Permutations: Permutation

Permutations
CS311H: Discrete Mathematics I A permutation of a set of distinct objects is an ordered

arrangement of these objects
Permutations and Combinations I No object can be selected more than once
I Order of arrangement matters

Instructor: Işıl Dillig
I Example: S = {a, b, c}. What are the permutations of S ?
Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Permutations and Combinations 1/36 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Permutations and Combinations 2/36
How Many Permutations? Examples
I Consider set S = {a1 , a2 , . . . an }
I I Consider the set {7, 10, 23, 4}. How many permutations?
How many permutations of S are there?
I Decompose using product rule: I How many permutations of letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G contain

”ABC” as a substring?
I How many ways to choose first element?
I
I How many ways to choose second element?
I
I ...
I
I How many ways to choose last element?
I What is number of permutations of set S ?
r -Permutations Computing P (n, r )
I Given a set with n elements, what is P (n, r )?

I r-permutation is ordered arrangment of r elements in a set S
I Decompose using product rule:
I S can contain more than r elements I How many ways to pick first element?
I But we want arrangement containing r of the elements in S I How many ways to pick second element?
I The number of r-permutations in a set with n elements is I How many ways to pick i ’th element?
written P (n, r )
I How many ways to pick last element?
I Example: What is P (n, n)?
I n!
Thus, P (n, r ) = n · (n − 1) . . . · (n − r + 1) = (n−r )!
1
Examples Combinations
I What is the number of 2-permutations of set {a, b, c, d , e}?
I
I An r-combination of set S is the unordered selection of r
I How many ways to select first-prize winner, second-prize elements from that set
winner, third-prize winner from 10 people in a contest? I Unlike permutations, order does not matter in combinations
I
I Example: What are 2-combinations of the set {a, b, c}?
I Salesman must visit 4 cities from list of 10 cities: Must begin
I For this set, 6 2-permutations, but only 3 2-combinations
in Chicago, but can choose the remaining cities and order.
I How many possible itinerary choices are there?
Number of r -combinations Proof of Theorem

I What is the relationship between P (n, r ) and C (n, r )?
I The number of r -combinations of a set with n elements is
written C (n, r ) I Let’s decompose P (n, r ) using product rule:
I First choose r elements
n
I C (n, r ) is often also written as , read ”n choose r”
r I Then, order these r elements

n I How many ways to choose r elements from n?
I is also called the binomial coefficient
r
I How many ways to order r elements?
I Theorem:
I Thus, P (n, r ) = C (n, r ) ∗ r !
n n!
C (n, r ) = =
r r ! · (n − r )! I Therefore,
P (n, r ) n!
C (n, r ) = =
r! (n − r )! · r !
Examples More Complicated Example
I How many hands of 5 cards can be dealt from a standard I How many bitstrings of length 8 contain at least 6 ones?
deck of 52 cards?
I
I
I
I There are 9 faculty members in a math department, and 11 in
CS department. I
I If we must select 3 math and 4 CS faculty for a committee, I

how many ways are there to form this committee?
I
I
2
One More Example Binomial Coefficients
I How many bitstrings of length 8 contain at least 3 ones and 3

zeros? n
I Recall: C (n, r ) is also denoted as and is called the
r
I binomial coefficient
I I Binomial is polynomial with two terms, e.g., (a + b), (a + b)2

I n
I called binomial coefficient b/c it occurs as
r
I coefficients in the expansion of (a + b)n
An Example The Binomial Theorem
I Consider expansion of (a + b)3
I (a + b)3 = (a + b)(a + b)(a + b)

I Let x , y be variables and n a non-negative integer. Then,
I = (a 2 + 2ab + b 2 )(a + b) n
X
n
(x + y)n = x n−j y j
I = (a 3 + 2a 2 b + ab 2 ) + (a 2 b + 2ab 2 + b 3 ) j
j =0
I = 1a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + 1b 3 I What is the expansion of (x + y)4 ?
1 3 3 1
Another Example Corollary of Binomial Theorem
I What is the coefficient of x 12 y 13 in the expansion of I Binomial theorem allows showing a bunch of useful results.
(2x − 3y)25 ?
P
n n
I
I Corollary: = 2n
k =0 k
I I
I I
3
Another Corollary Pascal’s Triangle

P
n n
I Corollary: (−1)k =0
k =0 k
I Pascal arranged binomial coefficients as a triangle

I
n
n’th row consists of for k = 0, 1, . . . n
k
Proof of Pascal’s Identity Proof of Pascal’s Identity, cont.

n +1 n n
= +
k k −1 k
n n k · n! + (n − k + 1)n!
+ =
k −1 k (k )!(n − k + 1)!
I This identity is known as Pascal’s identity
I Factor the numerator:

I Proof:

n! n! n n (n + 1) · n! (n + 1)!
n n + = =
+ = + k −1 k (k )!(n − k + 1)! k ! · (n − k + 1)!
k −1 k (k − 1)!(n − k + 1)! (k )!(n − k )!

I Multiply first fraction by k
and second by n−k +1
I
n +1
k n−k +1 : But this is exactly
k

n n k · n! + (n − k + 1)n!
+ =
k −1 k (k )!(n − k + 1)!
Interesting Facts about Pascal’s Triangle Some Fun Facts about Pascal’s Triangle, cont.
I What is the sum of numbers in n’th row in Pascal’s triangle

(starting at n = 0)? I Pascal’s triangle is perfectly symmetric
I Observe: This is exactly the corollary we proved earlier! I Numbers on left are mirror image of numbers on right
Xn
n I Why is this the case?
= 2n
k
k =0
4
Permutations with Repetitions General Formula for Permutations with Repetition
I Earlier, when we defined permutations, we only allowed each

object to be used once in the arrangement
I P ∗ (n, r ) denotes number of r-permutations with repetition
I
from set with n elements
But sometimes makes sense to use an object multiple times
I
I What is P ∗ (n, r )?
Example: How many strings of length 4 can be formed using
letters in English alphabet?
I How many ways to assign 3 jobs to 6 employees if every
I
employee can be given more than one job?
Since string can contain same letter multiple times, we want
to allow repetition!
I How many different 3-digit numbers can be formed from
I
1, 2, 3, 4, 5?
A permutation with repetition of a set of objects is an ordered
arrangement of these objects, where each object may be used
more than once
Combinations with Repetition Example

I Combinations help us to answer the question ”In how many
ways can we choose r objects from n objects?” I An ice cream dessert consists of three scoops of ice cream
I Now, consider the slightly different question: ”In how many I Each scoop can be one of the flavors: chocolate, vanilla, mint,
ways can we choose r objects from n kinds of objects?
lemon, raspberry
I These questions are quite different:
I In how many different ways can you pick your dessert?
I For first question, once we pick one of the n objects, we I Example of combination with repetition: ”In how many ways
cannot pick the same object again
can we pick 3 objects from 5 kinds of objects?”
I For second question, once we pick one of the n kinds of
I Caveat: Despite looking deceptively simple, quite difficult to
objects, we can pick the same type of object again!
figure this out (at least for me...)
I Combination with repetition allows answering the latter type
of question!
Example, cont. Example, cont.
C V M R L
C V M R L I Let’s look at some selections and their representation:

I 3 scoops of chocolate: ◦ ◦ ◦ →→→→
I 1 vanilla, 1 raspberry, 1 lemon: → ◦ →→ ◦ → ◦

I To solve problem, imagine we have ice cream in boxes.
I 2 mint, 1 raspberry: →→ ◦◦ → ◦ →
I We start with leftmost box, and proceed towards right.
I Invariant: r circles and n − 1 arrows (here, r = 3, n = 5)
I At every box, you can take 0-3 scoops, and then move to next.
I Our question is equivalent to: ”In how many ways can we
I Denote taking a scoop by ◦ and moving to next box by →
arrange r circles and n − 1 arrows?”
5
Result Example 1
I We’ll denote the number of ways to choose r objects from n

kinds of objects C ∗ (n, r ):
I Suppose there is a bowl containing apples, oranges, and pears
n +r −1
C ∗ (n, r ) =
r I There is at least four of each type of fruit in the bowl
I Example: In how many ways can we choose 3 scoops of ice I How many ways to select four pieces of fruit from this bowl?
cream from 5 different flavors?
I
I Here, r = 3 and n = 5. Thus:

7 7!
= = 35
3 3! · 4!
Example 2 Example 3
I Consider a cash box containing $1 bills, $2 bills, $5 bills, $10

I Assuming x1 , x2 , x3 are non-negative integers, how many
bills, $20 bills, $50 bills, and $100 bills
solutions does x1 + x2 + x3 = 11 have?
I There is at least five of each type of bill in the box
I
I How many ways are there to select 5 bills from this cash box?
I
I
Example 4 Summary of Different Permuations and Combinations
Order matters? Question: How many ways to pick r objects from . . .

I
n objects n types of objects
Suppose x1 , x2 , x3 are integers s.t. x1 ≥ 1, x2 ≥ 2, x3 ≥ 3.
Permutation Permutation w/ repetition
I Then, how many solutions does x1 + x2 + x3 = 11 have? Yes
n!
P (n, r ) = (n−r )! P ∗ (n, r ) = n r
I
I Combination Combination w/ repetition

No
I n! (n+r −1)!
C (n, r ) = r !·(n−r )! C ∗ (n, r ) = r !·(n−1)!

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Permutations

CS311H: Discrete Mathematics I A permutation of a set of distinct objects is an ordered

I Order of arrangement matters

How Many Permutations? Examples

I Consider set S = {a1 , a2 , . . . an }

I Decompose using product rule: I How many permutations of letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G contain

I What is number of permutations of set S ?

r -Permutations Computing P (n, r )

I Given a set with n elements, what is P (n, r )?

I How many possible itinerary choices are there?

Number of r -combinations Proof of Theorem

Examples More Complicated Example

I If we must select 3 math and 4 CS faculty for a committee, I

I How many bitstrings of length 8 contain at least 3 ones and 3  

I I Binomial is polynomial with two terms, e.g., (a + b), (a + b)2

An Example The Binomial Theorem

I Consider expansion of (a + b)3

I (a + b)3 = (a + b)(a + b)(a + b)

I = 1a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + 1b 3 I What is the expansion of (x + y)4 ?

Another Example Corollary of Binomial Theorem

I Pascal arranged binomial coefficients as a triangle

Proof of Pascal’s Identity Proof of Pascal’s Identity, cont.

I Factor the numerator:

I What is the sum of numbers in n’th row in Pascal’s triangle

I Earlier, when we defined permutations, we only allowed each

Combinations with Repetition Example

Example, cont. Example, cont.

C V M R L I Let’s look at some selections and their representation:

I 1 vanilla, 1 raspberry, 1 lemon: → ◦ →→ ◦ → ◦

I We’ll denote the number of ways to choose r objects from n

I Consider a cash box containing $1 bills, $2 bills, $5 bills, $10

Example 4 Summary of Different Permuations and Combinations

Order matters? Question: How many ways to pick r objects from . . .

I Combination Combination w/ repetition

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I How many bitstrings of length 8 contain at least 3 ones and 3