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Free Vibration

The document describes a free vibration experiment to determine the natural frequency and damping ratio of a cantilever beam. A cantilever beam made of aluminum is clamped at one end and allowed to vibrate freely at the other end. An electromagnetic transducer is used to measure the velocity of vibration. As the beam vibrates freely after an initial disturbance, the amplitude of vibration decays over time due to damping. The natural frequency and damping ratio can be calculated from the decay pattern using equations provided. The experimental results will also be validated against theoretical calculations for natural frequencies of cantilever beams.

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Lokesh Dandgaval
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94 views

Free Vibration

The document describes a free vibration experiment to determine the natural frequency and damping ratio of a cantilever beam. A cantilever beam made of aluminum is clamped at one end and allowed to vibrate freely at the other end. An electromagnetic transducer is used to measure the velocity of vibration. As the beam vibrates freely after an initial disturbance, the amplitude of vibration decays over time due to damping. The natural frequency and damping ratio can be calculated from the decay pattern using equations provided. The experimental results will also be validated against theoretical calculations for natural frequencies of cantilever beams.

Uploaded by

Lokesh Dandgaval
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Free Vibration Experiment

Aim:- To determine the first natural frequency and damping ratio of a cantilever
beam by free vibration test.
Equipment:- Aluminium beam, non contact electromagnetic velocity transducer with
ferromagnetic strip, storage oscilloscope/ recorder, rigid clamp.
Theory:- Free vibration takes place when an elastic system not aided upon by any
steady excitation force is disturbed from its mean equilibrium position. When a
system is allowed to vibrate freely, vibrations die out gradually over a few cycles of
motion because the energy imparted to the system initially is dissipated during the
motion. The damping in most mechanical systems is so small that it practically has no
influence on the natural frequency of the system. The response of a single degree of
freedom damped system is as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Single degree of freedom damped system response

The displacement from the mean equilibrium position at any point of time is given by
the equation

x(t) = Xe
-zwnt
sin( 1- z 2 wn t + f ) (1)

where 𝑥(𝑡) = amplitude of vibration at any point of time.


X = Maximum amplitude of vibration
𝐶
ζ = Damping ratio =𝐶
𝑐

w n = Natural frequency without damping

w d = Natural frequency with damping= w n 1- z


2

t = instant of time considered


φ = phase angle
𝐶 = Damping coefficient
𝐶𝑐 = Critical damping coefficient = 2mn
m = mass of the system
The time period of vibration (with damping) is given by
2p
Td =
wd (2)
From this equation, the natural frequency can be calculated. For most mechanical
systems ζ lies in the range 0.001 to 0.05 and therefore w d  w n and hence while

calculating the natural frequency we can neglect damping. Considering two


successive amplitudes X1 and X2 at times t1 and t1+Td we have
-zwn t1
X 1 = Xe sin( 1- z 2 w n t1 + f )
(3)
-zwn (t1+Td )
X 2 = Xe sin( 1- z 2 w n (t1 +Td ) + f )
(4)

Since they are exponential functions, it is convenient to define a logarithmic


decrement in two successive amplitudes as

æX ö 2pz
d = ln çç 1
÷÷ = zw nTd =
è X2 ø 1- z 2 (5)
d » 2pz
1  X 
The logarithmic decrement can also be defined as   ln  1 
n  X n1 
(6)
Test Setup and Procedure:-
One end of the test beam is firmly clamped between two massive steel blocks and the
other end is free to vibrate as shown in Fig. 2. The electromagnetic pickup is fixed
close to the free end of the beam. The rap test consists of simply impacting the beam
by hand or by an impulse hammer and storing the response from the vibration pickup
on the oscilloscope. From the decaying vibration response, the period of oscillation is
noted and the natural frequency obtained. The damping ratio may be obtained from
eqns. (5) and (6) by noting amplitudes X1 and Xn+1 which are n cycles apart.
Oscilloscope

Electromagnetic
pickup

Figure 2 Test Setup


Transducers used
The principle of operation of an electromagnetic transducer is explained below. This
particular transducer has been suggested for this experiment since it is a very
inexpensive transducer of the non-contact type and does not need any additional
signal conditioning amplifier. Its output voltage may be straightaway fed to a storage
oscilloscope or recorder. Alternately a non-contact capacitance transducer may be
used in conjunction with a displacement measuring unit. One could also use a
miniature piezoelectric transducer with minimal mass loading along with a charge
amplifier. If one is interested only in the natural frequency and damping ratio and not
in the amplitude of vibration a simple strain gauge pasted at the free end will serve the
purpose. This will have to be used in conjunction with a carrier frequency amplifier.
Electromagnetic transducer: This is a very inexpensive and useful vibration pick-up
of the non-contact type. It is an active transducer. In the electromagnetic transducer, a
coil is wound directly on the core of a permanent magnet as shown in Fig. 3(a).
Figure 3(b) shows a photograph of the same. When a ferromagnetic body placed
opposite to one of the poles of the magnet is moved with respect to the magnet, a
change in the flux  linking the coil is obtained. This causes a voltage proportional to
d / dt to be generated in the coil. The voltage may be expressed as
d
e0  k (7a)
dt
d dy
k (7b)
dy dt

d d  y0  x 
k (7c)
dy dt

d dx
k (7d)
dy dt
where y is the instantaneous gap, y0 the average gap between the face of the magnet

and the ferromagnetic body and k is a proportionality constant. As can be seen from

Eqs. (7a) to (7d), the induced voltage is directly proportional not only to the velocity

of vibration, but is also dependent on the gap y . When the pick-up is located near a

vibrating ferromagnetic body, a voltage proportional to the velocity of vibration will

be induced and as the average distance increases, sensitivity reduces. Thus d / dy

forms the sensitivity factor indicating that the sensitivity is inversely proportional to

the gap. In principle, this method can be employed to measure absolute or relative

velocities. The air gap should be at least five times the vibration amplitude for

distortion to be less than 2%.


Ferrous Plate

x
y y0

Magnet

Coil C

Fig. 3 Electromagnetic pick-up: (a) schematic, (b) photograph (Courtesy of Brüel


& Kjaer)

Analytical Validation:-
The experimental results obtained may be verified from the closed form expression
for the natural frequencies of beams and is given by

EI
w n = ( bn l)2
rl 4 (8)
Here  is the mass per unit length of the beam, EI is the flexural rigidity, l is the

length, n is the mode number and b n depends on the boundary conditions of the beam.

For a beam in cantilever configuration, ( b1l) 2 = 3.52 and ( b1l) 2 = 22.0.

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