Structural Health Monitoring of Innovative

Canadian Civil Engineering Structures

Aftab A. Mufti*

ISIS Canada (Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures)

ISIS Canada (Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures) is a Federally Funded Network of Centers
of Excellence dedicated to civil engineering research with a focus on fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs)
and integrated fibre optic sensing (FOS) technologies. Over the next eight years, ISIS Canada intends
to significantly change the design and construction of civil engineering structures throughout the world.
For changes in design and construction to be accepted, it is mandatory that the innovative structures
be monitored. In the process, ISIS will strive to bring about widespread use of new technologies for
infrastructure projects.

1 Introduction structurally integrated fibre optic sensors (FOSs)

has led to the concept of smart structures.
For more than a century, important civil engi- Recently, ways have been sought for
neering structures such as dams, bridges, high-rise transmitting signals from intelligent structures
buildings, and marine platforms have contained over telephone lines to a central monitoring
iron or steel, sometimes as the dominant struc- station where the signals are interpreted. This
tural material and sometimes as reinforcement for procedure is termed remote monitoring and is
concrete or wood [1]. The useful lives of such especially valuable for monitoring the condition
structures have often been severely limited by the of structures that may be situated in remote
corrosion of this ferrous component. The need to locations, such as bridges and dams. However,
delay the onset of corrosion has resulted in to avoid transmitting a flood of sensing data,
structures that are heavier than they otherwise the imposition of some form of intelligent
need to be. Much thought has been given in processing is required on-site to ensure that only
recent years to constructing structures that are condensed and meaningful information is sent to
lighter, stronger and non-corrosive. the central monitoring station. A brief indication
For almost as long, engineers have been of the current state-of-the-art in these three
seeking ways to obtain information about how a areas follows.
structure is behaving in service by incorporating,
at the time of construction or subsequently,
sensing devices (such as structurally integrated 2 Fibre-Reinforced Polymers
fibre optic sensors) which can provide infor-
mation about conditions such as strain, tempera- Active research into the design of new highway
ture, and humidity. The development of such bridges in Canada is focused on a number

Copyright ß 2002 Sage Publications,

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Vol 1(1): 0089–103
E-mail: muftia@cc.umanitoba.ca [1475-9217 (200207) 1:1;89–103; 027119]

89

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90 Structural Health Monitoring 1(1)

Figure 1 A variety of FRP products used in ISIS Canada research

and applications.

of specialty areas including the replacement of due to inadequate maintenance, excess loading
steel reinforcing bars in concrete decks by (relative to their original design and expected
randomly distributed chopped fibres, and the usage), and adverse environmental conditions
replacement of steel prestressing cables for (salt, acid rain, etc.). In the United States
prestressed concrete by tension elements, which alone there are more than 200,000 deficient
comprise longitudinally oriented fibres embedded bridges, and in Canada, there are approximately
in a polymer. For the repair and strengthening 30,000. It is estimated that between 150 and 200
of existing structures by the addition of fibre- spans collapse each year, sometimes with tragic
reinforced polymers (FRPs), research is being consequences.
conducted into increased axial, bending and shear Germany was the first country to instrument
strength of concrete beams and columns, as well bridges with integrated FOSs, although these
as applications to timber and masonry structures. sensors are considered relatively primitive by
There is a need to conduct basic research into today’s standards because they can only monitor
FRP materials regarding durability, longevity and transient events. These first FOSs were non-
performance under fire conditions. Effectiveness localized (so that the entire length of the optical
under seismic loading is another area of needed fibre was sensitive to the structural variables),
research. This research is in progress under the and had very limited strain resolution.
directive of ISIS Canada on a variety of FRP The current fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sen-
products, as shown in Figure 1. sors are based on a passive spectral ratiometric
approach using a low power, broad bandwidth
light source. To interrogate many sensors, a
3 Intelligent Sensing multiplexing system has been used that involves
sequential measurements, thus limiting dynamic
By and large, today’s bridges and roads do not response capability. However, the requirement
have ‘‘intelligence’’ built in, so they cannot take to monitor many FOSs simultaneously over
advantage of the benefits of the advancing long distances with complete dynamic spectrum
technologies available for structural health mon- capability necessitates a new approach involving
itoring. They are also in a poor state of repair tunable laser light sources.

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 Mufti Innovative Canadian Civil Engineering Structures 91

Figure 2 Fibre optic sensors being developed or utilised by ISIS Canada.

As shown in Figure 2, ISIS Canada is including three bridges, one overpass, one park-
involved in the development of four types of fibre ing structure and several experimental columns
optic sensors. The most recent development work in a laboratory. The remote monitoring system is
focuses on the new Long Gauge fibre optic shown in Figure 3.
sensor and the development of sensors based on Results of an ISIS Canada research project
Brilloun scattering. located at the University of Alberta show that
wireless technology achieves continuous monitor-
ing of structures while reducing the volume
4 Remote Monitoring and Intelligent of data collected and power consumed, thus
Processing increasing the lifespan of instruments [2].
ISIS Canada’s University of Alberta research
In the past, monitoring of structures was carried node and Optimum Instruments Inc. have
out by transporting measuring devices to a introduced a second generation wireless datalog-
specific site each time a set of readings was ger and radio modem that connects a monitored
required. Over the past two years, remote mon- site to an office. The DRM-1200 Wireless Data-
itoring techniques have been developed using logger eliminates the need for permanent site
lasers, FOSs and remote data collection and installations, phone hookups, power, and site
processing. No longer does a researcher or main- heating. When combined with new internet
tenance engineer have to travel to the site. management technologies, it also facilitates effi-
Conditions at the structure can be monitored in a cient management of monitoring networks, with
remote office using a desktop computer. Prior to minimal overhead costs for data collection and
ISIS Canada, this type of monitoring of bridges scheduled maintenance.
and structures was not being done. Ongoing The wireless technology is self-monitoring
ISIS research and development has resulted in a and issues alarm warnings to a central computer.
software package for monitoring structures, It can also report low battery or loss of
which is currently available to all ISIS field solar power. Currently, the technology is
monitoring teams through the internet. Data being used with conventional strain gauges,
collected and analyzed over the next few years is although a wireless remote monitoring system
likely to have a considerable impact on the design for fibre optic sensors is being designed and
of civil engineering structures. To date, many constructed at ISIS Canada’s University of
structures across Canada have been monitored, Toronto node.

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92 Structural Health Monitoring 1(1)

Figure 3 Remote monitoring system.

5 Smart Structures

Another research component of ISIS Canada is

the development of smart reinforcements
and connectors. Research has demonstrated that
pultrusion technology can be modified to allow
the incorporation of FOSs within FRP reinforce-
ments and thus provide smart FRP reinforce-
ments for innovative concrete structures. In
other words, instead of having to attach FOSs
to the outside of the reinforcement during
construction, the FRP reinforcement components
arrive at the construction site with the optical
fibres and sensors already contained within the
reinforcement. This unique technology has been
installed in demonstration bridges in Canada.
Figure 4 Trends in building costs in Germany.

6 Economic Significance Assuming a mean life cycle of about 100

years (optimistically), $250 billion will be required
There are an immense number of structures in annually to maintain existing structures.
use today that require more attention in the fields Using appropriate structural monitoring
of preservation and rehabilitation [3]. The cost of procedures, the service life of structures can be
these measures is increasing enormously. Based extended considerably, or the buildings can be
on a report from the Collaborative Research rehabilitated and put to new uses in ways that
Centre, Figure 4 illustrates a growing trend in the conventional standards would never permit.
cost of investment in new construction compared
to the cost of preservation, rehabilitation and
development of new utilization for existing build- 7 Innovative Technologies in
ings in Germany. Demonstration Projects
The report also states that the overall value
of all buildings in Germany amounts to approxi- For infrastructure owners, one of the greatest
mately $25,000 billion. values of ISIS Canada research lies in its practical

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 Mufti Innovative Canadian Civil Engineering Structures 93

application. New opportunities for applying ISIS were used to pretension four girders while
Canada technology are increasing as evidenced by the other two girders were pretensioned using
the growing number of field demonstration two Leadline rod tendons produced by
projects underway. The projects range from a Mitsubishi Kasei.
new concrete steel-free bridge deck for the Fibre optic Bragg grating strain and tempera-
Salmon River Bridge in Nova Scotia, to the ture sensors were used to monitor structural
strengthening of a nuclear containment structure behaviour during construction and under service-
in Quebec, to the testing of timber piles for use ability conditions. The four-channel Bragg
in an Inuvik housing project in the cold, northern grating fibre laser sensing system was developed
region of Canada. for this purpose at the University of Toronto
Out of thirty-six projects that are being Institute for Aerospace Studies.
monitored for health, seven are described below. Before constructing the bridge, an experimen-
tal program was conducted at the University
of Manitoba’s W.R. McQuade Laboratory to
7.1 Beddington Trail Bridge, Alberta examine the behaviour of scale model beams
(Calgary) pretensioned by the same type, size, and anchor-
In 1992, the Beddington Trail Bridge in Calgary, age of the two different tendons used for the
Alberta, as shown in Figure 5, was one of the bridge girders. The tests compared results using
first bridges in Canada to be outfitted with FRP the same optic sensor as that used for the bridge
tendons and a system of structurally integrated in addition to electric resistance strain gauges.
optical sensors for remote monitoring [4]. The Prestressing of carbon FRP was adapted by
bridge opened in 1993, before ISIS Canada was coupling the carbon fibre composite cables and
formed. It is significant to the ISIS network Leadline rods to conventional steel strands.
because for the group of researchers involved, it Couplers helped to minimize the length of carbon
confirmed the need for an organization, like ISIS FRP tendons, and were staggered to allow use of
Canada, that could spearhead transferring this the same spacing for the conventional steel
new technology to industry. reinforcing tendons.
The Beddington Bridge is a two-span, The Leadline rods were cut at the site and
continuous skew bridge of 22.83 and 19.23-m two rods were used for each tendon. The carbon
spans, each consisting of 13 bulb-Tee section, fibre composite cables were delivered precut to
pre-cast, prestressed concrete girders. Two differ- the specified length with 300-mm die cast at each
ent types of FRP tendons were used to pretension end to distribute the stresses at the anchoring
six precast concrete girders. Carbon fibre compo- zone. Construction of the bridge and handling
site cables produced by Tokyo Rope of Japan of the girders at the site was typical.

Figure 5 On-site monitoring. (a) accessing fibre optic junction box; (b) bridge testing.

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94 Structural Health Monitoring 1(1)

A four-channel Bragg grating fibre laser awards including the prestigious NOVA award
sensor system was used at different locations from the Construction Innovation Forum (CIF)
along the bridge girders that were pretensioned of the United States.
by the carbon FRP. Each fibre laser was attached The deck contains no rebar (refer to
to the surface of the tendon to serve as a sensor. Figure 6). Instead, longitudinal beams or girders
The sensors were connected, through a modular support it. The load is transferred from the deck
system, to a laptop computer used at the to the supporting girders in the same way that an
construction site to record the measurements arch transfers loads to supporting columns.
at different stages of construction and after Although steel straps are applied to tie the girders
completion of the bridge. together, because they are not embedded in
The optic sensor system measures the abso- the concrete they can be easily monitored and
lute strain rather than a strain relative to an inexpensively replaced.
initial calibration value similar to the electric The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
resistance strain gauges and mechanical gauges. of the steel-free bridge deck was conducted by
In 1999, the bridge was tested statically installing sensors, as shown in Figure 7. SHM
and dynamically to assess the durability of fibre indicates that the load sharing of the Salmon
optic sensors. After six years, all FOSs were River Highway Bridge is similar to that of
functioning. This finding validates the view that conventional decks, as shown in Figure 8.
FOSs are durable and reliable for long-term With no steel inside the concrete, no unneces-
monitoring. sary weight is added, meaning thinner deck
designs. The steel straps are welded to the top
flanges of the girders, thereby resisting any lateral
7.2 Salmon River Highway Bridge, movement. The Salmon River steel-free bridge
Nova Scotia deck has withstood a number of Canadian
winters, and it appears to be defying the conven-
The first steel-free deck-slab in Canada was cast
on the Salmon River Bridge, part of the Trans
Canada 104 Highway near Kemptown, Nova
Scotia [5]. Construction of the bridge, which
consists of two 31-m spans, includes a steel-free
deck over one span and a conventional steel
reinforced deck over the other. Internal arching
in the slabs helps transfer the loads to the girders.
The cost of the steel-free side was six percent
more than the steel-reinforced side, although the
overall design tends to be less expensive than
conventional decks. This is because steel-free
decks do not suffer from corrosion, so traditional
maintenance costs are greatly reduced. This con-
cept has won six national and international Figure 6 Casting of the steel-free deck.

Figure 7 Sensor locations.

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 Mufti Innovative Canadian Civil Engineering Structures 95

tional approach to building steel-reinforced of today’s increased traffic loads [6]. Calgary’s
bridge decks. There are six steel-free bridge decks Crowchild Bridge, shown in Figure 9, is one such
across Canada. case. The new 90-m long, 11-m wide bridge
carries two lanes of traffic over its three
continuous spans. While the deck slab itself is
7.3 Crowchild Trail Bridge, Alberta free of reinforcing, it is supported by five steel
(Calgary) girders and external steel straps. Glass FRP C-
Many of Canada’s bridges require upgrading bars were used to provide the continuity and to
because they were not built to handle the weight minimize the transverse cracks of the steel-free
deck over the intermediate bridge piers. Based on
the results of a full-scale model test at the
Load Distribution Factors
Truck in South Lane University of Manitoba, glass FRP C-bars were
2.0 also used to reinforce the cantilever slabs of the
bridge. On a tendered basis it proved to be the
Load Distribution Factor

1.5
least costly option.
The deck has cantilevers on either side,
Measured
1.0
reinforced with glass FRP rods. To reduce initial
FEA shrinkage concrete surface cracks, the bridge deck
0.5
concrete contains short random polypropylene
fibres. This bridge is stronger, more resistant to
0.0
corrosion and less expensive to maintain than if it
1 2 3 4 5 6 had been constructed using traditional methods
Girder Location
and materials.
The bridge is also outfitted with remote
Figure 8 Load sharing of the Salmon River Highway monitoring technology: eighty-one strain gauges,
Bridge.

Figure 9 FRP reinforcement, FOS and remote monitoring system of Crowchild

Trail Bridge.

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96 Structural Health Monitoring 1(1)

nineteen embedded gauges, five thermistors, three structures using FRPs will become standard
smart glass rebars and two fibre optic gauges practice through time, with the inner core of steel
are used. The bridge is being monitored for reinforcement considered unnecessary.
long-term behaviour and to confirm innovative
structural behaviour, as predicted theoretically.
7.5 Taylor Bridge, Manitoba
(Headingley)
7.4 Hall’s Harbour Wharf, Hall’s
A significant international research breakthrough
Harbour, NS
was achieved on October 8, 1998 when
Hall’s Harbour Wharf in Nova Scotia is a 96- Manitoba’s Department of Highways and
year-old combination wharf/breakwater, shown Transportation opened the award-winning Taylor
in Figure 10 [7]. It is the world’s first marine Bridge in Headingley [8].
structure with FOSs embedded in a steel-free Shown in Figure 14, the two-lane, 165.1-
concrete deck for remote monitoring. It is metre-long structure has four out of 40 precast
designed to last 80 years – three times longer girders reinforced with carbon FRP stirrups.
than traditional construction methods. This These girders are prestressed with carbon FRP
design received the ‘‘Award of Excellence’’ from cables and bars. Glass FRP reinforces portions of
the Canadian Consulting Engineer Association. the barrier walls. As a demonstration project, it is
The new wharf consists of piles supporting vital that the new materials be tested under the
concrete beams and deck elements above an same conditions as conventional steel reinforce-
armour stone and timber crib breakwater. The
concrete beams are designed with a hybrid
reinforcement scheme of steel and glass FRP
rods. The outer durable layer of FRP protects
the inner core of steel reinforcement, which was
included for code considerations. The deck
consists of precast steel-free concrete bridge
deck panels modified to meet the durability needs
of this structure. Refer to Figures 11–13.
The design is based on draft versions of both the
Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code and
Figure 11 3D view of deck and beam details.
the American Concrete Institute Code.
It is anticipated that rehabilitation of marine
Deck Panel Pilecap

Armour Stone

Timber
Fender Pile

Harbour
Bottom

Bedrock Concrete-Filled
Pipe Pile

(a) (b)

Figure 10 Hall’s Harbour Wharf.

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 Mufti Innovative Canadian Civil Engineering Structures 97

400 0

(a)

(b)

Figure 12 (a) Cross section and sensor locations; (b) installed sensors.

Figure 13 Remote monitoring system for Hall’s Harbour.

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98 Structural Health Monitoring 1(1)

2
6

SECTION A-A no. of sensors on

4 4 9 7 stirrups

no. of sensors
FRP (Leadline)
A FRP (CFCC)
2
8 2
16 16
4 4
4 4
2
2

A 5 spans @ 33 m

PLAN VIEW

Figure 14 Sensor locations.

ment – thus only a portion of the bridge is optic sensors called Bragg gratings, loading and
designed using FRP. temperature are being measured.
Two types of carbon FRP reinforcements A 32-channel fibre optic grating indicator, FLS
were used in the Taylor Bridge. Carbon fibre 3500R, is used for strain measurements. The
composite cables produced by Tokyo Rope, system is connected to a computer to download
Japan, were used to pretension two girders, the strain readings using a telephone line.
while the other two girders were pretensioned The bridge is also being monitored by 26 conven-
using indented leadline bars produced by tional electrical strain gauges mounted on
Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Japan. Two of the reinforcement so as to verify the readings of
the four girders were reinforced for shear using the FOSs. A 32-channel data logging system
carbon FRP stirrups and leadline bars in a (CR 10X) and two 16-channel multiplexing units
rectangular cross section. The other two beams are used for strain measurements. This system
were reinforced for shear, using epoxy coated is also connected to an internal modem to down-
steel rebars. load the strain data using an additional telephone
The deck slab was reinforced by indented line as shown in Figures 15 and 16.
leadline bars similar to the reinforcement used for
prestressing. Glass FRP reinforcement produced
by Marshall Industries Composites Inc. was used 7.6 Joffre Bridge, Québec
to reinforce a portion of the Jersey-type barrier In early August 1997, the province of
wall. Double-headed stainless steel tension Québec accepted the challenge of constructing
bars were used for the connection between the an innovative bridge using carbon FRP. By
barrier wall and the deck slab. opening day December 6, 1997, the Joffre
The bridge has a fibre optic structural sensing Bridge, spanning the Saint Francois River, was
system that will allow engineers to compare another significant contribution to the increasing
the long-term behaviour of the two materials. collection of polymer reinforced bridges in
This remote monitoring is the key to acquiring Canada [9].
data on FRP that will ultimately help it gain A portion of the Joffre Bridge concrete
widespread acceptance through national and deck slab is reinforced with carbon FRP, as is a
international codes of practice. Using 64 fibre portion of the traffic barrier and the sidewalk.

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 Mufti Innovative Canadian Civil Engineering Structures 99

Figure 15 Monitoring system.

Figure 16 Readings from load test.

The bridge is outfitted extensively with different concrete deck slab and on the steel girders, to
kinds of monitoring instruments, including FOSs monitor the behaviour of the FRP reinforcement
embedded in the FRP reinforcement (smart rein- under real-time conditions. The instrumentation
forcements). Over 180 instruments (FOSs, vibrat- is also providing valuable information on long-
ing wire strain sensors and electrical strain term performance of the concrete deck slab
gauges) are installed at critical locations in the reinforced with these new materials, in that all

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100 Structural Health Monitoring 1(1)

the sensors transmit data to a telephone line for

remote monitoring of the structure’s behaviour.

7.7 Portage Creek Bridge

Strengthening Against
Earthquakes and Field
Assessment, British Columbia
(Victoria) (a)
The Portage Creek Bridge, in Victoria, British
Columbia, was designed by the British Columbia
Department of Highways Bridge Engineering
Branch in 1982. The bridge crosses Interurban
Road and the Colquitz River at McKenzie
Avenue [10]. It is a 125 m (410 ft) long, three-span F
O
steel structure with a reinforced concrete deck S
supported on two reinforced concrete piers and
abutments on steel H piles. The deck has a
roadway width of 16 m (52 ft) with two 1.5 m
(5 ft) sidewalks and aluminum railings. The super (b)
structure is supported at the ends and has two
intermediate supports along the length of the
Figure 17 (a) Portage Creek Bridge; (b) FOS location.
bridge called Pier No.1 and Pier No. 2.
The Portage Creek Bridge is a relatively high-
profile bridge that has been classified a Disaster-
Route Bridge. However, it was built prior to
current seismic design codes and construction
practices, and would not resist potential earth-
quake forces as required by today’s standards.
Some consideration has been given to seismic
aspects as evidenced in the original drawings,
although it requires retrofitting to prevent col-
lapse during a seismic event. The service life of
the bridge can be increased to 475 years.
Most of the bridge is being strengthened (a)
by conventional materials and methods. The
dynamic analysis of the bridge predicts that the
two tall columns of Pier No. 1 will form plastic
hinges under an earthquake. Once these hinges
form, additional shear will be attracted by the
short columns of Pier No. 2. A nonlinear static
pushover analysis indicates that the short
columns will not be able to form plastic hinges
prior to failure in shear. Therefore, it was decided
that FRP wraps should be used to strengthen
the short columns for shear without increasing
the moment capacity. The bridge is instrumented (b)
with 16 foil gauges, 8 fibre optic sensors and 2
accelerometers (refer to Figure 17). The bridge Figure 18 (a) Datalogger; (b) monitoring system.

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 Mufti Innovative Canadian Civil Engineering Structures 101

9 Technology Utilization

9.1 Increased Receptor Capacity

Fulfillment of the ISIS Canada mandate will be
determined by the degree to which the infrastruc-
ture sector utilizes ISIS technologies over the
long-term. In spite of the natural and under-
standable impediments to technology transfer,
ISIS Canada is making great progress in expand-
Figure 19 Wireless antenna. ing receptor capacity of the end users. We are
delighted to have both the private sector
and government agencies, associated with infra-
is being remotely monitored and data collected, structure, seek out our expertise and enter into
as shown in Figures 18 and 19. partnerships with the ISIS Network. As a conse-
ISIS Canada is assisting with the retrofit quence, leading edge research has evolved to
involving FRP wraps to strengthen the short satisfy specific needs and field demonstration
columns and is monitoring the structural health projects have been carried out to substantiate
of the bridge as well. the laboratory findings.

9.2 Enhanced Benefits to Canadians

8 Structural Health Monitoring
Data on Web Site It has become patently clear to infrastructure
owners that cost-effective measures must be found
For the bridges that have been instrumented with to cope with increasing transport loads and crum-
remote monitoring capabilities, data is bling facilities. In view of the considerations under-
constantly collected at varying frequencies [11]. way to launch a major rehabilitation of the
As the data grows daily, so does the need for Canadian national highway system, one of the
a sophisticated archival management system. It main objectives is to ensure that such a rehabi-
becomes one of the most vital aspects of struc- litation incorporates these new technologies.
tural monitoring. ISIS is developing an on-line
archiving system whereby authorized researchers
9.3 Design Guidelines Manuals and
submit raw data that will be accessible to users.
Codes
In a user-friendly, worldwide web interface, the
site will offer access to sensor characteristics and The new Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code
locations, and response measurements from static has recently been published [12]. The Canadian
and dynamic load tests. The archive will enable Standards Association (CSA) code on the use of
interested parties to browse the content, view FRP in buildings and structures is also nearing
the relevant documentation and download data completion. ISIS Canada researchers are well
for their own analysis. represented on both committees.
Several different strategies are being used Naturally, engineers are reluctant to use
for data collection. In some cases the sensors FRPs and FOSs in structures without approved
are triggered manually at selected intervals of design codes. A major step toward widespread
time, and the sensor data is stored on computer use of FRPs has been the publishing of the
disks. In other cases sensor data is collected ISIS Canada’s manual series for design engineers.
continuously at a specified scan rate and The four manuals cover: Installation, Use and
automatically transmitted to a remote location, Repair of Fibre Optic Sensors [13]; Guidelines for
where it is stored on a computer. Structural Health Monitoring [2]; Reinforcing

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102 Structural Health Monitoring 1(1)

Figure 20 ISIS Canada Design manuals.

technicians who have experience incorporating

FOSs and FRPs in the construction of civil
engineering structures. ISIS Canada is endeavour-
ing to overcome this barrier by developing
relationships with universities and technical col-
leges that offer courses for the construction and
the civil engineering industrial sector.

Acknowledgements

The financial assistance of NCE, ISIS Canada and NSERC

is gratefully acknowledged. The assistance of Mr. Amjad
Memon, Ph.D. candidate at the University of Manitoba
and Ms. Jamie Zukewich is also acknowledged with
gratitude.

References
Figure 21 CHBDC and CSA code books.
1. ISIS Canada (2000). Strategic plan 2nd funding cycle.
ISIS Canada, Room 227, Eng. Bldg., University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 5V6.
Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced 2. Mufti, A.A. (2001). Guidelines for structural health
Polymers [14]; and Strengthening Reinforced monitoring. Winnipeg, Manitoba: ISIS Canada.
Concrete Structures with Externally-Bonded Fibre 3. Collaborative Research Center, Report SFB 477. Life
Reinforced Polymers [15]. These manuals are cycle assessment of structures via innovative monitoring.
shown in Figure 20 and the codes in Figure 21. Technical University Carolo-Wilhelmina – Braunsch-
weig Germany.
4. Rizkalla, S.H. and Tadros, G. (1994). A smart highway
9.4 Highly Qualified Personnel and bridge in Canada. Concrete International, 42–44.
Training Construction 5. Newhook, J.P. and Mufti, A.A. (2000). A reinforcing
Technicians steel free concrete bridge deck for the Salmon River
Bridge. Concrete International, 18(6), 30–34.
One of the constraints to technology utilization is 6. Afhami, S. and Cheng, J.J.R. (1999). Field instrumen-
the limited number of graduate students and tation and monitoring of Crowchild Trail Bridge

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 Mufti Innovative Canadian Civil Engineering Structures 103

in Calgary, Alberta. Project Report, University of 11. Humar, J., Holtz, N. and Qureshi, H. (2001). Data
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