Plume AQI: An Air Quality Index Aligned With Health Recommendations
Plume AQI: An Air Quality Index Aligned With Health Recommendations
Plume AQI: An Air Quality Index Aligned With Health Recommendations
Air pollution is a multifactorial and complex phenomenon spanning across multiple
pollutants, each one with specific impacts on health and specific concentration and
exposure thresholds. As a consequence, air pollution readings for the greater public are
usually expressed with Air Quality Indices (AQIs) rather than concentrations. Though this
should help boost understanding, we find that existing AQIs are not coherent with the
latest World Health Organisation (WHO) health recommendations. We therefore propose
a new AQI, the Plume Air Quality Index, covering 5 pollutants in line with WHO annual,
daily and hourly exposure guidelines.
1. Introduction
In the past few years, concern has been growing on air pollution. Air pollution is now
blamed for several phenomena, such as facial dark spots [1], premature births [2] and
asthma [3]. Governments and local authorities have responded by setting up monitoring
networks and making measurements available to the general public. Nowadays, most
countries in Europe and North America and several Asian countries do publish pollution
data but do not use the same scale when providing AQI readings. First, we detail why an
Air Quality Index is needed and review the existing ones. Then, we present the structure
of our proposed Air Quality Index, called the Plume Air Quality Index. We base the
thresholds on recommendations of the World Health Organisation (WHO). Finally, we
show how the Plume Index compares with other existing AQIs.
All pollutants do not have the same impacts on human health at the same
concentrations. As will be described below, some pollutants, such as benzene, are
carcinogenic even at very low concentrations (less than 1 µg/m3), while others, such as
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ozone only have strong effects at concentrations around 100 µg/m3. It would thus be
deceptive to compare concentrations of two different pollutants: what matters is their
effects on human health. That is why we need an Air Quality Index, based on health
recommendations.
- The number of pollutants taken into account : 3 for the Canadian AQI (Ozone,
Nitrogen and PM2.5) 5 for the British AQI (adding PM10 and sulfur dioxide), 6 for the
European, Chinese and American AQIs (adding CO) and even 8 pollutants in India
(with Ammonia and Lead);
- The number of categories : there are 6 categories for AQIs from India, China and
the United States, 5 categories for the European common AQI, and 4 categories
divided in 10 sublevels for the British and Canadian AQIs;
- The Averaging period : whereas monitoring stations provide continuous data, the
AQIs are computed based on averages. For instance, for nitrogen dioxide, the
Indian AQI averages value on 24 hours, the Canadian AQI on 3 hours, the British,
American and Chinese AQIs on 1 hour, The European Index gives hourly, daily and
annual values;
- The values of thresholds : as shown by Figure 1, for a given pollutant, even when
data is averaged on the same period, each index has its own scale to assess the
contribution of the pollutant to the index.
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Figure 1: Concentration of O3 corresponding to the value of the index for various AQIs
There are two reasons why a new AQI is needed, on top of the existing ones. First, most
existing AQIs are not based on generally-admitted health recommendations: it is not clear
how their thresholds were chosen. Second, the levels (whatever their number may be) do
not have any explicit meaning for the citizen.
3. The Plume Index
To create the Plume Index and its levels, we proceed in the following way. To make it easy
for citizens to understand the levels, each of them corresponds to a time period for which
exposure is safe: a year (PI<20), a day (PI<50), an hour (PI<100). Beyond these levels, there
are some recommendations dealing with shorter periods: a few minutes (which would
correspond to PI<150) and a minute (PI<200) (Table 1). The last threshold (PI=300) would
correspond to a few seconds. To determine what concentrations correspond to each
threshold, we rely on health recommendations.
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0-20 Fresh air No risk The air is pure, ideal for outdoor activities !
20-50 Moderate Impact risk if The air is moderately polluted. Greater than
pollution chronic exposure the maximum limit established for one year
by WHO. A long-term exposure constitutes a
health risk.
50-100 High pollution Impact if chronic The air has reached a high level of pollution.
exposure Higher than the maximum limit for 24 hours
established by WHO.
100-150 Very high Immediate impact The air has reached a very high level of
pollution on health pollution. Effects can be immediately felt by
individuals at risk. Everybody feels the effects
of a prolonged exposure.
150-200 Excessive Immediate effects The pollution level has reached a critical level.
pollution for individuals at risk Individuals at risk feel immediate effects. Even
healthy people may show symptoms for short
exposures.
200-300 Extreme Immediate effects The pollution has reached extreme levels.
pollution for everybody Immediate effects on health.
>300 Airpocalypse Major immediate Airpocalyse ! Immediate and heavy effects on
effects everybody.
To compute the Plume Index, five pollutants are taken into account : O3, NO2, SO2 and
particles under 10 µm diameter (PM10) and under 2.5 µm diameter (PM2.5). These are the
five common outdoor pollutants which are harmful and frequently measured by
monitoring stations.
- Carbon monoxide (CO), since its outdoor concentration is very unlikely to reach
harmful levels ;
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- Benzene (C6H6), for which most cities do not have any data ;
- Ammonia (NH3) and Lead (Pb) are also rarely measured by urban monitoring
stations.
Thresholds are determined following health recommendations from the World Health
Organisation (WHO). The WHO publishes guidelines for most pollutants [10]. There are
four different guidelines :
- An annual average : this is the annual limit that should not be breached on
average on a year. When this value is given by the WHO, the Plume Index takes it
as the first threshold, between “fresh air” and “moderate pollution” (PI=20) ;
- A daily average : when it exists, the Plume Index takes it as the upper limit of
“moderate pollution” (PI=50) ;
- An hourly average : when it exists, the Plume Index takes it as the upper limit of
“high pollution” (PI=100) ;
- Recommendation for a shorter period (typically a few minutes) : the Plume Index
takes it as the upper limit of “very high pollution” (PI=150).
To deal with cases where the WHO does not give one or several of these values for a
given pollutant, we also take into account subsidiary sources :
The aim is, when no health recommendation is available from the WHO, to stick (by
default) to national regulations and existing AQIs.
3.2 The thresholds
Threshold #1 : PI=20
This threshold corresponds to the limit between “fresh air” and “moderate pollution”.
Sanitarily speaking, if the annual average is beyond this threshold, this pollutant becomes
dangerous.
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- Ozone : no threshold is proposed neither by the WHO nor by the subsidiary
sources. Thus, the threshold is proposed to be 20 µg/m3 , which is half the next
threshold ;
- Nitrogen dioxide : 40 µg/m3 , annual threshold from the WHO ;
- Sulfur dioxide : 20 µg/m3 , annual threshold from the WHO ;
- PM10 : 20 µg/m3 , annual threshold from the WHO ;
- PM2.5 : 10 µg/m3 , annual threshold from the WHO.
Threshold #2 : PI=50
This threshold corresponds to the limit between “moderate pollution” and “high pollution”.
Sanitarily speaking, if the daily average is beyond this threshold, this pollutant becomes
dangerous.
- Ozone : 40 µg/m3 corresponds to the threshold proposed by the WHO for the
average over 8 hours. Recommendations are always made for 8-hour, since ozone
is produced by sunrays and, consequently, disappears during the night ;
- Nitrogen dioxide : only the Chinese source provides a threshold : 80 µg/m3 ;
- Sulfur dioxide : no recommendation from the WHO. We follow the European
Commission : 125 µg/m3 ;
- PM10 : no recommendation either from the WHO. We follow the guidelines issued
by the European Commission and Chinese standards : 50 µg/m3 ;
- PM2.5 : 25 µg/m3 , as recommended by the WHO.
Threshold #3 : PI=100
This threshold corresponds to the limit between “high pollution” and “very high pollution”.
Sanitarily speaking, if the hourly average is beyond this threshold, this pollutant becomes
dangerous.
Threshold #4 : PI=150
This threshold corresponds to the limit between “very high pollution” and “excessive
pollution”. Sanitarily speaking, it corresponds to a concentration so high that it can prove
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harmful even at very short exposures. Recommendations for these thresholds are more
difficult to find.
- Ozone : we use the alert threshold from the French legislation : 240 µg/m3 ;
- Nitrogen dioxide : we also use the alert threshold : 400 µg/m3 ;
- Sulfur dioxide : we follow the recommendation for a 10-minute-long exposure
from the WHO : 500 µg/m3 ;
- PM10 and PM2.5 : no recommendation is available for short exposures. We thus
only double the previous thresholds, at 160 µg/m3 (PM10) and 100 µg/m3 (PM2.5),
to take into account the above-mentioned linearity [15].
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Figure 2:: How the Plume Index compares with other AQIs for O3
Figure 3: How the Plume Index compares with other AQIs for NO2
Figure 4: How the Plume Index compares with other AQIs for SO2
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Figure 5: How the Plume Index compares with other AQIs for PM10
Figure 6: How the Plume Index compares with other AQIs for PM2.5
5. Conclusion
To overcome the variability of Air Quality Indices, regarding both the structure of those
indices and their levels, this article proposes an Air Quality Index called the Plume Index,
with 7 differents levels : fresh air, moderate pollution, high pollution, very high pollution,
excessive pollution, extreme pollution, airpocalypse. Five pollutants are taken into
accounts : ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5 ; these are the
pollutants which are measured in most cities and can reach harmful levels. As often as
possible, the thresholds (summarised in Table 3) are based on health recommendations.
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Future works could study the impacts of pollutants on health at high urban levels, to
provide a background for the highest thresholds of the index.
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