook and a post-9/11
monograph on media and terrorism.[45] According to Lewis, 'textual studies' use complex and difficult heuristic methods and
require both powerful interpretive skills and a subtle conception of politics and contexts. The task of the cultural analyst, for
Lewis, is to engage with both knowledge systems and texts, and observe and analyse the ways the two interact with one another.
This engagement represents the critical dimensions of the analysis, its capacity to illuminate the hierarchies within and
surrounding the given text and its discourses.

Academic reception
Cultural studies has evolved through the confluence of various disciplines—anthropology, media and communication studies,
literary studies, education, geography, philosophy, sociology, politics and others. While some have accused certain areas of
cultural studies of meandering into political relativism and a kind of empty version of "postmodern" analysis, others hold that at
its core, cultural studies provides a significant conceptual and methodological framework for cultural, social and economic
critique. This critique is designed to "deconstruct" the meanings and assumptions that are inscribed in the institutions, texts and
practices that work with and through, and produce and re-present, culture.[46] Thus, while some scholars and disciplines like to
dismiss cultural studies for its methodological openness and rejection of disciplinarity, its core strategies of critique and analysis
have had a profound influence throughout areas of the social sciences and humanities. Cultural studies work on forms of social
differentiation, control and inequality, identity, community-building, media, and knowledge production, for example, has had a
substantial impact. Moreover, the influence of cultural studies has become increasingly evident in areas as diverse as translation
studies, health studies, international relations, development studies, computer studies, economics, archaeology, and neurobiology,
as well as across the range of disciplines that initially shaped the emergence of cultural studies, including literature, sociology,
communication studies, and anthropology.

Cultural studies has also diversified its own interests and methodologies, incorporating a range of studies on media policy,
democracy, design, leisure, tourism, warfare and development. While certain key concepts such as ideology or discourse, class,
hegemony, identity and gender remain significant, cultural studies has long engaged with and integrated new concepts and
approaches such as deconstruction and postmodernism. The field thus continues to pursue political critique through its
engagements with the forces of culture and politics.[47]

The Blackwell Companion to Cultural Studies, edited by leading cultural studies scholar Toby Miller, contains essays that
analyze the development of cultural studies approaches within each of a wide range of disciplines across the contemporary social
sciences and humanities.[48]

Literary scholars
Many cultural studies practitioners work in departments of English or Comparative Literature. Nevertheless, some traditional
literary scholars such as Yale professor Harold Bloom have been outspoken critics of cultural studies. On the level of
methodology, these scholars dispute the theoretical underpinning of the movement's critical framework.

Bloom stated his position during the September 3, 2000 episode of C-SPAN's Booknotes, while discussing his book How to Read
and Why:

[T]here are two enemies of reading now in the world, not just in the English-speaking world. One [is] the lunatic
destruction of literary studies...and its replacement by what is called cultural studies in all of the universities and
colleges in the English-speaking world, and everyone knows what that phenomenon is. I mean, the...now-weary
phrase 'political correctness' remains a perfectly good descriptive phrase for what has gone on and is, alas, still
going on almost everywhere and which dominates, I would say, rather more than three-fifths of the tenured
faculties in the English-speaking world, who really do represent a treason of the intellectuals, I think, a 'betrayal
of the clerks'."[49]

Marxist literary critic Terry Eagleton is not wholly opposed to cultural studies, but has criticised aspects of it and highlighted
what he sees as its strengths and weaknesses in books such as After Theory (2003). For Eagleton, literary and cultural theory have
the potential to say important things about the "fundamental questions" in life, but theorists have rarely realized this potential.

Sociologists
Cultural studies has also had a substantial impact on sociology. For example, when Stuart Hall left CCCS at Birmingham, it was
to accept a prestigious professorship in Sociology at the Open University in Britain. The subfield of cultural sociology, in
particular, is disciplinary home to many cultural studies practitioners. Nevertheless, there are some differences between sociology
as a discipline and the field of cultural studies as a whole. While sociology was founded upon various historic works purposefully
distinguishing the subject from philosophy or psychology, cultural studies has explicitly interrogated and criticized traditional
understandings and practices of disciplinarity. Most CS practitioners think it is best that cultural studies neither emulate
disciplines nor aspire to disciplinarity for cultural studies. Rather, they promote a kind of radical interdisciplinarity as the basis
for cultural studies.
One sociologist whose work has had a major influence upon cultural studies is Pierre Bourdieu. Bourdieu's work makes
innovative use of statistics and in-depth interviews.[50][51] However, although Bourdieu's work has been highly influential within
cultural studies, and although Bourdieu regarded his work as a form of science, cultural studies has never embraced the idea that
it should aspire toward "scientificity," and has marshalled a wide range of theoretical and methodological arguments against the
fetishization of "scientificity" as a basis for cultural studies.

Two sociologists who have been critical of cultural studies, Chris Rojek and Bryan S. Turner, argue in their article, "Decorative
sociology: towards a critique of the cultural turn", that cultural studies, particularly the flavor championed by Stuart Hall, lacks a
stable research agenda, and privileges the contemporary reading of texts, thus producing an ahistorical theoretical focus. Many,
however, would argue, following Hall, that cultural studies has always sought to avoid the establishment of a fixed research
agenda; this follows from its critique of disciplinarity. Moreover, Hall and many others have long argued against the
misunderstanding that textual analysis is the sole methodology of cultural studies, and have practiced numerous other approaches,
as noted above. Rojek and Turner also level the accusation that there is "a sense of moral superiority about the correctness of the
political views articulated" in cultural studies[52]

Physicist Alan Sokal

In 1996, physicist Alan Sokal expressed his opposition to cultural studies by submitting a hoax article to a cultural studies
journal, Social Text. The article, which was crafted as a parody of what Sokal referred to as the "fashionable nonsense" of
postmodernism, was accepted by the editors of the journal, which did not at the time practice peer review. When the paper
appeared in print, Sokal published a second article in a self-described "academic gossip" magazine, Lingua Franca, revealing his
hoax on Social Text. Sokal stated that his motivation stemmed from his rejection of contemporary critiques of scientific
rationalism:

"Politically, I'm angered because most (though not all) of this silliness is emanating from the self-proclaimed Left.
We're witnessing here a profound historical volte-face. For most of the past two centuries, the Left has been
identified with science and against obscurantism; we have believed that rational thought and the fearless analysis
of objective reality (both natural and social) are incisive tools for combating the mystifications promoted by the
powerful -- not to mention being desirable human ends in their own right. The recent turn of many "progressive"
or "leftist" academic humanists and social scientists toward one or another form of epistemic relativism betrays
this worthy heritage and undermines the already fragile prospects for progressive social critique. Theorizing about
"the social construction of reality" won't help us find an effective treatment for AIDS or devise strategies for
preventing global warming. Nor can we combat false ideas in history, sociology, economics and politics if we
reject the notions of truth and falsity."[53]

Founding works
Hall and others have identified some core originating texts, or the original "curriculum", of the field of cultural studies:

Richard Hoggart's The Uses of Literacy

Raymond Williams' Culture and Society and The Long Revolution[54]
E. P. Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class.

See also

Fields and theories

 Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
Comparative cultural studies
Critical theory
Cross-cultural studies
Cultural analytics
Cultural anthropology
Cultural assimilation
Cultural consensus theory
Cultural critic
Cultural geography
Cultural hegemony
Cultural heritage
Cultural history
Cultural identity theory
Cultural imperialism
Cultural materialism
Cultural practice
Cultural psychology
Cultural rights
Cultureme
Culturology
Discourse analysis
Dystopia
Gender studies
Heritage studies
Literary criticism
Literary theory
Media culture
Media studies
Organizational culture
Physical cultural studies
Popular culture studies
Postcolonialism
Postcritique
Queer theory
Semiotics of culture
Social criticism
Social semiotics
Social theory
Sociology of culture
Translation studies
Utopian and dystopian fiction
Visual culture

Associations
Association for Cultural Typhoon, Japan
The Canadian Association for Cultural Studies
Cultural Studies Association of Australasia[55]
Cultural Studies Association, Taiwan
Cultural Studies Association, Turkey
Cultural Studies Association, US
 ECREA – European Communication Research and Education Association, Norway
IBACS, Iberian Association of Cultural Studies, Spain
Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Society, Taiwan
International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies (IATIS), South Korea
International Society for Cultural History, UK
Media, Communication and Cultural Studies Association, UK

Authors
Ackbar Abbas
Theodor W. Adorno
Giorgio Agamben
Sara Ahmed
Ien Ang
Arjun Appadurai
Marc Augé
Mikhail Bakhtin
Mieke Bal
Roland Barthes
Jean Baudrillard
Zygmunt Bauman
Tony Bennett
Lauren Berlant
Michael Bérubé
Homi K. Bhabha
Pierre Bourdieu
danah boyd
Peter Burke
Judith Butler
Angie Chabram-Dernersesian
Rey Chow
James Clifford
William E. Connolly
Tim Cresswell
Douglas Crimp
Jonathan Culler
Antonia Darder
Guy Debord
Michel de Certeau
Gilles Deleuze
Jacques Derrida
Richard Dyer
Michael Eric Dyson
Terry Eagleton
John Ellis
Arturo Escobar
Frantz Fanon
John Fiske
Hal Foster
Michel Foucault
Sarah Franklin
Paulo Freire
John Frow
Néstor García Canclini
J.K. Gibson-Graham
Paul Gilroy
Henry Giroux
Antonio Gramsci
Lawrence Grossberg
Elizabeth Grosz
Felix Guattari
Jürgen Habermas
Catherine Hall
Gary Hall
Stuart Hall
Donna Haraway
Michael Hardt
John Hartley
Dick Hebdige
Bob Hodge
Susan Hogan
Richard Hoggart
bell hooks
Max Horkheimer
Eva Illouz
Mizuko Ito
Luce Irigaray
Annamarie Jagose
Rosi Braidotti
Henry Jenkins
Douglas Kellner
Laura Kipnis
Henry Krips
Julia Kristeva
Ernesto Laclau
Scott Lash
Gilles Lipovetsky
Jean-François Lyotard
Herbert Marcuse
Hayden White
Jésus Martín-Barbero
Doreen Massey
Alan McKee
Angela McRobbie
Robert McRuer
Kobena Mercer
Toby Miller
Nicholas Mirzoeff
Chandra Talpade Mohanty
Chantal Mouffe
Meaghan Morris
Hamid Naficy
Antonio Negri
William Nericcio
 Griselda Pollock
Elspeth Probyn
Janice Radway
Jacques Ranciere
Eduardo Restrepo
Nelly Richard
Andrew Ross
Edward Said
Beatriz Sarlo
Saskia Sassen
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
Richard Sennett
Beverley Skeggs
Edward Soja
David Harvey
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Sara Suleri
Tiziana Terranova
E. P. Thompson
Tzvetan Todorov
Graeme Turner
Valentin Voloshinov
Catherine Walsh
Michael Warner
Cornel West
Raymond Williams
Paul Willis
Slavoj Žižek

Journals
Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities
Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies
Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies
Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies
Critical Studies in Media Communication
Cultura
Cultural Critique
Cultural Studies
Cultural Studies <=> Critical Methodologies
Cultural Studies of Science Education
Cultural Studies Review
Culture Machine
differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies
European Journal of Cultural Studies
French Cultural Studies
Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power
Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
International Journal of Cultural Studies
Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies
Journal of African Cultural Studies
 Journal of Intercultural Studies
Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies
Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies
New Formations
Parallax
Portuguese Cultural Studies (http://scholarworks.umass.edu/p/)
Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies (PLCS) (http://www.portstudies.umassd.edu/plcs/)
Public Culture
Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cultural Studies
Social Text
Space and Culture
Theory, Culture & Society
Topia: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies

Notes
1. "Cultural studies" is not synonymous with either "area studies" or "ethnic studies," although there are many
cultural studies practitioners working in both area studies and ethnic studies programs and professional
associations (e.g. American studies, Asian studies, African-American studies, Latina/o Studies, European
studies, Latin American studies, etc.).
2. "cultural studies | interdisciplinary field" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/cultural-studies). Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
3. Pain, R. and Smith, S. eds., 2008. Fear: Critical geopolitics and everyday life. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
4. Bérubé, Michael (2009), "What's the Matter with Cultural Studies?" (http://chronicle.com/article/Whats-the-Matter-
With/48334), The Chronicle of Higher Education.
5. "Cultural Studies Associations, Networks and Programs" (http://cultstud.org/index.php?s=resources), extensive,
but incomplete, list of associations, networks and programs as found on the website for the Association of
Cultural Studies, Tampere, Finland.
6. Sardar, Ziauddin and Van Loon, Borin (1994). Introducing Cultural Studies. New York: Totem Books
7. Dworkin, Dennis. Cultural Marxism in Post-War Britain: History, the New Left, and the Origins of Cultural Studies
(Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997), p. 116.
8. see also Corner, John (1991), "Postscript: Studying Culture—Reflections and Assessment: An Interview with
Richard Hoggart." Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 13, No. 2, April.
9. "About the Birmingham CCCS - University of Birmingham" (http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/historycultures/
departments/history/research/projects/cccs/about.aspx). www.birmingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
10. Ioan Davies, "British Cultural Marxism," International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 4(3) (1991): 323-
344, p. 328.
11. Richard Hoggart, An Idea and Its Servants: UNESCO from Within. Newark, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2011.
12. Morley & Chen (eds.) (1996). Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. London: Routledge.
13. Gilroy, Grossberg and McRobbie (eds.) (2000). Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall. London: Verso.
14. Webster, Frank (2004). "Cultural Studies and Sociology at, and After, the Closure of the Birmingham School".
Cultural Studies. 18 (6): 848.
15. Curtis, Polly (2002), "Birmingham's cultural studies department given the chop" (http://education.guardian.co.uk/h
igher/socialsciences/story/0,,745058,00.html), The Guardian.
16. Turner, Graeme (2003). British Cultural Studies: An Introduction (Third ed.). London: Routledge.
17. Hartley, John (2003). A Short History of Cultural Studies. London: Sage.
18. Hall 1980
19. Hall, Critcher, Jefferson, Clarke & Roberts (1978). Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order.
New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc.
20. Hall, Stuart (1988). The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left. London: Verso.
21. Hall & Jacques (eds.) (1991). New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s. London: Verso.
22. Storey, John (1996). "What is Cultural Studies?" (https://uniteyouthdublin.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/john_store
y_what_is_cultural_studies_a_readerbookzz-org.pdf) (PDF).
23. Abbas & Erni (eds.) (2005). Internationalizing Cultural Studies: An Anthology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
24. Lindlof & Taylor, 2002, p. 60.
25. Grossberg, Nelson & Treichler 1992
26. Warren & Vavrus (eds.) (2002). American Cultural Studies. Urbana Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
27. Hartley & Pearson (eds.) (2000). American Cultural Studies: A Reader. Oxford University Press.
28. Frow & Morris (eds.) (1993). Australian Cultural Studies: A Reader. Urbana Champaign, IL: University of Illinois
Press.
29. Turner (ed.), Graeme (1993). Nation, Culture, Text: Australian Cultural and Media Studies. London: Routledge.
30. Sarto, Ríos & Trigo (eds.) (2004). The Latin American Cultural Studies Reader. Durham, NC: Duke University
Press.
31. Irwin & Szurmuck (eds.) (2012). Dictionary of Latin American Cultural Studies. Gainesville: University Press of
Florida.
32. Ahrens, Johannes; Beer, Raphael; Bittlingmayer, Uwe H.; Gerdes, Jürgen (10 February 2011). Normativität: Über
die Hintergründe sozialwissenschaftlicher Theoriebildung (https://books.google.de/books?id=GEkqO--HndgC&pg
=PA314&lpg=PA314&dq=cultural+studies+in+deutschen+Kontext&source=bl&ots=MGHZhanE3M&sig=QHeWMp
6GMLv_WNbX3evkxYhTGcY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2756p493QAhUGtRQKHRQSDxgQ6AEIHTAA#v=on
epage&q=cultural%20studies%20in%20deutschen%20Kontext&f=false) (in German). Springer-Verlag.
ISBN 9783531930107.
33. Chen & Huat (eds.) (2007). The Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
34. Hall, Stuart (June 1986). "Gramsci's Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity". Journal of Communication
Inquiry. 10 (2): 5–27. doi:10.1177/019685998601000202 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019685998601000202).
35. Lash 2007, pp. 68–69
36. Edgar & Sedgewick, 165.
37. Giddens, Anthony (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Malden, MA: Polity
Press.
38. Guins & Cruz (eds.) (2005). Popular Culture: A Reader. London: Sage. p. 67.
39. Grossberg, Lawrence (2010). Cultural Studies in the Future Tense. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
40. Butler, Judith (1997). "Further Reflections on Conversations of Our Time". Diacritics. 27 (1).
41. Appadurai, Arjun (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
42. Gilbert, Jeremy (2008). "Against the Commodification of Everything". Cultural Studies. 22 (5).
43. Bakhtin, Mikhail 1981. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin, TX: UT Press, p. 4.
44. Fiske, Hodge and Turner (1987). Myths of Oz: Reading Australian Popular Culture. Allen & Unwin: Boston.
45. Jeff Lewis (2008) Cultural Studies, Sage, London; Jeff Lewis, (2005) Language Wars: The Role of Media and
Culture in Global Terror and Political Violence, Pluto, London.
46. Lewis 2008
47. During 2007
48. Miller 2006, p. index
49. "How to Read and Why" (https://www.c-span.org/video/?157968-1/read). C-SPAN. 3 September 2000. Retrieved
19 April 2017.
50. Richard Harker, Cheleen Mahar, Chris Wilkes (eds), An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Theory
of Practice. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1990, pp. 68-71.
51. Bourdieu, Pierre (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
52. Rojek, Chris, and Bryan Turner, "Decorative sociology: towards a critique of the cultural turn." The Sociological
Review 48.4 (2000): 629-648.
53. "A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies" (http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingu
a_franca_v4.html), Alan Sokal, English translation of article from Lingua Franca, 1996. Physics.nyu.edu.
54. Hall 1980
55. "About" (http://www.csaa.asn.au/about/index.shtml). Cultural Studies Association of Australasia. Retrieved
29 September 2015.

References
Du Gay, Paul, et al. Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. Culture, Media and Identities.
London ; Thousand Oaks Calif.: Sage in association with The Open University, 1997.
During, Simon (2007). The Cultural Studies Reader (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-37412-5.
Edgar, Andrew and Peter Sedgwick. 2005. Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. 2nd edition. NY: Routledge.
Engel, Manfred: "Cultural and Literary Studies". Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 31 (2008): 460-467.
Grossberg, Lawrence; Nelson, Cary; Treichler, Paula A., eds. (1992). Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge.
ISBN 0-415-90351-3.
Hall, Stuart, ed. (1980). Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-1979. London:
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09-142070-9.
Hall, Stuart. "Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms." Media, Culture, and Society 2 (1980).
Hall, Stuart. "Race, Culture, and Communications: Looking Backward and Forward at Cultural Studies."
Rethinking Marxism 5.1 (1992): 10-18.
Hoggart, Richard. The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working Class Life (Chatto and Windus, 1957). ISBN 0-7011-
0763-4
Johnson, Richard. "What Is Cultural Studies Anyway?" Social Text 16 (1986–87): 38-80.
Johnson, Richard. "Multiplying Methods: From Pluralism to Combination." Practice of Cultural Studies. London;
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2004. 26-43.
Johnson, Richard. "Post-Hegemony? I Don't Think So" Theory, Culture and Society. 24(3): 95-110.
Lash, Scott (May 2007). "Power After Hegemony: Cultural Studies in Mutation?". Theory, Culture & Society. 24
(3): 55–78. doi:10.1177/0263276407075956 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276407075956).
Lewis, Jeff (2008). Cultural Studies: The Basics (2nd ed.). London: Sage. ISBN 1-4129-2229-1.
Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative Communication Research Methods, 2nd edition. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Longhurst, Brian, Smith, Greg, Bagnall, Gaynor, Crawford, Garry and Michael Ogborn, Introducing Cultural
Studies, Second Edition, Pearson, London, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4
Miller, Toby, ed. (2006). A Companion to Cultural Studies. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 978-0-631-
21788-6.
Pollock, Griselda (ed.), Generations and Geographies: Critical Theories and Critical Practices in Feminism and
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Pollock, Griselda. Psychoanalysis and the Image. Boston and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.
Smith, Paul. Questioning Cultural Studies: An Interview with Paul Smith. 1994. MLG Institute for Culture and
Society at Trinity College. OSF1.gmu.edu (http://osf1.gmu.edu/~psmith5/interview1.html), 31 August 2005.
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External links
 CCCS publications (Annual Reports and Stencilled Occassional [sic] Papers) of the University of Birmingham (htt
p://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/historycultures/departments/history/research/projects/cccs/publications/index.
aspx)
"The Need for Cultural Studies: Resisting Intellectuals and Oppositional Public Spheres" (https://dalspace.library.
dal.ca/handle/10222/63139)
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture at Purdue University (https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/)

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