What are Literary Devices

Introduction
Commonly, the term Literary Devices refers to the typical structures used by writers in their
works to convey his or her message(s) in a simple manner to his or her readers. When employed
properly, the different literary devices help readers to appreciate, interpret and analyze a literary
work.

Two Kinds of Literary Devices

Literary Devices have two aspects. They can be treated as either Literary Elements or Literary
Techniques. It will be convenient to define them separately.

Literary Elements have an inherent existence in literary piece and are extensively employed by
writers to develop a literary piece e.g. plot, setting, narrative structure, characters, mood, theme,
moral etc. Writers simply cannot create his desired work without including Literary Elements in
a thoroughly professional manner.

Literary Techniques, on the contrary, are structures usually a word s or phrases in literary texts
that writers employ to achieve not merely artistic ends but also readers a greater understanding
and appreciation of their literary works. Examples are: metaphor, simile, alliteration, hyperbole,
allegory etc. In contrast to Literary Elements, Literary Techniques are not unavoidable aspect of
literary works.

To have a better understanding of Literary Devices, it is useful to look at their definition and
examples:

Common Literary Elements

1. Plot: It is the logical sequence of events that develops a story.
2. Setting: It refers to the time and place in which a story takes place.
3. Protagonist: It is the main character of story, novel or a play e.g. Hamlet in the play
Hamlet
4. Antagonist: It is the character in conflict with the Protagonist e.g. Claudius in the play
Hamlet
5. Narrator: A person who tells the story.
6. Narrative method: The manner in which a narrative is presented comprising plot and
setting.
7. Dialogue: Where characters of a narrative speak to one another.
8. Conflict. It is n issue in a narrative around which the whole story revolves.
9. Mood: A general atmosphere of a narrative.
10. Theme: It is central idea or concept of a story.
Common Literary Techniques
1. Imagery: It is the use of figurative language to create visual representations of actions, objects
and ideas in our mind in such a way that they appeal to our physical senses. For example:

 The room was dark and gloomy. -The words “dark” and “gloomy” are visual images.
 The river was roaring in the mountains. – The word “roaring” appeals to our sense of
hearing.

2. Simile and Metaphor: Both compare two distinct objects and draws similarity between them.
The difference is that Simile uses “as” or “like” and Metaphor does not. For example:

 “My love is like a red red rose” (Simile)

 He is an old fox very cunning. (Metaphor)

3. Hyperbole: It is deliberate exaggeration of actions and ideas for the sake of emphasis. For
example:

 Your bag weighs a ton!

 I have got a million issues to look after!

4. Personification: It gives a thing, an idea or an animal human qualities. For example:

 The flowers are dancing beside the lake.

 Have you see my new car? She is a real beauty!

5. Alliteration: It refers to the same consonant sounds in words coming together. For example:

 Better butter always makes the batter better.

 She sells seashells at seashore.

6. Allegory: It is a literary technique in which an abstract idea is given a form of characters,

actions or events. For example:

 “Animal Farm”, written by George Orwell, is an example allegory using the actions of
animals on a farm to represent the overthrow of the last of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II
and the Communist Revolution of Russia before WW II. In addition, the actions of the
animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the Revolution.

7. Irony: It is use of the words in such a way in which the intended meaning is completely
opposite to their literal meaning. For example:

 The bread is soft as a stone.

 So nice of you to break my new PSP!
Function of Literary Devices
In general, the literary devices are a collection of universal artistic structures that are so typical
of all works of literature frequently employed by the writers to give meanings and a logical
framework to their works through language. When such works are read by readers, they
ultimately recognize and appreciate them. Because of their universality, they also allow the
readers to compare a work of one writer to that of the other to determine its worth. They not only
beautify the piece of literature but also give deeper meanings to it, testing the very understanding
of the readers along with providing them enjoyment of reading. Besides, they help motivating
readers’ imagination to visualize the characters and scenes more clearly.

Allegory
Definition:
An allegory is a symbolism device where the meaning of a greater, often abstract, concept is
conveyed with the aid of a more corporeal object or idea being used as an example. Usually a
rhetoric device, an allegory suggests a meaning via metaphoric examples.
Example:
Faith is like a stony uphill climb: a single stumble might send you sprawling but belief and
steadfastness will see you to the very top.
Alliteration
Definition:
Alliteration is a literary device where words are used in quick succession and begin with letters
belonging to the same sound group. Whether it is the consonant sound or a specific vowel group,
the alliteration involves creating a repetition of similar sounds in the sentence. Alliterations are
also created when the words all begin with the same letter. Alliterations are used to add character
to the writing and often add an element of ‘fun’ to the piece..
Example:
The Wicked Witch of the West went her own way. (The ‘W’ sound is highlighted and repeated
throughout the sentence.)
Allusion
Definition:
An allusion is a figure of speech whereby the author refers to a subject matter such as a place,
event, or literary work by way of a passing reference. It is up to the reader to make a connection
to the subject being mentioned.
Example:

It’s no wonder everyone refers to Mary as another Mother Teresa in the making; she loves to
help and care after people everywhere- from the streets to her own friends.

In the example the author uses the mention of Mother Teresa to indicate the sort of qualities that
Mary has.

Amplification
Definition:
Amplification refers to a literary practice wherein the writer embellishes the sentence by adding
more information to it in order to increase its worth and understandability. When a plain sentence
is too abrupt and fails to convey the full implications desired, amplification comes into play
when the writer adds more to the structure to give it more meaning.
Example:
Original sentence- The thesis paper was difficult. After amplification- The thesis paper was
difficult: it required extensive research, data collection, sample surveys, interviews and a lot of
fieldwork.
Anagram
Definition:
Anagrams are an extremely popular form of literary device wherein the writer jumbles up parts
of the word to create a new word. From the syllables of a phrase to the individual letters of a
word, any fraction can be jumbled to create a new form. Anagram is a form of wordplay that
allows the writer to infuse mystery and a little interactive fun in the writing so that the reader can
decipher the actual word on their own and discover a depth of meaning to the writing.
Example:

An anagram for "debit card" is "bad credit". As you can see, both phrases use the same letters.
By mixing the letters a bit of humor is created.

Analogy
Definition:
An analogy is a literary device that helps to establish a relationship based on similarities between
two concepts or ideas. By using an analogy we can convey a new idea by using the blueprint of
an old one as a basis for understanding. With a mental linkage between the two, one can create
understanding regarding the new concept in a simple and succinct manner.
Example:

In the same way as one cannot have the rainbow without the rain, one cannot achieve success
and riches without hard work.

Anastrophe
Definition:
Anastrophe is a form of literary device wherein the order of the noun and the adjective in the
sentence is exchanged. In standard parlance and writing the adjective comes before the noun but
when one is employing an anastrophe the noun is followed by the adjective. This reversed order
creates a dramatic impact and lends weight to the description offered by the adjective.
Example:

He spoke of times past and future, and dreamt of things to be.

Anecdote
Definition:
The word anecdote, phonetically pronounced an.ik.doht, means a short verbal accounting of a
funny, amusing, interesting event or incident. The story is usually a reminiscence from the
teller's life but at best is a related story of fact, as opposed to a contrived work of fiction. The
origin of the word anecdote comes from the Greek Byzantine period, A.D. 527 to 565 during the
reign of emperor Justinian. In his court, Justinian had a historian named Procopius who was a
gifted writer who wrote many witty, amusing and somewhat bawdy accounts of court life. Never
intending for this stories to become public he entitled his writings as “Anecdota” which was
Greek for unpublished and kept secret. After his secret writings did indeed become public and
published, the term anecdote became commonly used for similar accounts.
Example:

Amusing anecdotes many times find their way into wedding receptions, family reunions and any
other gathering of people who know each other well. Teachers and educators often tell
classrooms of pupils anecdotes about famous people. The anecdotes are not always flattering, but
are usually revealing of character and invariably amusing. Here is an example of an anecdote
about Winston Churchill:

Winston Churchill was very fond of his pet dog Rufus. He ate in the dining room with the family
on a special cloth and was treated with utmost respect. When enjoying movies, Rufus had the
best seat in the house; on Winston Churchill's lap. While watching “Oliver Twist,” Churchill put
his hands over Rufus' eyes during the scene where Bill Sike's intends to drown his dog. Churchill
is believed to have said to Rufus: “don't look now, dear. I'll tell you about it later.”

Anthropomorphism
Definition:
Anthropomorphism can be understood to be the act of lending a human quality, emotion or
ambition to a non-human object or being. This act of lending a human element to a non-human
subject is often employed in order to endear the latter to the readers or audience and increase the
level of relativity between the two while also lending character to the subject.
Example:

The raging storm brought with it howling winds and fierce lightning as the residents of the
village looked up at the angry skies in alarm.

Antithesis
Definition:
An antithesis is used when the writer employs two sentences of contrasting meanings in close
proximity to one another. Whether they are words or phrases of the same sentence, an antithesis
is used to create a stark contrast using two divergent elements that come together to create one
uniform whole. An antithesis plays on the complementary property of opposites to create one
vivid picture. The purpose of using an antithesis in literature is to create a balance between
opposite qualities and lend a greater insight into the subject.
Example:

When Neil Armstrong walked on the moon it might have been one small step for a man but it
was one giant leap for mankind.

Aphorism
Definition:
An aphorism is a concise statement that is made in a matter of fact tone to state a principle or an
opinion that is generally understood to be a universal truth. Aphorisms are often adages, wise
sayings and maxims aimed at imparting sense and wisdom. It is to be noted that aphorisms are
usually witty and curt and often have an underlying tone of authority to them.
Example:
Upon seeing the shoddy work done by the employee the boss told him to “either shape up or ship
out”.
Archetype
Definition:
An archetype is a reference to a concept, a person or an object that has served as a prototype of
its kind and is the original idea that has come to be used over and over again. Archetypes are
literary devices that employ the use of a famous concept, person or object to convey a wealth of
meaning. Archetypes are immediately identifiable and even though they run the risk of being
overused, they are still the best examples of their kind.
Example:

Romeo and Juliet are an archetype of eternal love and a star-crossed love story.

Assonance
Definition:
Assonance refers to repetition of sounds produced by vowels within a sentence or phrase. In this
regard assonance can be understood to be a kind of alliteration. What sets it apart from
alliterations is that it is the repetition of only vowel sounds. Assonance is the opposite of
consonance, which implies repetitive usage of consonant sounds.
Example:

“A long song”. (Where the ‘o’ sound is repeated in the last two words of the sentence)

Asyndeton
Definition:
Asyndeton refers to a practice in literature whereby the author purposely leaves out conjunctions
in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase. Asyndeton as a
literary tool helps in shortening up the implied meaning of the entire phrase and presenting it in a
succinct form. This compact version helps in creating an immediate impact whereby the reader is
instantly attuned to what the writer is trying to convey. Use of this literary device helps in
creating a strong impact and such sentences have greater recall worth since the idea is presented
in a nutshell.
Example:

1. Read, Write, Learn.

2. Watch, Absorb, Understand.
3. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

Authorial Intrusion
Definition:
Authorial Intrusion is an interesting literary device wherein the author penning the story, poem
or prose steps away from the text and speaks out to the reader. Authorial Intrusion establishes a
one to one relationship between the writer and the reader where the latter is no longer a
secondary player or an indirect audience to the progress of the story but is the main subject of the
author’s attention.
Example:

In many olden novels, especially in suspense novels, the protagonist would move away from the
stream of the story and speak out to the reader. This technique was often used to reveal some
crucial elements of the story to the reader even though the protagonist might remain mystified
within the story for the time being.

Bibliomancy
Definition:
As the very name itself suggests, this kind of literary device finds its roots in biblical origins.
This term refers to the practice of basing a plot happening or event and anticipating the results it
will have on a faction of the Bible. It involves a random selection process wherein the biblical
passage is chosen as a founding stone for basing the outcome of the writing. In an overall
context, not limited to just literature, bibliomancy refers to foretelling the future by turning to
random portions of the Bible for guidance.
Example:

The Vedas serve as a tool for Bibliomancy to the Hindus while Muslims rely on the Koran.

Bildungsroman
Definition:
This is a very popular form of storytelling whereby the author bases the plot on the overall
growth of the central character throughout the timeline of the story. As the story progresses, the
subject undergoes noticeable mental, physical, social, emotional, moral, and often spiritual
advancement and strengthening before the readers’ eyes. It has often been seen that the
protagonist begins with views, aims and dreams that are in contrast to the other character’s in the
story and then fights his or her way through to achieve them.
Example:

Scarlet O’Hara in Gone With the Wind experiences immense personal growth as she learns the
value of friends and hard work under duress, without compromising her own dreams.

Cacophony
Definition:
A cacophony in literature refers to the use of words and phrases that imply strong, harsh sounds
within the phrase. These words have jarring and dissonant sounds that create a disturbing,
objectionable atmosphere.
Example:

His fingers rapped and pounded the door, and his foot thumped against the yellowing wood.

Caesura
Definition:
This literary device involves creating a fracture of sorts within a sentence where the two separate
parts are distinguishable from one another yet intrinsically linked to one another. The purpose of
using a caesura is to create a dramatic pause, which has a strong impact. The pause helps to add
an emotional, often theatrical touch to the sentence and conveys a depth of sentiment in a short
phrase.
Example:

Mozart- oh how your music makes me soar!

Characterization
Definition:
Characterization in literature refers the step by step process wherein an author introduces and
then describes a character. The character can be described directly by the author or indirectly
through the actions, thoughts, and speech of the character.
Example:

Michael Corleone was not jus' a mafiaso, but a family man. A man who walked the knife's edge
to preserve his sanity.

Chiasmus
Definition:
Chiasmus is a figure of speech containing two phrases that are parallel but inverted to each other.
Example:

You can take the patriot out of the country but you cannot take the country out of the patriot.

Circumlocution
Definition:
Circumlocution is a form of writing where the writer uses exaggeratedly long and complex
sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a
shorter, much simpler sentence. Circumlocution involves stating an idea or a view in an indirect
manner that leaves the reader guessing and grasping at the actual meaning.
Example:

Instead of writing “At 8 pm he arrived by car for the dinner party.” the author writes, “Around 3
hours after sunset, it was winter at the time, the man arrived in a combustion engine driven piece
of technology with four wheels to join other bipedal creatures in the ingestion of somewhat large
quantities of food and drink while having discourse around a large wooden mesa designed for
such a purpose”.

Conflict
Definition:
It is a literary device used for expressing a resistance the protagonist of the story finds in
achieving his aims or dreams. The conflict is a discord that can have external aggressors or can
even arise from within the self. It can occur when the subject is battling his inner discord, at odds
with his surroundings or it may be pitted against others in the story.
Example:

John tried hard to convince himself that his Hollywood dreams were worth the struggle but his
parents, and his inner voice of reason, failed to agree.

Connotation
Definition:
Connotations are the associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or
dictionary definition. Many words have connotations that create emotions or feelings in the
reader.
Example:

And once again, the autumn leaves were falling.

This phrase uses ‘autumn’ to signify something coming to an end.

Consonance
Definition:
Consonance refers to repetition of sounds in quick succession produced by consonants within a
sentence or phrase. The repetitive sound is often found at the end of a word. Consonance is the
opposite of assonance, which implies repetitive usage of vowel sounds.
Example:

He struck a streak of bad luck.

Denotation
Definition:
Denotation refers to the use of the dictionary definition or literal meaning of a word.
Example:

They built a house.

In the above sentence, house is meant literally as in a building where a family lives. If the word
"home" was used instead in the above sentence in place of "house", the meaning would not be so
literal as there are many emotions associated with the word "home" beyond simply the structure
where people live.

Deus ex Machina
Definition:
Deus ex Machina is a rather debatable and often criticized form of literary device. It refers to the
incidence where an implausible concept or character is brought into the story in order to make
the conflict in the story resolve and to bring about a pleasing solution. The use of Deus ex
Machina is not recommended as it is seen to be the mark of a poor plot that the writer needs to
resort to random, insupportable and unbelievable twists and turns to reach the end of the story.
Example:
If in a suspense novel the protagonist suddenly finds a solution to his dilemmas because of divine
intervention.
Diction
Definition:
Diction is the distinctive tone or tenor of an author’s writings. Diction is not just a writer's choice
of words it can include the mood, attitude, dialect and style of writing. Diction is usually judged
with reference to the prevailing standards of proper writing and speech and is seen as the mark of
quality of the writing. It is also understood as the selection of certain words or phrases that
become peculiar to a writer.
Example:

Certain writers in the modern day and age use archaic terms such as ‘thy’, ‘thee’ and ‘wherefore’
to imbue a Shakespearean mood to their work.

Doppelganger
Definition:
The term is derived from the German language and literally translates into ‘double walker’. It
refers to a character in the story that is actually a counterfeit or a copy of a genuine character.
Doppelgangers of the main characters usually bear the ability to impersonate the original but
have vastly different spirits and intentions. The doppelganger usually has a different appearance
but an earthly soul and supernatural hoodwinking abilities that allow it to fool other unsuspecting
characters.
Example:

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Ekphrastic
Definition:
Ekphrastic refers to a form of writing, mostly poetry, wherein the author describes another work
of art, usually visual. It is used to convey the deeper symbolism of the corporeal art form by
means of a separate medium. It has often been found that ekphrastic writing is rhetorical in
nature and symbolic of a greater meaning.
Example:

A photograph of an empty landscape can convey desolation, abandon and loss. Similarly, one
can convey the same sentiments and concepts by using phrases such as ‘an empty doorway’ or ‘a
childless nursery’.

Epilogue
Definition:
Epilogues are an inherent part of any story or poem and are essential to the structure of any
written form. The epilogue is an important literary tool that acts as the afterword once the last
chapter is over. The purpose of an epilogue is to add a little insight to some interesting
developments that happen once the major plot is over. Epilogues often act as a teaser trailer to
any possible sequels that might be created later. Sometimes the epilogue is used to add a little bit
about the life or future of the main characters after the story itself has unfolded and wrapped up.
Epilogues can be written in a number of ways: sometimes the same narrative style as adopted in
the story is continued while at other times one of the characters might take up the narrative or
speak one to one with the audience.
Example:

In a remarkably contemporary moment at the end of The Tempest, Shakespeare's wizard

Prospero addresses the audience directly, breaking down the boundaries of the play. He informs
them that the play is over, his powers are gone, and thus his escape from the play's island setting
depends on their applause that they, in effect, get to decide his fate.

This serves as a Epilogue for Shakespeare's tragi-comedy The Tempest.

Epithet
Definition:
An epithet is a literary device that is used as a descriptive device. It is usually used to add to a
person or place’s regular name and attribute some special quality to the same. Epithets are
remarkable in that they become a part of common parlance over time. These descriptive words
and phrases can be used to enhance the persona of real and fictitious places, objects, persons and
divinities.
Example:

“Alexander the Great” is the epithet commonly used to refer to Alexander III of Macedon. The
young king has come to be recognized by this epithet in all of history and popular culture owing
to his spectacular achievements in creating one of the largest ever historical empires.

Euphemism
Definition:
The term ‘euphemism’ is used to refer to the literary practice of using a comparatively milder or
less abrasive form of a negative description instead of its original, unsympathetic form. This
device is used when writing about matters such as sex, violence, death, crimes and things
"embarrassing". The purpose of euphemisms is to substitute unpleasant and severe words with
more genteel ones in order to mask the harshness.. The use of euphemisms is sometimes
manipulated to lend a touch of exaggeration or irony in satirical writing.
Example:

Using “to put out to pasture” when one implies retiring a person because they are too old to be
effective.

Below are some more examples of Euphemisms

Downsizing - This is used when a company fires or lays off a larger number of employees

Friendly fire - This is used by the military when soldiers are accidentally killed by other soldiers
on the same side.

Tipsy - This is a soft way to say that someone has had to much to drink.
Golden years - This is used to describe the later period of life when someone is of old age.

Gone to heaven - This is a polite way to say that someone is dead.

Enhanced interrogation - This is modern euphemism to minimize what by many people would be
viewed as torture.

Euphony
Definition:
The literary device “euphony” refers to the use of phrases and words that are noted for
possessing an extensive degree of notable loveliness or melody in the sound they create. The use
of euphony is predominant in literary prose and poetry, where poetic devices such as
alliterations, rhymes and assonace are used to create pleasant sounds. Euphony is the opposite of
cacophony, which refers to the creation of unpleasant and harsh sounds by using certain words
and phrases together. This literary devices is based on the use and manipulation of phonetics in
literature.
Example:

It has been said that the phrase “cellar door” is reportedly the most pleasant sounding phrase in
the English language. The phrase is said to depict the highest degree of euphony, and is said to
be especially notable when spoken in the British accent.

Faulty Parallelism
Definition:
In literature, the term ‘parallelism’ is used to refer to the practice placing together similarly
structure related phrases, words or clauses. Parallelism involves placing sentence items in a
parallel grammatical format wherein nouns are listed together, specific verb forms are listed
together and the like. When one fails to follow this parallel structure, it results in faulty
parallelism. The failure to maintain a balance in grammatical forms is known as faulty
parallelism wherein similar grammatical forms receive dissimilar or unequal weight.
Example:

On the TV show The Simpsons, lead character Bart Simpson says, “they are laughing, not with
me”.

Flashback
Definition:
Flashback is a literary device wherein the author depicts the occurrence of specific events to the
reader, which have taken place before the present time the narration is following, or events that
have happened before the events that are currently unfolding in the story. Flashback devices that
are commonly used are past narratives by characters, depictions and references of dreams and
memories and a sub device known as authorial sovereignty wherein the author directly chooses
to refer to a past occurrence by bringing it up in a straightforward manner. Flashback is used to
create a background to the present situation, place or person.
Example:
Back in the day when Sarah was a young girl…

You can see flashbacks used very often in movies. For example, it is common in movies for
there to be a flashback that gives the viewer a look into the characters life when they were
younger, or when they have done something previously. This is done to help the viewer better
understand the present situation.

Foil
Definition:
A foil is another character in a story who contrasts with the main character, usually to highlight
one of their attributes.
Example:

In the popular book series, Harry Potter, the character of Hogwarts principal Albus Dumbledore,
who portrays ‘good’, is constantly shown to believe in the power of true love (of all forms and
types) and is portrayed as a strong, benevolent and positive character while the antagonist Lord
Voldemort, who depicts the evil and ‘bad’ in the series is constantly shown to mock and
disbelieve the sentiment of love and think of it as a foolish indulgence, a trait that is finally his
undoing.

Foreshadowing
Definition:
The literary device foreshadowing refers to the use of indicative word or phrases and hints that
set the stage for a story to unfold and give the reader a hint of something that is going to happen
without revealing the story or spoiling the suspense. Foreshadowing is used to suggest an
upcoming outcome to the story.
Example:

“He had no idea of the disastrous chain of events to follow”. In this sentence, while the
protagonist is clueless of further developments, the reader learns that something disastrous and
problematic is about to happen to/for him.

Hubris
Definition:
Hubris, in this day and age, is another way of saying overly arrogant. You can tell the difference
of hubris and just regular arrogance or pride by the fact that the character has seemed to allow
reality slip away from them. The character portraying hubris, also commonly referred to as
hybris, may have just gained a huge amount of power and the false belief that they are
“untouchable”. This term hubris used to have a slightly different meaning and was a very
negative subject back in ancient Greek. It used to be closely related to a crime in Athens. In
writing and literature hubris is generally considered a “tragic flaw” and it is saved for the
protagonist. The reason for this is because at the end of the story you should be able to see that it
is this flaw that brings the “bad guy” down.
Example:
A classic example of hubris is featured in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth. Macbeth, the protagonist,
overfilled with ambition and arrogance, allows his hubris to think you would be able to kill the
valiant Duncan without penalty so he can claim the throne of Scotland for himself. Obviously
murder is highly frowned upon, so this eventually leads to Macbeth’s demise as well.

Hyperbaton
Definition:
A hyperbaton is a literary device wherein the author plays with the regular positioning of words
and phrases and creates a differently structured sentence to convey the same meaning. It is said
that by using a hyperbaton, words or phrases overstep their conventional placements and result in
a more complex and intriguing sentence structure. This literary device is used to add more depth
and interest to the sentence structure.
Example:

“Alone he walked on the cold, lonely roads”. This sentence is a variation of the more
conventional, “He walked alone on the cold, lonely roads”.

Hyperbole
Definition:
A hyperbole is a literary device wherein the author uses specific words and phrases that
exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander,
more noticeable effect. The purpose of hyperbole is to create a larger-than-life effect and overly
stress a specific point. Such sentences usually convey an action or sentiment that is generally not
practically/ realistically possible or plausible but helps emphasize an emotion.
Example:

“I am so tired I cannot walk another inch” or “I’m so sleepy I might fall asleep standing here”.

Imagery
Definition:
In literature, one of the strongest devices is imagery wherein the author uses words and phrases
to create “mental images” for the reader. Imagery helps the reader to visualize more realistically
the author’s writings. The usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes amongst
other literary forms in order to “tickle” and awaken the readers’ sensory perceptions is referred
to as imagery. Imagery is not limited to only visual sensations, but also refers to igniting
kinesthetic, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, thermal and auditory sensations as well.
Example:

The gushing brook stole its way down the lush green mountains, dotted with tiny flowers in a riot
of colors and trees coming alive with gaily chirping birds.

Internal Rhyme
Definition:
In literature the internal rhyme is a practice of forming a rhyme in only one lone line of verse. An
internal rhyme is also known as the middle rhyme because it is typically constructed in the
middle of a line to rhyme with the bit at the end of the same metrical line.
Example:

The line from the famed poem Ancient Mariner, “We were the first that ever burst”.

Inversion
Definition:
The term ‘inversion’ refers to the practice of changing the conventional placement of words. It is
a literary practice typical of the older classical poetry genre. In present day literature it is usually
used for the purpose of laying emphasis this literary device is more prevalent in poetry than
prose because it helps to arrange the poem in a manner that catches the attention of the reader not
only with its content but also with its physical appearance; a result of the peculiar structuring.
Example:

In the much known and read Paradise Lost, Milton wrote:

“Of Man's First Disobedience, and the Fruit

Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste

Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,

With loss of Eden, till one greater Man

Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat,

Sing Heav'nly Muse. . .”

Irony
Definition:
The use of irony in literature refers to playing around with words such that the meaning implied
by a sentence or word is actually different from the literal meaning. Often irony is used to
suggest the stark contrast of the literal meaning being put forth. The deeper, real layer of
significance is revealed not by the words themselves but the situation and the context in which
they are placed.
Example:

Writing a sentence such as, “Oh! What fine luck I have!”. The sentence on the surface conveys
that the speaker is happy with their luck but actually what they mean is that they are extremely
unhappy and dissatisfied with their (bad) luck.

Juxtaposition
Definition:
Juxtaposition is a literary device wherein the author places a person, concept, place, idea or
theme parallel to another. The purpose of juxtaposing two directly or indirectly related entities
close together in literature is to highlight the contrast between the two and compare them. This
literary device is usually used for etching out a character in detail, creating suspense or lending a
rhetorical effect.
Example:

In Paradise Lost, Milton has used juxtaposition to draw a parallel between the two protagonists,
Satan and God, who he discusses by placing their traits in comparison with one another to
highlight their differences.

Kennings
Definition:
The use of Kennings in literature is characteristically related to works in Old English poetry
where the author would use a twist of words, figure of speech or magic poetic phrase or a newly
created compound sentence or phrase to refer to a person, object, place, action or idea. The use
of imagery and indicative, direct and indirect references to substitute the proper, formal name of
the subject is known as kennings. The use of kennings was also prevalent in Old Norse and
Germanic poetry.
Example:

Kennings are rare in modern day language. Here are a few examples from Beowulf:

Battle-sweat = blood
Sky-candle = sun
Whale-road = ocean
Light-of-battle = sword

Litotes
Definition:
Litotes are figures of rhetoric speech that use an understated statement of an affirmative by using
a negative description. Rarely talked about, but commonly used in modern day conversations,
litotes are a discreet way of saying something unpleasant without directly using negativity.
Sometimes called an ironical understatement and/or an avoidance of a truth which can be either
positive or negative. Common examples: “I'm not feeling bad,” or “he's definitely not a rocket
scientist.” The actual meanings are: “I am feeling well,” and “he is not smart.” Litotes were used
frequently in Old English Poetry and Literature, and can be found in the English, Russian,
German, Dutch and French languages.
Example:

In everyday conversations in the 21st century, one may hear expressions like:

“not the brightest bulb”

“not a beauty”
“not bad”
“not unfamiliar”
These are all examples of negative litotes that mean the opposite: “a dim bulb, or dumb,” “plain
in appearance,” “good,” and “knows very well.” Perhaps our society is not trying to be humorous
or sarcastic, but kinder?

Sometimes double negatives in literature, music and films create a litote that was not intended;
for instance in the Rolling Stones hit “I Can't Get No Satisfaction,” actually means “I CAN
receive satisfaction.”

Perhaps some best description litotes are found in the bible: take for instance, Jeremiah 30:19:

“I will multiply them, and they shall not be few; I will make them honored, and they shall not be
small.” Correctly interpreted, he is saying “there will be many and they will be great or large.”

Malapropism
Definition:
Malapropism in literature refers to the practice of misusing words by substituting words with
similar sounding words that have different, often unconnected meanings, and thus creating a
situation of confusion, misunderstanding and amusement. Malapropism is used to convey that
the speaker or character is flustered, bothered, unaware or confused and as a result cannot
employ proper diction. A trick to using malapropism is to ensure that the two words (the original
and the substitute) sound similar enough for the reader to catch onto the intended switch and find
humor in the result.
Example:

In the play Much Ado About Nothing, noted playwright William Shakespeare’s character
Dogberry says, "Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons." Instead,
what the character means to say is “"Our watch, sir, have indeed apprehended two suspicious
persons."

Metaphor
Definition:
Metaphors are one of the most extensively used literary devices. A metaphor refers to a meaning
or identity ascribed to one subject by way of another. In a metaphor, one subject is implied to be
another so as to draw a comparison between their similarities and shared traits. The first subject,
which is the focus of the sentences is usually compared to the second subject, which is used to
convey a degree of meaning that is used to characterize the first. The purpose of using a
metaphor is to take an identity or concept that we understand clearly (second subject) and use it
to better understand the lesser known element (the first subject).
Example:

“Henry was a lion on the battlefield”. This sentence suggests that Henry fought so valiantly and
bravely that he embodied all the personality traits we attribute to the ferocious animal. This
sentence implies immediately that Henry was courageous and fearless, much like the King of the
Jungle.

Metonymy
Definition:
Metonymy in literature refers to the practice of not using the formal word for an object or subject
and instead referring to it by using another word that is intricately linked to the formal name or
word. It is the practice of substituting the main word with a word that is closely linked to it.
Example:

When we use the name “Washington D.C” we are talking about the U.S’ political hot seat by
referring to the political capital of the United States because all the significant political
institutions such as the White House, Supreme Court, the U.S. Capitol and many more are
located her. The phrase “Washington D.C.” is metonymy for the government of the U.S. in this
case.

Mood
Definition:
The literary device ‘mood’ refers to a definitive stance the author adopts in shaping a specific
emotional perspective towards the subject of the literary work. It refers to the mental and
emotional disposition of the author towards the subject, which in turn lends a particular character
or atmosphere to the work. The final tone achieved thus is instrumental in evoking specific,
appropriate responses from the reader.
Example:

In Erich Segal’s Love Story, the relationship of the two protagonists is handled with such beauty,
delicateness and sensitivity that the reader is compelled to feel the trials and tribulations of the
characters.

Motif
Definition:
The literary device ‘motif’ is any element, subject, idea or concept that is constantly present
through the entire body of literature. Using a motif refers to the repetition of a specific theme
dominating the literary work. Motifs are very noticeable and play a significant role in defining
the nature of the story, the course of events and the very fabric of the literary piece.
Example:

In many famed fairytales, the motif of a ‘handsome prince’ falling in love with a ‘damsel in
distress’ and the two being bothered by a wicked step mother, evil witch or beast and finally
conquering all to live ‘happily ever after’ is a common motif.

Another common motif is the simple, pretty peasant girl or girl from a modest background in
fairytales discovering that she is actually a royal or noble by the end of the tale.

Negative Capability
Definition:
The use of negative capability in literature is a concept promoted by poet John Keats, who was of
the opinion that literary achievers, especially poets, should be able to come to terms with the fact
that some matters might have to be left unsolved and uncertain. Keats was of the opinion that
some certainties were best left open to imagination and that the element of doubt and ambiguity
added romanticism and specialty to a concept.
Example:

The best references of the use of negative capability in literature would be of Keats’ own works,
especially poems such as Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale.

Nemesis
Definition:
In literature, the use of a nemesis refers to a situation of poetic justice wherein the positive
characters are rewarded and the negative characters are penalized. The word also sometimes
refers to the character or medium by which this justice is brought about as Nemesis was the
patron goddess of vengeance according to classical mythology.
Example:

In the popular book series Harry Potter, the protagonist Harry Potter is the nemesis of the evil
Lord Voldemort.

Onomatopoeia
Definition:
The term ‘onomatopoeia’ refers to words whose very sound is very close to the sound they are
meant to depict. In other words, it refers to sound words whose pronunciation to the actual sound
they represent.
Example:

Words such as grunt, huff, buzz and snap are words whose

pronunciation sounds very similar to the actual sounds these words represent. In literature such
words are useful in creating a stronger mental image. For instance, sentences such as “the
whispering of the forest trees” or “the hum of a thousand bees” or “the click of the door in the
nighttime” create vivid mental images.

Oxymoron
Definition:
Oxymoron is a significant literary device as it allows the author to use contradictory, contrasting
concepts placed together in a manner that actually ends up making sense in a strange, and
slightly complex manner. An oxymoron is an interesting literary device because it helps to
perceive a deeper level of truth and explore different layers of semantics while writing.
Example:

Sometimes we cherish things of little value.

He possessed a cold fire in his eyes.

Paradox
Definition:
A paradox in literature refers to the use of concepts or ideas that are contradictory to one another,
yet, when placed together hold significant value on several levels. The uniqueness of paradoxes
lies in the fact that a deeper level of meaning and significance is not revealed at first glace, but
when it does crystallize, it provides astonishing insight.
Example:

High walls make not a palace; full coffers make not a king.

Pathetic Fallacy
Definition:
Pathetic fallacy is a type of literary device whereby the author ascribes the human feelings of one
or more of his or her characters to nonhuman objects or nature or phenomena. It is a type of
personification, and is known to occur more by accident and less on purpose.
Example:

The softly whistling teapot informed him it was time for breakfast.

Periodic Structure
Definition:
In literature, the concept of a periodic structure refers to a particular placement of sentence
elements such as the main clause of the sentence and/or its predicate are purposely held off and
placed at the end instead of at the beginning or their conventional positions. In such placements,
the crux of the sentence’s meaning does not become clear to the reader until they reach the last
part. While undeniably confusing at first, a periodic structure lends a flair of drama and
romanticism to a sentence and is greatly used in poetry.
Example:

Instead of writing, “brokenhearted and forlorn she waited till the end of her days for his return”
one may write, “for his return, brokenhearted and forlorn, waited she till the end of her days”.

Periphrasis
Definition:
The term ‘periphrasis’ refers to the use of excessive language and surplus words to convey a
meaning that could otherwise be conveyed with fewer words and in more direct a manner. The
use of this literary device can be to embellish a sentence, to create a grander effect, to beat
around the bush and to draw attention away from the crux of the message being conveyed.
Example:

Instead of simply saying “I am displeased with your behavior”, one can say, “the manner in
which you have conducted yourself in my presence of late has caused me to feel uncomfortable
and has resulted in my feeling disgruntled and disappointed with you”.

Personification
Definition:
Personification is one of the most commonly used and recognized literary devices. It refers to the
practice of attaching human traits and characteristics with inanimate objects, phenomena and
animals.
Example:

“The raging winds”

“The wise owl”

“The warm and comforting fire”

Plot
Definition:
The plot usually refers to the sequence of events and happenings that make up a story. There is
usually a pattern, unintended or intentional, that threads the plot together. The plot basically
refers to the main outcome and order of the story. There is another kind of plot in literature as
well; it refers to the conflict or clash occurring as a part of the story. The conflict usually follows
3 regular formats: a) characters in conflict with one another b) characters in conflict with their
surroundings and c) characters in conflict with themselves.
Example:

Many date movies follow a similar simple plot. Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy wins girl back
in the end.

Point of View
Definition:
Point of view is the manner in which a story is narrated or depicted and who it is that tells the
story. Simply put, the point of view determines the angle and perception of the story unfolding,
and thus influences the tone in which the story takes place. The point of view is instrumental in
manipulating the reader’s understanding of the narrative. In a way, the point of view can allow or
withhold the reader access into the greater reaches of the story. Two of the most common point
of view techniques are the first person, wherein the story is told by the narrator from his or her
standpoint and the third person wherein the narrator does not figure in the events of the story and
tells the story by referring to all characters and places in the third person with third person
pronouns and proper nouns.
Example:

In the popular Lord of the Rings book series, the stories are narrated in the third person and all
happenings are described from an “outside the story” point of view. Contrastingly, in the popular
teen book series, Princess Diaries, the story is told in the first person, by the protagonist herself.

Polysyndeton
Definition:
Polysyndeton refers to the process of using conjunctions or connecting words frequently in a
sentence, placed very close to one another. Opposed to the usual norm of using them sparsely,
only where they are technically needed. The use of polysyndetons is primarily for adding
dramatic effect as they have a strong rhetorical presence.
Example:

For example:

a) Saying “here and there and everywhere”, instead of simply saying “here, there and
everywhere”.

b) “Marge and Susan and Anne and Daisy and Barry all planned to go for a picnic”, instead of
“Marge, Susan, Anne, Daisy and Barry…” emphasizes each of the individuals and calls attention
to every person one by one instead of assembling them as a group.

Portmanteau
Definition:
In literature, this device refers to the practice of joining together two or more words in order to
create an entirely new word. This is often done in order to create a name or word for something
by combining the individual characteristics of 2 or more other words.
Example:

1. The word “smog” is a portmanteau that was built combining “fog” and “smoke” and “smog”
has the properties of both fog and smoke.

2. Liger= Lion + Tiger= A hybrid of the two feline species, possessing characteristics of both.

Prologue
Definition:
A prologue can be understood to be a sort of introduction to a story that usually sets the tone for
the story and acts as a bit of a backgrounder or a “sneak peek” into the story. Prologues are
typically a narrative ‘spoken’ by one of the characters and not from the part of the author.
Example:

1. "The origin of this story is..."

2. “It all began one day when…”

Puns
Definition:
Puns are a very popular literary device wherein a word is used in a manner to suggest two or
more possible meanings. This is generally done to the effect of creating humor or irony or
wryness. Puns can also refer to words that suggest meanings of similar-sounding words. The
trick is to make the reader have an “ah!” moment and discover 2 or more meanings.
Example:

Santa’s helpers are known as subordinate Clauses.

See more examples of puns at http://punjokes.com/

Rhyme Scheme
Definition:
The rhyme scheme is the practice of rhyming words placed at the end of the lines in the prose or
poetry. Rhyme scheme refers to the order in which particular words rhyme. If the alternate words
rhyme, it is an “a-b-a-b” rhyme scheme, which means “a” is the rhyme for the lines 1 and 3 and
“b” is the rhyme affected in the lines 2 and 4.
Example:

Roses are red (a)

Violets are blue (b)

Beautiful they all may be (c)

But I love you (b)

The above is an “a-b-c-b” rhyme scheme.

Rhythm & Rhyme

Definition:
The concept of ‘rhythm and rhyme’ refers to a pattern of rhymes that is created by using words
that produce the same, or similar sounds. Rhythm and rhyme together refer to the recurrence of
similar sounds in prose and poetry, creating a musical, gentle effect.
Example:

“I am a teapot

Short and stout;

This is my handle

And this is my spout.

When the water’s boiling

Hear me shout;

Just lift me up

And pour me out”

Satire
Definition:
The use of satire in literature refers to the practice of making fun of a human weakness or
character flaw. The use of satire is often inclusive of a need or decision of correcting or bettering
the character that is on the receiving end of the satire. In general, even though satire might be
humorous and may “make fun”, its purpose is not to entertain and amuse but actually to derive a
reaction of contempt from the reader.
Example:

An example of satire in modern popculture is the TV series Southpark that uses satire as it
primary medium for drawing attention the flaws in society, especially American society at
present. The scripts and writing for the show are an excellent example of satire in written form.

Setting
Definition:
In literature, the word ‘setting’ is used to identify and establish the time, place and mood of the
events of the story. It basically helps in establishing where and when and under what
circumstances the story is taking place.
Example:

In the first installment of the Harry Potter series, a large part of the book takes place at the
protagonist, Harry’s, aunt’s and uncle’s place, living in the “muggle” (non-magical) world with
the “muggle” folks, and Harry is unaware of his magical capabilities and blood. This setting
establishes the background that Harry has a non-magical childhood with other “muggle” people
and has no clue about his special powers or his parents and is raised much like, actually worse
than, regular people, till his 11th birthday.

Simile
Definition:
Similes are one of the most commonly used literary devices; referring to the practice of drawing
parallels or comparisons between two unrelated and dissimilar things, people, beings, places and
concepts. By using similes a greater degree of meaning and understanding is attached to an
otherwise simple sentence. The reader is able to better understand the sentiment the author
wishes to convey. Similes are marked by the use of the words ‘as’ or ‘such as’ or ‘like’.
Example:

He is like a mouse in front of the teacher.

Spoonerism
Definition:
Spoonerism refers to the practice of interchanging the first letters of some words in order to
create new words or even to create nonsensical words in order to create a humorous setting.
While they are often unintentional and known as a “slip of the tongue”, in literature they are
welcomed as witty wordplay.
Example:

The phrase “flesh and blood” being spoken as a character as “blesh and flood” in urgency and
heightened emotion.
Stanza
Definition:
The term stanza refers to a single, related chunk of lines in poetry. It basically refers to one unit
or group of lines, which forms one particular faction in poetry. The most basic kind of stanza is
usually 4 lines per group, with the simplest rhyme scheme “a-b-a-b” being followed.
Example:

“The greedy paddy cat,

Chased after the mice;

She got so round and fat,

But it tasted so nice”

Stream of consciousness
Definition:
The phrase ‘stream of consciousness’ refers to an uninterrupted and unhindered collection and
occurrence of thoughts and ideas in the conscious mind. In literature, the phrase refers to the
flow of these thoughts, with reference to a particular character’s thinking process. This literary
device is usually used in order to provide a narrative in the form of the character’s thoughts
instead of using dialogue or description.
Example:

All writings by Virginia Woolff are a good example of literary stream of consciousness.

"Life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo, a semi-
transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end." The
Common Reader (1925)

Suspense
Definition:
Suspense is the intense feeling that an audience goes through while waiting for the outcome of
certain events. It basically leaves the reader holding their breath and wanting more information.
The amount of intensity in a suspenseful moment is why it is hard to put a book down. Without
suspense, a reader would lose interest quickly in any story because there is nothing that is
making the reader ask, “What’s going to happen next?” In writing, there has to be a series of
events that leads to a climax that captivates the audience and makes them tense and anxious to
know what is going to happen.
Example:

A cliffhanger is a great way to create suspense. You remember when you were a kid and very
excited to watch those Saturday morning shows. You can probably recall the feeling you had at
the pit of your stomach when, after about 25 minutes and lots of commercials, you were hoping
to find out what happened to your favorite character. However, you didn’t get to find out. Instead
they would make the “Tune In Next Week” announcement and you already knew that you would
be there. Same time, same place. Suspense is a powerful literary tool because, if done correctly,
you know your audience will be back for more and more.

Symbol
Definition:
A symbol is literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first sight,
and is representative of several other aspects, concepts or traits than those that are visible in the
literal translation alone. Symbol is using an object or action that means something more than its
literal meaning.
Example:

The phrase “a new dawn” does not talk only about the actual beginning of a new day but also
signifies a new start, a fresh chance to begin and the end of a previous tiring time.

Synecdoche
Definition:
A synecdoche is a literary devices that uses a part of something to refer to the whole or vice
versa. It is somewhat rhetorical in nature, where the entire object is represented by way of a
fraction of it or a fraction of the object is symbolized by the whole.
Example:

“Weary feet in the walk of life”, does not refer to the feet actually being tired or painful; it is
symbolic of a long, hard struggle through the journey of life and feeling low, tired, unoptimistic
and ‘the walk of life’ does not represent an actual path or distance covered, instead refers to the
entire sequence of life events that has made the person tired.

Synesthesia
Definition:
While the term synesthesia literally refers to a medical condition wherein one or many of the
sensory modalities become joined to one another, in literature it refers to the depiction of a
strong connection, link or bond between the different senses. Characters in literature are
sometimes described to be experiences synesthesia. Synesthesia is the conflation of the senses.
Example:

The Sound of Blue by Hollu Payne which portrays synesthesia with respect to the Romantic
ideal.

feel free to post your thoughts and vote on your favorite literary device.
Syntax
Definition:
Syntax in literature refers to the actual way in which words and sentences are placed together in
the writing. Usually in the English language the syntax should follow a pattern of subject-verb-
object agreement but sometimes authors play around with this to achieve a lyrical, rhythmic,
rhetoric or questioning effect. It is not related to the act of choosing specific words or even the
meaning of each word or the overall meanings conveyed by the sentences.
Example:
The sentence "The man drives the car" would follow normal syntax in the English language. By
changing the syntax to "The car drives the man", the sentence becomes awkward.

Theme
Definition:
The theme of any literary work is the base that acts as a foundation for the entire literary piece.
The theme links all aspects of the literary work with one another and is basically the main
subject. The theme can be an enduring pattern or motif throughout the literary work, occurring in
a complex, long winding manner or it can be short and succinct and provide a certain insight into
the story.
Example:

The main theme in the play Romeo and Juliet was love with smaller themes of sacrifice, tragedy,
struggle, hardship, devotion and so on.

Tone
Definition:
The tone of a literary work is the perspective or attitude that the author adopts with regards to a
specific character, place or development. Tone can portray a variety of emotions ranging from
solemn, grave, and critical to witty, wry and humorous. Tone helps the reader ascertain the
writer’s feelings towards a particular topic and this in turn influences the reader’s understanding
of the story.
Example:

In her Harry Potter series, author J.K. Rowling has taken an extremely positive, inspiring and
uplifting tone towards the idea of love and devotion.

Tragedy
Definition:
In literature, the concept of tragedy refer to a series of unfortunate events by which one or more
of the literary characters in the story undergo several misfortunes, which finally culminate into a
disaster of ‘epic proportions’. Tragedy is generally built up in 5 stages: a) happy times b) the
introduction of a problem c) the problem worsens to a crisis or dilemma d) the characters are
unable to prevent the problem from taking over e) the problem results in some catastrophic,
grave ending, which is the tragedy culminated.
Example:

In the play Julius Caesar, the lead character is an ambitious, fearless and power hungry king who
ignores all the signs and does not heed the advice of the well-meaning: finally being stabbed to
death by his own best friend and advisor Brutus. This moment has been immortalized by the
phrase “Et tu Brute?”, wherein Caesar realizes that he has finally been defeated, and that too
through betrayal.

Understatement
Definition:
This literary device refers to the practice of drawing attention to a fact that is already obvious
and noticeable. Understating a fact is usually done by way of sarcasm, irony, wryness or any
other form of dry humor. Understating something is akin to exaggerating its obviousness as a
means of humor.
Example:

The phrase, “Oh! I wonder if he could get any later; I am free all day long”. Said in a sarcastic
tone it indicates that the speaker obviously means the opposite of the literal meaning.

Verisimilitude
Definition:
Verisimilitude tends to be based around the appearance or proximity to being real, or the truth. It
was a large part of the work of Karl Popper, and can be used in a variety of different ways to
describe something, as well. It is a way of implying the believability or likelihood of a theory or
narrative. However, just because something can be described as having Verisimilitude does not
mean that it is true, only that merely appears to or seems to be true.
Example:

It can be used in a variety of ways, for example;

“While some dislike the content of the novel due to its graphic nature, you cannot deny that the
content certainly gives the book some Verisimilitude”

An example of Verisimilitude in concept, though, could be a doubtful statement in a court of law

or even a false testimonial for a restaurant. If something “seems” like it’s all well and good, but
you can’t quite decide, then it can be said to have Verisimilitude.

Verse
Definition:
The literary term ‘verse’ is used to refer to any single, lone line of a poetry composition. A
metrical writing line is known as verse. The word can however, also refer to a stanza or any other
part of the poetry.
Example:

A single line or stanza in a poem would be an example of verse.