Bonding
Bonding
Bonding
In industry ethanol is produced by the reaction of ethene and steam at 300°C and 60 atmospheres pressure
using a catalyst.
(a) Why does the mixture from the separator contain ethanol and water?
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(1)
Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict the effect of increasing temperature on the amount
of ethanol produced at equilibrium.
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(c) Explain how increasing the pressure of the reactants will affect the amount of ethanol
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produced at equilibrium.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q2.This question is about copper.
The equation for one of the reactions in the smelting process is:
Explain why there would be an environmental problem if sulfur dioxide gas escaped into
the atmosphere.
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(2)
(b) The impure copper produced by smelting is purified by electrolysis, as shown below.
Copper atoms are oxidised at the positive electrode to Cu2+ ions, as shown in the half
equation.
(i) How does the half equation show that copper atoms are oxidised?
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(1)
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(ii) The Cu2+ ions are attracted to the negative electrode, where they are reduced to
produce copper atoms.
Write a balanced half equation for the reaction at the negative electrode.
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Describe the bonding in a metal, and explain why metals conduct electricity.
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(4)
(d) Soil near copper mines is often contaminated with low percentages of copper compounds.
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Describe how copper compounds are extracted by phytomining.
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(3)
(e) A compound in a copper ore has the following percentage composition by mass:
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Q3.This question is about ethanol.
(i) Figure 1 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction.
How does the energy level diagram show that the reaction is exothermic?
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Complete the dot and cross diagram in Figure 3 to show the bonding in ethanol.
(2)
(i) The student recorded the temperature of the water before and after heating.
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Table 1
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(ii) Table 2 shows the mass of the spirit burner before the ethanol was burned and after
the ethanol was burned.
Table 2
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You should assume that all the energy from the ethanol burning was used to heat the
water.
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(d) The names, structures and boiling points of ethanol and two other alcohols are shown in
Table 3.
Table 3
Structure
Boiling
65 78 97
point in °C
Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to suggest why the boiling points increase as
the number of carbon atoms increases.
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
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Q4.This question is about compounds.
(a) The table gives information about the solubility of some compounds.
Soluble compounds
All nitrates
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(c) Lead nitrate solution is produced by reacting lead oxide with nitric acid.
(i) State how solid lead nitrate can be obtained from lead nitrate solution.
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(1)
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PbO + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O
(1)
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(d) An oxide of lead that does not have the formula PbO contains 6.21 g of lead and 0.72 g of
oxygen.
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Q5.This question is about sodium chloride and iodine.
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(4)
Name the two other products from the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.
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(2)
Sodium chloride is added to many types of food. Some scientists recommend that sodium
chloride should have a compound of iodine added.
Give one ethical reason why a compound of iodine should not be added to sodium chloride
used in food.
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(1)
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(d) The bonding in iodine is similar to the bonding in chlorine.
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(iii) Explain, in terms of particles, why liquid iodine does not conduct electricity.
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
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