DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 6703 - WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

UNIT I

PART A

1. What are the two important standards for irrigation water? [N/D-16]

The important standard for Irrigation

a. Sodium and calcium dissolved in it

b. pH
c. Texture of soil and salts
d. Sensitivity of crops and drainage condition of soil

2. Define flood walls. [N/D-16]

A floodwall (or floodwall) is a primarily vertical artificial barrier designed to temporarily contain the waters
of a river or other waterway which may rise to unusual levels during seasonal or extreme weather
events. Flood walls are mainly used on locations where space is scarce, such as cities or where
building levees or dikes (dykes) would interfere with other interests, such as existing buildings,
historical architecture or commercial use of embankments.

3. .List out the various zones of storage in a reservoir. [M/J 16]

 Reservoir storage is divided into four zones, or pools. These include, from top to bottom,
 the flood-control zone, conservation zone, buffer zone and inactive zone.
 The conservation and buffer pools, together, constitute the reservoir's active storage.
 WEAP will ensure that the flood-control zone is always kept vacant, i.e., the volume of
water in the reservoir cannot exceed the top of the conservation pool

4. Write short notes on Global water resources survey? [N/D 15]

The world total water resources potential are estimated to be 1.37X108 million ha-m. Of
these global water resources about 97.2% is salt water, mainly in oceans and only 2.8% is
available as fresh water at any time on planet earth

5. What are all the investigations in project planning? [M/J 16]

 Explanatory Studies
 Feasibility studies
 Final studies

6. What are all the steps involved in project formulation? [M/J 16]
Defining boundary conditions
Defining project alternatives
Timing of alternatives

7. What are all the drawbacks in project planning? [N/D 15]

Unsound preliminary report
Inappropriate design criteria
Time lag in the construction and use of the project
Neglecting economic analysis of the project
Failure to consider all alternatives
Non-Consideration of the next best alternative

8. Differentiate b/w single and multipurpose reservoir. [N/D 13]

A single purpose reservoir is for a single purpose. e.g conservation or flood control.

They are constructed to store water during the period of high flow for use during periods of

drought when the demand is more due to depletion of natural water storage.

A multipurpose reservoir is a man-made lake which is managed for multiple purposes like

water supply, flood control ,soil erosion, environmental ,management ,Hydroelectric power

generation, navigation, recreation and Irrigation.

9. What are the different types of single purpose reservoirs? [N/D 13]
Depending upon the arrangement for releasing stored water, single purpose flood control reservoir may be
further sub-classified as

Retarding reservoir

Detention reservoir

PART B

1. Briefly state the various steps needed for planning an irrigation project List the various objectives of
water resources development in the context of the lesser developed countries. [N/D-16]

Water available in atmosphere, oceans, on land and within soil. Hydrological cycle main responsible for
this. water resources engineering concerned with utilization, control and quality management of water.
Development of water resources involve conception, planning, design, construction and operation
facilities to control and utilize water. Development of water resources a function of civil engineers.

Levels of planning

1. Local level

2. Regional level

3. State level

4. National level

5. International level

Water resources planning

1. Statement of objectives

2. Collection of data

3. Projections for future

4. Project formulation

5. Project evaluation

Statement of objectives

 Objective would be based on need of the region.

 For national govt. it may for achieving maximum economic and social benefits.
 For state govt. it may be to reduce flood damage.
 For village panchayats, it may be for water supply or irrigation purpose.

Collection of data

(A) General data

 Physical data- location, size, climate, history, population, etc.

 Hydrological data- precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, sediment, water quality,
etc.
 Geological data- explorations, geological formations, rock and soil type, ground water availability,
minerals, erosion, etc.
 Cartographic data- topographic and other maps of the area.
 Ecological data- vegetation, fish and wild life.
 Economical data- industry, transportation, market, tourism, recreation, land, etc.
 Legal data - water rights, pollution control, land zoning, land ownership, administrative pattern, etc.
 Public opinion data – opinions of public and politicians

(B) Special data

 Agricultural data- crop water requirements, climatic data, types of crops, etc.
 Municipal water supply data- drinking water needs, industrial water needs, quality of water, etc.
 Hydroelectric power data- existing and required capacities, alternative source of power, etc.
 Flood control data- record of past floods, extent of past flooding and damages, storm drainage
requirements, etc.
 Navigation data- present water traffic patterns, alternative means of transportation, etc.
 Recreation data- present recreational facilities, natural attraction, scenic data, etc.
 Fish and wild life data- types of fishes and wild life, biological data in respect of species and their
habits, protection requirements, etc.
 Pollution control data- existing waste discharge methods, location, time and character of waste,
water pollution regulation, quality standards, etc.

Projection of future

 Water resources project usually planned to meet future needs.

 Projections include future population growth, land use, water requirements for various uses, etc.
 Projection should be worked out with great care and caution, because unrealistic higher values
may lead to over design and excessive investments.
 Lower value may fail to fulfill the purpose of project, lead to shortage of water.
 So evaluation of future water demands should be based on realistic projections.

Project formulation

 It needs a lot of imagination and skill, only done by experienced planner.

 First step, to define boundary conditions which restrict water resource project.

 Physical limitation, e.g, no navigation in torrential mountain river.

 Limitations on available water

 Limited land areas

 Legal problems

 Next step to define alternative land use plans for each possible project units.

 Project units which serve no useful purpose should not included.

 Next is cataloging of possible project units.

 Project units along with alternatives indicated in catalouge.

Project evaluation

 Evaluation carried out to select alternative which is economically suitable.

 Best alternative consists of unit or combination of units which are economically most efficient.
 For economic evaluation benefits and cost data are collected.
 For selecting most efficient unit, fist step is to find out whether individual units are physically and
economically independent or not.
 For single purpose, independent project evaluation is relatively simple.
 Multipurpose independent unit more difficult.

2. What are the various water sources used for irrigation? How is the storage capacity of a large
reservoir fed by a river for a large irrigation project determined? [N/D-16]

Surface Water Sources

• Lakes

• Rivers

• Streams

• Drainage ditches

• Private ponds

Groundwater Sources

 Deep wells
 Shallow wells
 Shallow suction wells
 Horizontal suction wells

Reservoir Sizing Reservoir Sizing & Storage Yield

Mass Diagram

Sequent Peak Algorithm

 Annual demand for water at a particular site may be less than the total inflow, but the time distribution
of demand may not match the time distribution of inflows resulting in surplus in some periods and deficit
in some other periods.

A reservoir is a storage structure that stores water in periods of excess flow (over demand) in order to
enable a regulation of the storage to best meet the specified demands.

The problem of reservoir sizing involves determination of the required storage capacity of the reservoir
when inflows and demands in a sequence of periods are given.

Reservoir Sizing Reservoir Storage Capacity Components

Active storage used for downstream flow regulation and for water supply, recreational development or
hydropower production (for conservation purposes). Dead storage required for sediment collection z
Flood storage capacity reserved to reduce potential downstream flood damage during flood events.
Reservoir sizing studies are focused more on determination of Active Storage requirement. Inflows are
assumed to be deterministic .

Mass Diagram Method Developed by W. Ripple (1883).

It involves finding the maximum positive cumulative difference between a sequence of pre-specified
(desired) reservoir releases Rt and known inflows Qt . One can visualize this as starting with a full
reservoir, and going through a sequence of simulations in which the inflows and releases are added and
subtracted from that initial storage volume value. Doing this over two cycles of the record of inflows will
identify the maximum deficit volume associated with those inflows and releases. This is the required
reservoir storage.

Rippl’s Mass Diagram Method

Required reservoir storage for release rates are shown. Sum of all the desired releases should not
exceed the sum of all the inflows over the same sequence of time periods.
Sequent Peak Algorithm

Let Kt be the maximum total storage requirement needed for periods 1 through period t. As before, let
Rt be the required release in period t, and Qt be the inflow in that period. Setting K0 equal to 0, the
procedure involves calculating Kt using equation below for upto twice the total length of record. z The
maximum of all Kt is the required storage capacity for the specified releases Rt and inflows, Qt .

3. Compare Levees and flood walls. (M/J 15)

LEVEES AND FLOODWALLS

 d the building or may tie into high ground at each end.

If openings are left for the driveway and/or sidewalk, closures must be installed to seal these access
points prior to a flood.
Applicability
Because levees and floodwalls are located away from the structure or area to be protected, they provide
flood protection without altering the building.
Flood hazard:

floodwalls and six feet for levees (due to cost, aesthetics, access, water pressure, and space).

protection).
, which would cause as
much damage as if no protection were provided (or more).

prevent undermining of a floodwall.

of closures that require human intervention to install.

Site requirements:
manner that
results in damage to surrounding property.

small sites.

er under the
structure.

Building characteristics:
structure from surface water.

event collapse.

Access:

such as a ramp or stairway.

entrances and a mechanism for closing all such openings.

stallation,
the effectiveness of the flood protection system depends on the availability of a capable person who is
aware of the flood threat and has sufficient time to install closures and make certain they are properly
sealed.

Aesthetics:
d outlines of an earthen levee can be shaped to blend into the natural landscape.

utilizing decorative bricks or blocks (although this will generally increase the cost).

Regulations:
A levee or floodwall cannot be used to bring a substantially damaged or substantially improved structure
into compliance with current floodplain development standards.
Costs
ocal soil, levees may be less expensive than other flood
proofing options.

the site can be significant.

ter than that of levees.

Techniques Levees:

embankment slopes must be gentle (usually a ratio of one vertical to two or three horizontal) to
provide adequate stability and minimize erosion.

Floodwalls:
ted of solid concrete (alone or in combination with masonry). They
must be designed to withstand water pressure without overturning or displacement.
Closures:
ually
expensive) or manually operated flood gates, stop logs, or panels.
 ance is needed to make sure that sump pumps, valves, drain pipes, and closures
operate properly.
 4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Levees and Floodwalls (M/J 15)
Advantages
tion without
significant changes to the structure if the design flood level is not exceeded.

tructure.

Disadvantages

with floodplain development standards.

flow or in increased flood heights.

(or more).

adequate warning time.

ainage can be affected, possibly creating water problems for others.

to evacuate during floods.

5. Discuss the strategies for reservoir sedimentation (N/D 15), [M/J -16]

The flow in the river changes seasonally and from year to year, due to temporal and spatial variation in
precipitation.
 undantly during monsoon season becomes scarce during the non-
monsoon season, when it is most needed.

construction of storage reservoir on the river course.

period.

planning a reservoir or a group of reservoirs and to achieve

maximum benefits out of the storage created, it is imperative to evolve guidelines for operation of
reservoirs.
ive for which it was
planned and may also pose danger to the structure itself.

season.

FRL in the early stages of monsoon, to avoid the risk of reservoir remaining unfilled at later stage, there
may be problem of accommodating high floods occurring at later stage.

adoption of a plan that may not be economically the best.