BACHELOR OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WITH HONOURS (BHRM)

<SEMESTER / TAHUN >

SBST1303

ELEMENTARY STATISTIC

NO. MATRIKULASI :
NO. KAD PENGNEALAN :
NO. TELEFON :
E-MEL :

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN :
QUESTION 1

Favorite subject /
Girls/ Boys/
Subjek Total
Perempuan Lelaki
kegemaran
Mathematics/
10 15 25
Matematik
Science/
5 10 15
Sains
Languages/
15 5 20
Bahasa
Arts 20 10 30

Table 1.1: Students Favourite Subject at a College

a) A bar chart based on favorite subject.

Students Favourite Subject at a College

35
30
30
25
25
20
Frequency

20
15
15

10

0
Mathematic Science Languange Arts

Figure 1: Bar Chart for Students Favourite Subject at a College

The Figure 1 is the bar chart of Students favorite subject at a college. As can be seen,
the bar for the “Arts” subject shows the highest subject that selected by the students as
their favorite subject.
 b) Multiple bar chart (in percentage) and comparison for each favorite subject
between two genders.

Favourite subject / Girls/ Boys/

Subjek kegemaran Perempuan Lelaki
Mathematics/ 10 15
Matematik
Science/ 5 10
Sains
Languages/ 15 5
Bahasa
Arts 20 10
Total 50 40

Table 1.2: Students Favourite Subject at a College between Genders

For the purpose of comparison, the frequency for the two set data is converted to
percentage as the two data set are not equal, as shown in Table 3.

Favourite subject / Girls / Perempuan Boys / Lelaki

Subjek Kegemaran (%) (%)
Mathematics /
20 37.5
Matematik
Science/
10 25
Sains
Languages/
30 12.5
Bahasa
Arts/
40 25
Seni
Total 100 100

Table 1.3: Relative Frequency for percentage of Students Favourite Subject at a College between Genders
 Relative Frequency of Students Favourite
Subject at a College
Relative Frequency of Students (%) 45 40
40 37.5
35 30
30 25 25
25 20
20
15 12.5
10
10
5
0
Mathematics Science Languanges Arts
Subjects

Girls Boys

Figure 1.2 Multiple Bar chart for Percentage of Students Favourite Subject at a College between genders

As shown in Figure 1.2, we can compare the favourite subject among students between genders
at a college. We can observe that 37.5% of male (boys) students chose mathematics as their
favourite subject while only 20% of female (girls) students choose mathematic. However 40%
of female students choose Arts as their favourite subject, for male students only 25% of them.
Besides, we can see that for science subject, most of them is male students (25%) while female
students only 10%. Opposite with language subject, most of them is female students (30%)
while the male students is only 12.5%.
QUESTION 2
Data in Table 2 represents the lifespan (in year) for a sample of 36 industrial
machines.

4.1 5.2 2.8 4.9 5.6 4.0 4.1 4.3 5.4

4.5 6.1 3.7 2.3 4.5 4.9 5.6 4.3 3.9

3.2 5.0 4.8 3.7 4.6 5.5 1.8 5.1 4.2

6.3 3.3 5.8 4.4 4.8 3.0 4.3 4.7 5.1

Table 2 Table of Lifespan (year) for 36 Industrial Machines

Based on the data,

a) Frequency distribution.

The class width is 0.8. Let 1.8 be the lower limit of the first class, then the lower the
lower limit of the second class is (1.8 + 0.8) = 2.6.

The upper limit of the first class will 0.1 less than lower limit of the second class
because of the decimal places data set.

Lower limit – Upper Limit Class Frequency

1st class Start with 1.8 1.8 – 2.5 2
2nd class + class width 2.6 – 3.3 4
rd
3 class 3.4 3.4 – 4.1 6
4th class 4.2 4.2 – 4.9 13
th
5 class 5.0 5.0 – 5.7 8
th
6 class 5.8 5.8 – 6.5 3

Table 2.1: Frequency Distribution of the Lifespan (Year) for the 36 Industrial Machines

Table 2.2 shows the actual frequency distribution table of Lifespan for 36 Industrial
Machines as per details below:

Class 1.8 – 2.5 2.6 – 3.3 3.4 – 4.1 4.2 – 4.9 5.0 – 5.7 5.8 – 6.5
Frequency 2 4 6 13 8 3

Table 2.2: Frequency Distribution Table of Lifespan (year) for 36 Industrial Machines
b) Histogram

Histogram is another pictorial of presentation but it is only for quantitative data. Table
2.3 provides data and the Figure 2 shows the constructed histogram.

Class Lower Limit Upper Limit Frequency

1.8 – 2.5 1.8 2.5 2
2.6 – 3.3 2.6 3.3 4
3.4 – 4.1 3.4 4.1 6
4.2 – 4.9 4.2 4.9 13
5.0 – 5.7 5.0 5.7 8
5.8 – 6.5 5.8 6.5 3

Table 2.3 The Lower and Upper Limit of Lifespan (year) for 36 Industrial Machines

Histogram
14
12
10
Frequency

8
6
4
2
0
1.8-2.5 2.6-3.3 3.4-4.1 4.2-4.9 5.0-5.7 5.8-6.5
Class

Figure 2 Histogram of Frequency Distribution for Lifespan (year) for 36 Industrial Machines
b) Frequency Polygon

Table 2.4 shows the class mid-points and frequencies of Lifespan (year) for 36
Industrial Machines.

Class Midpoint Frequency

1.8 – 2.5 2.15 2
2.6 – 3.3 2.95 4
3.4 – 4.1 3.75 6
4.2 – 4.9 4.55 13
5.0 – 5.7 5.35 8
5.8 – 6.5 6.15 3

Table 2.4 Class mid-points of Lifespan (year) for 36 Industrial Machines

Frequency Polygon
14
13
12

10
Frequency

8 8

6 6

4 4
3
2 2

0
2.15 2.95 3.75 4.55 5.35 6.15
Midpoints

Figure 2.1 Frequency Polygon of Lifespan (year) for 36 Industrial Machines

c) The mode class of the distribution.

1.8 2.3 2.8 3 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.9

4 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5
4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 5 5.1
5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.3

Since number 4.3 occurs three times (the highest frequency), therefore the mode class
of the distribution is 4.3.
QUESTION 3

40 35 29 43 41

32 30 38 25 38

Table 3

Refer to the data in the Table 3 above:

a) Mean
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ...+ 𝑥𝑛
𝑥=
𝑛
40+35+29+43+41+32+30+38+25+38
𝑥=
10
351
𝑥=
10

𝑥 = 3.51

b) Mode
25, 29, 30, 32, 35, 38, 38, 40, 41, 43
Since number 38 occurs two times (the highest frequency), therefore the mode is 38.

c) Median
1
𝑥̃ = (n+1)
2
1
𝑥̃ = (10+1) = 5.5. This position is at the middle, between 5th and 6th position.
2

25, 29, 30, 32, 35, 38, 38, 40, 41, 43

Median

35+38
Therefore, the median is = 36.5
2
d) Interquartile range

40, 35, 29, 43, 41, 32, 30, 38, 25, 38

𝑟
𝑄𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (n+1)
4

1
𝑄1 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (10+1) = 2.75 = 2 + 0.75
4

Q1 is positioned between 2nd and 3rd and it is 0.75 above the 2nd position.

2
𝑄2 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (10+1) = = 5.5 = 5 + 0.5
4

Q2 is positioned between 5th and 6th and it is 0.5 above the 5th position.

3
𝑄3 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (10+1) = = 8.25 = 8 + 0.25
4

Q3 is positioned between 8th and 9th and it is 0.25 above the 8th position.

Q1 Q2 Q3

25, 29, 30, 32, 35, 38, 38, 40, 41, 43 Ascending order

Q1 is positioned between 2nd and 3rd and it is 0.75 above the 2nd position.
⸫ Q1 = 29 + (0.75) (30-29) = 29.75

Q3 is positioned between 8th and 9th and it is 0.25 above the 8th position.
⸫ Q3 = 40 + (0.25) (41-40) = 40.25

IQR =|𝑄3 − 𝑄1 |
IQR = 40.25 – 29.75
IQR = 10.5
QUESTION 4
Consider the population all youngsters (age 18-22) in Malaysia and the following events:
F = “the youngster has a Facebook account”
T = “the youngster has a Twitter account”
The following information is the result of an extensive survey:
70% of all youngsters have a Facebook account, 40% has a Twitter account and 20% has
both.

a) Venn diagram for the population and the events.

Facebook Twitter

Figure 2 Venn diagram for the population of youngster who have Facebook and Twitter Account

b) The following:
i. The probability that a youngster has a Facebook or a Twitter account:
P (F) = 0.7
P (T) = 0.4
P (F ∩ T) = 0.2
P (F ∪ T) = P (F) + P (T) - P (F ∩ T)
= 0.7 + 0.4 – 0.2
= 0.9

ii. The probability that a youngster has a Facebook account only:

P (F ∩ TC) = P (F) - P (F ∩ T)
= 0.7 – 0.2
= 0.5
iii. The probability that a youngster has no Facebook nor a Twitter account:
P (FC ∩ TC) = P (F) - P (F ∪ T)C
= 1 - P (F ∪ T)
= 1 – 0.9
= 0.1

iv. The probability that a Facebook user has a Twitter account as well:
𝑃(𝑇 ∩ 𝐹)
𝑃(𝑇|𝐹) =
𝑃 (𝐹)
0.2
=
0.7
𝟐
=
𝟕

v. Are the events F and T independent?

T and F are independent if P (T ∩ F) = P(T)P(F)
P(T)P(F) = 0.7 (0.4)
= 0.28
P (T ∩ F) = 0.2
P (T ∩ F) ≠ P(T)P(F)
⸫ Therefore, T and F are not independent
In the mentioned survey, the researchers also indicated the youngster’s social status: 60% are
studying (event A) and 40% are not. The researchers reported furthermore that 80% of the
students used a smartphone (event B), and only 55% of the non-students used such a device.
Solve the following:

c) The probability that the youngster uses a smartphone.

P (A) = 0.6,
P (𝐵|𝐴) = 0.80
P (𝐵|𝐴𝐶 ) = 0.55
P (AC) = 0.4 (the probability of a non-student)
P (B) = P (A) P (𝐵|𝐴) + P (AC) P (𝐵|𝐴𝐶 )
= 0.6 (0.8) + 0.4 (0.55)
= 0.70

d) If a youngster having a smartphone, what is the probability he is studying?

Compare the answer to the 60% proportion of students in the population and
explain the difference.

𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏) 0.6×0.8

P (𝐴|𝐵) = = = 68.57%
𝑃 (𝐵) 0.7

0.80 Has Smartphone (B)

0.6 Students (A) Has no Smartphone (BC)

0.20
Youngster
0.55
0.4 Has smartphone (B)
Non Students (AC)

0.45 Has no smartphone (BC)

⸫ the proportion of students that use smartphone is larger than the proportion of students
in the population due to the fact that students nowadays use smartphones more often.
REFERENCE

Bluman, A. G. (1992). Elementary statistics: a step by step approach. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C.
Brown Publishers.

Open University Malaysia. (2016). SBST1303 Elementary Statistic (3rd ed.).