94

,ay;-3

Gzh;r;rp tpjpfspd; tsh;r;rpAk; khw;wKk;

1. Kd;Diu

2. Gzh;r;rpAk; re;jpAk;

2.1 Gzh;r;rpapd; ,ay;G

3. ,Utifg; Gzh;r;rp

3.1 tpfhuk;

3.2 nra;As; tpfhuk;

4. Gzh;r;rp NtWghl;bw;Ff; fhuzk;

4.1 vOj;jikg;G

4.1.1 nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;J

4.1.2 nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;J

4.1.3 xw;W ,ul;Ljy;

4.1.4 mfu <W

4.1.4.1 gy> rpy vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

4.1.5 Mfhu <W

4.1.5.1 epyh vd;w ngah;

4.1.5.2 M> kh vd;Dk; tpyq;fpd; ngah;fs;

4.1.6 ,fu <W

4.1.6.1 ,d;wp vd;w nrhy;

4.1.6.2 ehop vd;w nrhy;

4.1.7 efuk; Qfukhjy;

 95

4.1.8 Ifhu <W

4.1.8.1 kio vd;w ngah;

4.1.8.2 Nfh vd;w nrhy;

4.1.9 clk;gL nka;

4.1.9.1 MfhuKk; XfhuKk; afuk; ngWjy;

5. njhluikg;G

5.1 afu <W

5.1.1 ,ay;ghjy;

5.1.2 afuj;jpd; Kd; efuk;

5.2 yfu <W

5.2.1 yfuk; nfLjy;

5.3 tfu <W

5.3.1 tfuk; kfukhjy;

5.4 ofu <W

5.4.1 ofuk; nfLjy;

5.4.2 ofuk; lfukhjy;

5.4.3 ofuk; zfukhjy;

5.5 nka;aPw;wpd; Kd; nka;

5.6 Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp

5.6.1 Ifhuk; rhhpia ngWjy;

5.6.2 njq;F Kd; fha;

5.7 jpirg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp

 96

6. ngauikg;G

7. nghUsikg;G

7.1 dfu <W

7.1.1 vfpd; vd;w nrhy;

7.1.2 Cd; vd;w nrhy;

8. rhhpiafs;

8.1 tw;Wr; rhhpia

8.2 mf;Fr; rhhpia

8.3 ,f;Fr; rhhpia

8.4 my; rhhpia

8.5 ,w;Wr; rhhpia

8.6 vz;Zg;ngah; ,w;Wr; rhhpia ngWjy;

8.7 jk;> ek;> Ek; vd;Dk; rhhpiafs;

8.8 khd; rhhpia

9. Ngr;R tof;F

9.1 Ntw;Wik cUGfs;

10. KbTiu
 97

,ay;-3

Gzh;r;rp tpjpfspd; tsh;r;rpAk; khw;wKk;

1. Kd;Diu

Gzh;r;rp vd;gJ ,Unrhw;fs; Gzh;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. mit jdpj;J

,aq;Fk; fl;byh tbtk; (Free form) Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tpuz;L

nrhw;fspy; Gzh;jYf;Fhpad epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;Jk; tUnkhopapd;

KjnyOj;Jk; vd;W midj;J ,yf;fzE}w;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l NghjpYk;

epiynkhopapd; xt;nthU vOj;Jk; tUnkhopapd; nghUSk; Gzh;r;rpapd;

khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikAk;. mt;thW GzUk; NghJ ,ay;G> nka;

gpwpjhjy;> kpFjy;> Fd;wy; vd;Dk; ehw;gz;Gfisg; ngWk;.

,k;khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;Gk;> vOj;Jf;fspd;

kaf;fKk; MFk;.

jkpo; tsh;e;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; nkhop> kf;fspd; Ngr;R

tof;fhWfSf;Nfw;g nkhopapy; gy;NtW tifahd NtWghLfs; epfo;tJ

,ay;G. mt;NtWghLfs; eilngwtpy;iynad;why; nkhop mope;J tpLk;.

vdNt xUnkhopf;F NtWghLfs; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. NtWghLfis

xU nkhopapd; tsh;r;rpahfTk; fUjyhk;. ,t;NtWghLfis mwpa

,yf;fz E}w;fs; Jiznra;fpd;wd.

 98

Gzh;r;rp ,yf;fzk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifNahL xd;wpAs;sJ.

,yf;fzq;fs; jdpg;gl;lthpd; gilg;gd;W. kf;fspd; nkhop

tof;fhWfisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. fhyq;fs; nry;yr;

nry;y gioa nrhw;fs; mope;JtpLfpd;wd. Gjpa nrhw;fs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. mjd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g ,yf;fzq;fspy; Gjpa Gzh;r;rp

tpjpfis ,yf;fzpfs; gilj;Js;sdh;. Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisr; RUq;fr;

nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w jd;ikAld;> njhy;fhg;gpak;

Gzh;r;rp tpjpfis tpsf;fpa mstpw;F kw;w ,yf;fz E}w;fs; Gzh;r;rp

tpjpfis tpsf;ftpy;iy. njhy;fhg;gpak; $whj Gjpa nra;jpfis kw;w

,yf;fz E}w;fs; vt;thW $Wfpd;wd NkYk; vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd

vd;gd gw;wp tpsf;FtNj ,t;tpaypd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

2. Gzh;r;rpAk; re;jpAk;

jkpo; ,yf;fzpfs; ,uz;L nrhw;fspy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fs;

Gzh;jiyg; Gzh;r;rp vd;W nfhz;ldh;. nkhopapayhh; mjidr; re;jp

vd;Wk; cUnghypadpay; (Morphophonemics) vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLth;.

,yf;fzE}yhh; $Wk; Gzh;r;rpAk; nkhopapayhh; $Wk; re;jpAk; Ez;zpa

NtWghl;bid cilad. ‘re;jp> Gzh;r;rp Mfpa nrhw;fs; NtWghL

,y;yhJ xNu nghUspYk; ifahsg;gLtJz;L”1 vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.

Gzh;r;rpf;Fk; re;jpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;bidr; nr.it.rz;Kfk;

gpd;tUthW Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
 99

‘,yf;fz E}y;fs; nrhw;fspd; Nrh;f;ifahy; (Gzh;r;rp) khw;wk;

Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W nfhs;s> nkhopapay; jdpr;nrhy;ypd; vOj;J khw;wNk

cUnghypad; my;yJ re;jp vd;W nfhs;fpwJ”2.

nkhopapayhh; nrhy;ypd; khw;W tbtq;fis xypapdhy; fl;Lz;l

khw;wk; (Phonologically contioned alternatn), cUgdhy; fl;Lz;;l khw;wk;

(Morphologically conditioned alternanat) vd;W gphpg;gh;. ,t;tpuz;L

KiwfspYk; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}w;fs; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfis tpsf;fpAs;sd.

vdNt Gzh;r;rp vd;gJk;> re;jp vd;gJk; cUnghypadpay; vd;gJk;

khw;Wr; nrhw;fNs jtpu khw;Wg; nghUs;fis czh;j;Jtd my;y.

2.1 Gzh;r;rpapd; ,ay;G

Gzh;r;rp vOj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ehd;F tifahfTk; (caph;-

nka;> caph;- caph;> nka; - nka;> nka; - caph;> njhy;.108) nrhw;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; ehd;F tifahfTk; (ngah; - tpid> ngah;-ngah;> tpid-

ngah;> tpid - tpid> njhy;.109> ed;.151) mike;Js;sd.

epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;Jk; tUnkhopapd; KjnyOj;Jk; GzUk;

NghJ ve;jnthU khw;wKk; epfohky; ,ay;ghf tUjYk;> eLtpy;

xnuOj;Jj; Njhd;WjYk; epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;Njh tUnkhopapd;

KjnyOj;Njh my;yJ ,uz;LNkh jphpjYk; mit nfl;L tUjYk;

cz;L (njhy;.110> ed;.154.)

 100

njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; jpul;L vd;w tpfhuj;ijr; Nrh;j;Jf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,J tlnkhop Gzh;r;rp tpjpf;Fs; mlq;Fk;.

milnkhopNahL Njhd;Wk; nrhw;fSk; kUcr;nrhw;fSk;

Gzh;r;rpf;Fhpad. milnkhopr;nrhw;fs; jphpe;j tbtj;jpNyNa GzUk;.

k&cr;nrhw;fs; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfSf;Fs; mlq;fhky; jphpe;J fhzg;gLk;.

rhd;Wfs;

gjpdhapuk; + mj;J + xd;W > gjpdhapuj;njhd;W

Kd;; + ,y; > Kd;wpy;

,y;Kd; vd;gjpd; k&c Kd;wpy; MFk;. Kd; + ,y; vd;gJ jdpf;Fwpy;

Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;w E}w;ghtpd;gb Kd;dpy; vd;W jhd;

GzuNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,q;F Njhd;wpAs;s k&c ve;j Gzh;r;rp tpjpf;Fk;

mlq;fhnjhd;whFk;.

3. ,Utifg;Gzh;r;rp

Gzh;r;rp nghUs; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit

1.Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp 2. my;topg;Gzh;r;rp MFk; (njhy;.113> ed;.152).

,g;ghFghL nghUspd; NtWghl;ilg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; njhlhpaiy

tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. xU nrhy;Yf;F cz;lhFk;

njhlhpyf;fzg; nghUs; mz;ikr; nrhy;yhNyNa Vw;gLfpwJ. mit

njhlUk; nrhy;ypd; nghUspw;Nfw;g ,yf;fzg;nghUs; NtWgLfpwJ.

 101

‘njhlh;fspy; tUk; Gzh;r;rpia czh;j;jNt vOj;jjpfhuk;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ”3 vd;W v];.Rg;gpukzpad; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;Jk; tUnkhopapd; KjnyOj;Jk; nghUe;j

tUtJ Gzh;r;rpahFk; (njhy;.109) xUnkhopf;fz;Zk; Gzh;tJ

Gzh;r;rpahFk;. (tPu.9> ed;.243> 254 m.,.121>122> 125). mWtif

,yf;fzk; nka;k;kaf;fj;ijNa Gzh;r;rpnad;W tpsf;fpr; nry;fpd;wJ.

rhj;jd; + if > rhj;jd;if - njhy;

ele;J + md; + md; > ele;jdd;-ed;.

3.1.
3.1. tpfhuk;

Gzh;r;rp %d;W tif tpfhuq;fisg; ngWk;. mit.1. nka;gpwpjhjy;

(jphpjy;) 2. kpFjy; (Njhd;wy;) 3. Fd;wy; (nfLjy;) (njhy;.110> tPu. 10>

Nekp.12> ed;.154> ,.tp.56> K.tP.163). Mdhy; njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk;

mk;%d;Wld; jpul;L vd;gijg; (91) Gjpajhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

nghd; + Flk; > nghw;Flk;

ahid + NfhL > ahidf;NfhL

kuk;; + Nth;

ku(k;) + Nth; > kuNth;

Ntjk;; + Mfkk;

Ntj(k;) + Mfkk; > Ntjhfkk;

 102

njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; jpul;L vd;wJ tlnkhopr; re;jpiaf;

Fwpg;gjhFk;. vdNt tlnkhopr; re;jpiaj; jkpo;r; re;jpAld; Nrh;j;J

ehd;fhf;fpaJ. jpul;L vd;w tpfhuk; jkpo; re;jp tifapDs;

nghUe;Jtjd;W.

3.2 nra;As; tpfhuk;

nra;As; tpfhuq;fisg; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

ed;D}y; (155> 156)> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; (57> 58)> njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; (37)

,k;%d;W ,yf;fzE}w;fs; xd;gJ tifahd nra;As; tpfhuq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. mit 1. typj;jy; 2. nkypj;jy; 3. ePl;ly; 4. FWf;fy; 5.

tphpj;jy; 6. njhFj;jy; 7. nrhy;ypd; Kjy; Fiwjy; 8. ,ilf;Fiwjy; 9.

filf;Fiwjy;.

(v.fh)

1. FWj;jhl; G+jk; Rke;j - FWe;jhs;

2. jz;ilapd; ,df;fpsp fbNths; - jl;il

3. <rd; ve;ij ,izab ePoNy - epoy;

4. njd;dd;wpUe;jhh; ed;nwd;Nwd; jpNad; - jPNad;

5. rpwpapiy ntjphpd; ney;tpisAk;Nk - tpisANk

6. rpwpapiy - rpwpaapiy

7. kiuapjo; GiuAk; - jhkiu

 103

8. Xjp KJNghj;J - Xe;jp

9. ePYz; Jfpypif - ePyk;

4 Gzh;r;rp NtWghl;bw;Ff; fhuzk;

4.1 vOj;jikg;G

epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;Jk; tUnkhopapd; KjnyOj;J kl;Lk;

Gzh;r;rpapd; khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikahJ. epiynkhopapd;

xt;nthU vOj;Jk; Gzh;r;rpapd; NtWghl;bw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

rhd;Wfs;

1. gy; + I > gy;iy

2. ghy; + I > ghiy

,t;tpuz;L rhd;Wfspy; epiynkhopapd; <Wk; tUnkhopapd; KjYk;

xd;whf ,Ue;Jk; Gzh;r;rp NtWgLfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;

epiynkhopapd; vOj;jikg;ghFk; (njhy;.161> tPu.14> Nekp.15> ed;.205>

,.tp.66> njh.tp.36).

,ijj; njhy;fhg;gpah;>

‘nebajd; Kd;dh; xw;Wnka; nfLjYk;

Fwpajd; Kd;dh;j; jd;DU ,ul;lYk;’ (njhy;.161)

 104

vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shh;. cr;rhpg;G xypapd; khj;jpiu msNt

,k;khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfmikAk;.

,t;tpjpf;F mlq;fhky; rpy tof;FfSk; cz;L.

ehk; + mJ

ek; (m) + mJ

ek; (m) + (m) J > ekJ

,ijj; njhy;fhg;gpah;>

‘Mwd; cUgpd; mfuf; fpstp

<whF mfuKidf; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk;’ (njhy;.116).

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ‘ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikf;F tFf;fg;gl;l mfur;

rhhpia tpjpia Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;”4 vd;W

m.rPepthrd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

jhk; > jk; + mJ jk;k; + mJ > jk;kJ

ehk; > ek; + mJ ek;k; + mJ > ek;kJ

ahk; > vk; + mJ vk;k; + mJ > vk;kJ

 105

ehk; > Ek; + mJ Ek;k; + mJ > Ek;kJ

ck; + mJ ck;k; + mJ > ck;kJ

vOj;J nkhopapy; ekJ vd;Wk; Ngr;R nkhopapy; ek;kJ vd;Wk; toq;Fk;

Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4.1.1 nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;

nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs; caph; gd;dpuz;L> caph;nka;;

xd;gJ (f> r> j> g> Q> e> k> a> t)> Fw;wpaYfuk; xd;W nkhj;jk;

,Ugj;jpuz;lhFk; (njhy;.104)> kw;w ,yf;fz E}w;fs; nkhop Kjy;

Fw;wpaYfuj;ijf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy (tPu7> Nekp.7> ,.tp.26> njh.tp.10> K.tP.

60> 61> 62> 63> 64) ,Ugj;njhnuOj;ij nkhop Kjyhff; nfhs;fpd;wd.

ed;D}y; (102) qfuj;ij nkhop Kjyhff; nfhs;fpwJ.

kw;w ,yf;fz E}w;fs; nkhop Kjy; Fw;Wfuj;ij tpLj;jJ

vd;idnadpd; e; + c > E vd;gJ nkhop Kjy; ‘e;” te;Js;sJ. vdNt

,J Fw;WfukhfhJ.

‘Ee;ij vd;gjpy; ‘E’ vd;gJ Fw;wpaYfukhFk;. ,jid nkhopKjw;

Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;whNuDk; ‘E’ vd;gjpy; ‘e;’ vd;gNj nkhop Kjw;fz;

epw;wypd;> mjid nkhop Kjw; Fw;Wfuk; vd;wy; vt;thnwdpy;> ‘E’vd;Dk;

caph;nka;ia nka; caph; vd Ntw;Wik fUjhJ. caph;nka; vd;w xw;Wik

fUjpNaahk;”5 vd tpsf;Ffpwhh; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;.

 106

Xypg;G Kiwapy; ‘E’ vd;gJ miukhj;jpiuahf xypj;jypd;

Fw;Wfuk; vd;W nfhz;lhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.

ed;D}y; qfuj;ij nkhop Kjyhff; (106) nfhs;fpd;wJ.

(mq;) qdk;

‘xU tifapy; Nehf;fpdhy; Kjyhfhikahy; qt;Tk; vd ,opT

rpwg;Gk;ik nfhLj;Jf; $wpdhh;. qdk; vd;gJ ,lj;ijAk; czh;j;Jk;>

jd;ikiaAk; czh;j;Jk;”6.

qfuk; jdpj;J nkhopf;F Kjyhjyd;wp ‘Kltd; NfhY}d;wp te;jhw;

Nghyr; Rl;L tpdhthfpa ,ilr;nrhw;fisNa Kd;dpl;L tUjyhd;.

mjid nkhopKjw;fz; tUk; vOj;Jf;fSs; xd;whff; Nfhly;

nghUe;Jtjd;whk;”7.

Fw;wpaYfuKk;> qfuKk; nkhopKjw;fz; tUjy; vd;gJ

nghUj;jkhdjhfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. vdNt nkhopKjw;fz; ,Ugj;njhU

vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

4.1.2 nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;

nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs; caph; gd;dpuz;L>

nky;ypdk; qfuk; jtph;j;j Ie;Jk;. ,ilapdk; MWk;> Fw;wpaYfuk; xd;Wk;

Nghd;w ,Ugj;jpehd;F vOj;Jf;fshFk; (njhy;.104> ed;.107> ,.tp.28>

 107

K.tP.82> 89> 92)> kw;w ,yf;fz E}yhd tPuNrhopak; (8)

capnuOj;Jf;fspy; vfu> xfuk; jtph;j;j gj;Jk;> nky;ypdj;jpy; k> z> d

vd;Dk; %d;Wk;> ,ilapdj;jpy; tfuk; jtph;j;j Ie;Jk; nkhj;jk;

gjpndl;L vOj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

Nekpehjk; (8) caph; v> x> xsfhuq;fs; jtph;j;j xd;gJk;>

nky;ypdj;jpy; z> k> d vd;Dk; %d;Wk; ,ilapdntOj;J MWk;

nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L vOj;Jf;fs; nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk;.

njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; (10) caph; v> x> xsfhuq;fs; jtph;j;j xd;gJk;>

nky;ypdk; qfuk; jtph;j;j Ie;Jk;> ,ilapdntOj;Jf;fs; MWk; nkhj;jk;

,UgJ vOj;Jf;fs; nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vd;W tpsf;fpAs;sJ.

vfu xfuq;fs; msngLj;Nj nkhopf;F <whf tUjyhy; vfu

xfuq;fs; jtph;f;fg;gl;ld. xsfhuk;> mfuKk; tfuKk; ,ize;J ‘mt;’

vd;wjdhy; xsfhuKk; jtph;f;fg;gl;lJ.

q> Q> e vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fis <whff; nfhz;l nrhw;fs;

tof;nfhope;jd. Mjdhy; tPuNrhopak;> Nekpehjk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L

E}w;fSk; Q> e fuq;fis tpLj;jd NghYk;.

 108

4.1.3 xw;W ,ul;Ljy;

Fwpajd; Kd;dh;j; jd;DUG ,ul;Ljy; (njhy;.161) vd;w fUj;Jg;

gpw;fhy ,yf;fzpfshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ (tPu.14> Nekp> 15> ed;.

205 ,.tp.66> njh.tp.36> m.,.138)

nghd; + mzp > nghd;dzp

ngz;; + murp > ngz;zurp

Mwd; cUG GzUkplj;J xw;W ,ul;lhj ,lKk; cz;L.

jhk;; + mJ

jk; + mJ > jkJ

Ngr;R tof;fpy; Mwd; cUG GzUk;NghJ xw;W ,ul;bj;J tUjYk;

cz;L.

ek;; + mJ > ek;kJ

4.1.4 mfu <W

4.1.4.1 gy> rpy vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

gy> rpy vd;Dk; mfutPw;Wr; nrhw;fs; jk;Kd; jhk;thpd; yfuk;

wfukhfj; jphpAk; (njhy;.215). NkYk; xw;W kpFe;Jk; kpfhkYk; tUk;

(njhy;.216). Mdhy; gpw;fhy ,yf;fz E}w;fs; gy> rpy vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

jk;Kd; jhk;thpd; ,ay;ghjYk;> kpFjYk; epiynkhop ,Wjp mfuk; nfl

 109

yfuk; wfukhfj; jphpjYk;> ,t;tpU nrhw;fspd; Kd; tUnkhop Kjy;

gpwntOj;Jf;fs; te;jhy; mfuk; epw;wYk;> ePq;fYk; cz;L (ed;. 170>

,.tp.88> njh.tp.31> K.tp.244).

gy + gy > gw;gy

rpy + rpy > rpw;rpy

gy + gy > gyg;;gy : gygy

rpy + gy > rpyr;rpy :rpyrpy

gy + fiy > gyfiy :gy;fiy

gy + jhopir > gyjhopir :g‡whopir

gy + Qhdk; > gyQhdk; : gd;Qhdk;

gy + mzp > gytzp :gy;yzp

,sk;G+uzh;> ‘jk;Kd; gpw te;jtplj;J yfuk; wfunthw;whfhJ mfuk;

nfLnkd;gJ nfhs;sg;gLk;. gy;gil> gy;ahid> rpy;gil> rpy;Nts;tp

vdtUk;”8 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ed;D}y; ngUk;ghYk; ,sk;G+uzh;

ciuiaNa gpd;gw;wpAs;sJ.
 110

4.1.5Mfhu
4.1.5Mfhu <W

4.1.5.1 epyh vd;w ngah;

epyh vd;w ngah; tUnkhop Kjy; ty;ypdj;Jld; GzUk;NghJ

mj;Jr;rhhpia ngWk; (njhy;.229) Kj;JtPhpak; (252) ,d; rhhpia ngWk;

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

epyh + mj;J + nfhz;lhd; > epyhj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;

epyh + ,d; + xsp > epytpndhsp

mj;Jr; rhhpia Vohk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. ,d; rhhpia

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikg;nghUisAk;> Vohk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUisAk;

czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. mjhtJ epytpdJ fhe;jp> epytpd;fz; fhe;jp vd;W

tphpe;J nghUs; jUk;. fhe;jp vd;gJ xspiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

4.1.5.2 M> kh vd;Dk; tpyq;fpd;ngah;fs;

M> kh vd;Dk; tpyq;fpd;ngah;fs; tUnkhop Kjy; ty;nyOj;Jld;

GzUk;NghJ dfur; rhhpia ngWk; (njhy;.232> ed;. 248> ,.tp.151>

njh.tp.67) Mdhy; Kj;JtPhpak; (175) ,d;rhhpia ngWk; vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

M + d; + NfhL > Md;NfhL

kh + d; + NfhL > khd;NfhL

 111

M + ,d; + I > Mtpid

M + I > Mit

kh + ,d; + I > khdpid

28. kh + I > khit

Kj;JtPhpak; ‘,d; rhhpia ngWk; vd;wJ vd;idnadpd; ,sk;G+uzhh;

rpWghd;ik ,d;ngWjYk; cz;L”9 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. vdNt

,sk;G+uzh; ciuia Kj;JtPhpak; E}w;ghthf;fpaJ.

4.1.6 ,fu <W

4.1.6.1 ,d;wp vd;w nrhy;

nra;Aspd; fz; ,d;wp vd;w tpidnar;rj;jpd; ,Wjp ,fuk;

cfukhfj; jphpAk; (njhy;.238)> kw;w ,yf;fz E}w;fs; ,d;wp vd;gJld;

md;wp vd;w nrhy;iyAk; Nrh;j;Jf; $Wfpd;wd (ed;.173> ,.tp. 91>

K.tP.260).

cg;gpd;W Gw;if Az;fkh nfhw;ifNahNd (njhy;.238> ,sk;.ciu)

‘ehsd;W Nghfpg; Gs;spil jl;gg;

gjdd;W Gf;Fj; jpwdd;W nkhopapDk;' (Gwk;.124:12)

‘md;wp vd;gij ,sk;G+uzh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;”10 vdNt kw;w

,yf;fz E}w;fs; ,sk;G+uzh; $wpaijr; Nrh;j;Jf; $wpAs;sd.

 112

4.1.6.2 ehop vd;w nrhy;

ehop vd;w nrhy; Kd; chp vd;w nrhy; tUk;NghJ epiynkhop

<w;wpy; cs;s ,fuk; nka;nahL nfLk;. mt;tplj;jpy; lfu nka; Njhd;Wk;

(njhy;.241> tPu.22> K.tP.262) chp vd;w nrhy; gpw nrhw;fSld;

GzUk;NghJ afuk; Njhd;Wk; vd;gijg; gpw ,yf;fzq;fs; Nrh;j;Jf;

$Wfpd;wd (ed;.174> ,.tp.79> njh.tp.98)

ehop + chp

eh(op) + chp

ehl; + chp > ehLhp

chp + cg;G > chpacg;G

chp + tuF > chpatuF

chp + kpsF > chpakpsF

‘ehLhp vd;gJ ehThpnad ,f;fhyj;J khP,aPw;W. nghJtpjpahd;

tUk; clk;gLnka;ia ,r;rpwg;Gtpjp tpyf;fpdikapd; ehopAhp nad;gJ

,yf;fzkhFk;”11 vd;W rq;fuekr;rpthah; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; ehop vd;w Kfj;jysitg; ngah; Ngr;R tof;fpy;

kl;Lk; cs;sJ.
 113

4.1.7 efuk; Qfukhjy;

epiynkhop <w;wpy; cs;s caph; Kd; Q> e> k> a> t vd;Dk;

vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fs; GzUk;NghJ ,ay;ghFk; (njhy;.145>

ed;.158> ,.tp.69> K.tP.185). Mdhy; tPuNrhopak; (15) epiynkhopaPw;wpy;

cs;s ,> <> I vd;Dk; caph;fspd; Kd; efuk; tUnkhop Kjypy; te;J

GzUk;NghJ efuk; Qfukhfj; jphpAk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

ftp + ed;W > ftpQd;W

jP + ed;W > jPQd;W

gid + ed;W > gidQd;W

jkpopy; cs;s efuk; kiyahsj;jpy; Qfukhf toq;FjYk; cz;L.

jkpo; kiyahsk;

ehd; Qhd;

efuj;jpw;F Qfuk; Nghypahf tUjYKz;L. Ie;J > mQ;R. Nghyp vOj;J

tUtjw;Ff; fhuzk; Ngr;R tof;Nf MFk;. vdNt tPuNrhopak; efu

Qfukhf khWtjw;F E}w;gh mike;Js;sJ. ,tw;iwg; Gzh;r;rpg;

Nghypapy; mlf;FtJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhFk;.

 114

4.1.8 Ifhu <W

4.1.8.1 kio vd;w ngah;

kio vd;w ngah; tUnkhop Kjy; ty;ypdj;Jld; GzUk;NghJ

mj;Jr; rhhpiaAk; ,d; rhhpiaAk; ngWk; (njhy;.288). Kj;JtPhpak; (291)

,d; rhhpia kl;Lk; ngWk; vd;fpwJ.

kio + mj;J + nfhz;lhd; > kioaj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;

kio + ,d; + nfhz;lhd; > kioapw;;nfhz;lhd;

mj;Jr;rhhpiaAk;> ,d; rhhpiaAk; Vohk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUis

czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

4.1.8.2 Nfh vd;w nrhy;

‘Nfh’ vd;w nrhy; Ntw;Wik cUGfSld; GzUk;NghJ ‘xd;’

rhhpia ngWk; (njhy;.295) gpw ,yf;fzq;fs; ‘xd;’ rhhpiaia tpLj;J

dfur; rhhpia ngWk; vd;wd (ed;.248> ,.tp.151> njh.tp.67). ,d; rhhpia

ngWjiyAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. (K.tP.175).

Nfh + xd; + if > Nfhxd;if

Nfh + d; +I > Nfhid

Nfh + ,d; + I > Nfhtpid

 115

4.1.9 clk;gLnka;

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; clk;gLnka; gw;wpa njspthd rpe;jid

,lk;ngwtpy;iynadpDk; vy;yh nkhopf;Fk; caph; tUk;top clk;gL

nka; ngWk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ (njhy;.141). kw;w ,yf;fz E}w;fs;

clk;gLnka; ngWtijj; njspthff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd (tPu.13> Nekp.13>

ed;.162> ,.tp.68> njh.tp.20> K.tP.183> m.,.117> 118> 119).

epiynkhopaPw;wpy; cs;s kfuk; tUnkhop Kjy; capnuOj;Jld;

GzUk;NghJ kfuq;nfl;L mt;tplj;jpy; tfuk; Njhd;Wk; (Nekp.13)

kuk; + mb

ku (k;) + mb

ku + t; + mb > kutb

Nekpehjk;> kfuk; nfl;ltplj;J tfu clk;ngLnka; ngWk; vd;W

$Wtjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,sk;G+uzh; ‘tpfhug; gl;l nkhopf;fz;Zk;

clk;gLnka; ngWk;”12 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik fhuzkhfyhk;. vdNt

Nekpehjk; mijAk; E}w;ghtpy; Nrh;j;jJ.

4.1.9.1 MfhuKk; XfhuKk; afuk; ngWjy;

epiynkhopaPw;wpy; cs;s MfhuKk; XfhuKk; tUnkhop Kjy;

capUld; GzUk;NghJ afuKk; ngWk; (K.tP.184).

 116

kh + ,UQhyk; > khapUQhyk;

Nfh + ,y; > Nfhapy;

‘Ngr;R tof;fpy; Nfhapy; vd;w tbtk; ,yf;fpa tof;fpw; GFe;J gpd;dh;

,yf;fzj;jpy; ,lk;gpbj;jpUf;fyhk;”13

njYq;F fd;dl nkhopfspy; Mfhuj;jpw;F Kd;Dk; Xfhuj;jpw;F

Kd;Dk; afuNk tUfpd;wJ.

kh + CU > khA+U

xN`h + mdp > xN`hadp

‘Maph;j kho; nfapk;gu’

‘NghnadYk; gy;yh;” fd;dlk;

kiyahs nkhopapy; Mfhu Xfhuq;fspd; Kd; afuk;> tfuk; ,uz;Lk;

tUfpd;wd.

Nghuh + ,J > NghuhapJ

rh + cd;D > rhTd;D

Nkw;fz;l vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshy; jkpo;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;

,e;ehd;F nkhopapYk; Mfhu Xfhuq;fspd; Kd;dh; afuk; tUjy;

 117

mwpg;gLk;”14 Xfhuk; afuk; ngWtjw;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyNa

E}w;ghTs;sJ.

‘,y;nyhL fpsg;gpd; ,aw;ifahFk;’ (njhy;.294)

Nfhy; + ,y; > Nfhapy;

,e;E}w;gh afuk; clk;gLnka; ngWjw;Fhpajy;y. xfu vOj;Jg;NgW

kpfhky; ,ay;ghfg; Gzh;tjw;FhpajhFk;.

5 njhlh; mikg;G

epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; xd;whf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mit

GzUk; epiyf;Nfw;g nghUs; khw;wk; milfpwJ.

rhd;Wfs;

1. ML + Fl;b > Ml;Lf;Fl;b

2. ML + Fl;b > Ml;LFl;b

rhd;W 1. Xw;W ,ul;bj;Jg; Gzh;tjhy; Ntw;Wikg; nghUis

czh;j;JfpwJ. mjhtJ Ml;bdJ Fl;b vd;Wtphpe;J Mwhk; Ntw;Wikg;

nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ.

rhd;W2. ,ay;ghfg; Gzh;tjhy; my;topg;nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ.

mjhtJ MLk; Fl;bAk; vd;w ck;ikg;nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ.

 118

vdNt njhlh; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Gzh;r;rp khw;wk;

Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

5.1 afu <W

5.1.1 ,ay;ghjy;

epiynkhop <w;wpy; cs;s afuk; tUnkhop Kjy;

ty;nyOj;Jf;fSld; GzUk;NghJ mt;topg;Gzh;r;rpapd;fz; ,ay;ghFk;.

(njhy;.362) njh.tp.30 K.tP. 343) Mdhy; Nekpehjk; (15)> ed;D}y; (224)

,yf;fztpsf;fk; (133) Nghd;w E}w;fs; tUnkhopf;Nfw;g ty;ypdk; kpFk;

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

52. eha; + fbJ > eha;fbJ

53. nka; + fPh;j;jp > nka;f;fPh;j;jp

,sk;G+uzh;> ‘my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J tUjYk; cz;L”15

vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shh;. ty;ypdk; kpFj;J vOJtJ gpw;fhy tof;F vd;W

mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

5.1.2 afuj;jpd; Kd; efuk;

epiynkhop <w;W afuk; tUnkhop Kjy; efuj;Jld; GzUk;NghJ

efuk; QfukhfTk;> Qfuk; kpFe;Jk; KbAk; (tPu.17) vt;tpyf;fzE}Yk;

,ijf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
 119

nra; + epd;w > nra;Q;Qpd;w

nea; + epd;w > nea;Q;Qpd;w

‘Njthu fhyj;jpy; efuk; Qfukhfj; jphpe;jikf;F mg;gh; Njthuk; vd;W

gfh;fpd;wJ”16.

if + epd;w > ifQ;Qpd;w

nka; + epd;w > nka;Q;Qpd;w

efuk; Qfukhf khWtJ gpw;fhy tof;F vd;W mwpaKbfpwJ.

njhy;fhg;gpah; tUnkhop Kjy; afuk; Qfukhf khWtjw;Nf (njhy;.147).

#j;jpuk; mikj;Js;shh;. tPuNrhopak;> Njthuj;jpy; cs;sdtw;Wf;F

E}w;gh mikj;Js;sJ. gpwtpyf;fzq;fs; ,tw;iwf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

5.2 yfu <W

5.2.1 yfuk; nfLjy;

epiynkhop <w;W yfuk; tUnkhop Kjy; jfuj;Jld; GzUk;NghJ

yfuk; nfl;L jfuk; wfukhfj; jphpAk; (tPu.19. ed;. 229> ,.tp. 139>

njh.tp.26)

Njhd;wy; + jPad;

Njhd;w(y;) + jPad; > Njhd;wwPad;

‘,d;iwa Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; yfu> sfu <WfSk; xypg;gjpy;iy.

mtw;wpd; rhay; mLj;J tUk; caph;fspy; gbfpd;wd”17.

 120

tj;jy; + Fok;G > tj;jFok;G; tj;jf;Fok;G

yfuk; nfLjy; gpw;fhy tof;F vd;W mwpaKbfpwJ.

5.3 tfu <W

5.3.1 tfu kfukhjy;

njt; vd;w nrhy; tUnkhop Kjy; kfuj;Jld; GzUk;NghJ epiy

nkhopaPw;W tfuk; kfukhfj; jphpAk;.

njt; + kd;dh; > njk;kd;dh;

njt; + Ki d > njk;Kid

mt; + Qhz;; > mQ;Qhz;

mt; + E}y; > me;E}y;

mt; + kzp > mk;kzp

,t;; + kzp > ,k;kzp

ct;; + kzp > ck;kzp

tfuk; tUnkhop KjYf;Nfw;g nky;ypdkhfj; jphptjw;Fj;

njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpl;l NghjpYk;; njt;+Kid>njk;Kid vd;W

khWtjidj; njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; ‘njk;Kid vd tfunthw;W kfunthw;whfj;

jphpjYk; cz;L”18 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,J gpw;fhy tof;NfahFk;.

 121

njhy;fhg;gpah; (301) #j;jpuj;Jr; Rl;Lg;ngah; milAk; khw;wj;ij

mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L gpw;fhy ,yf;fz E}w;fs; E}w;gh mikj;Js;sd.

5.4 ofu <W

5.4.1 ofuk; nfLjy;

epiynkhop <w;W ofuk; tUnkhop Kjy; jfu efuj;Jld; GzUk;

NghJ ofuk; nfl;L jfuk; lfukhfTk;> efuk; zfukhfTk; jphpAk; (tPu.15>

K.tP.370).

gho;; + jPik

gh(o;) + jPik > ghBik

Nrho + ehL > NrhzhL

sfuj;jpw;F cs;s tpjpiaNa ofuj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jpAs;sJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

5.4.2 ofuk; lfukhjy;

epiynkhop <w;W ofuk; tUnkhop Kjy; r> j vd;Dk;

vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fSld; GzUk;NghJ ofuk; lfukhFk;

(tPu.18> K.tP.369)
 122

jpfo; + rf;fuk; > jpflrf;fuk;

fPo; + jpir > fPl;bir
‘,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ofu> sfuk; NtWghbd;wp cr;rphpf;fg;gl;ljhy; xd;wd;

tpjp ,d;ndhd;wpw;Fk; Mapw;Nwh vd;w vz;zk; vOfpd;wJ. tlnkhopapy;

,y;yhj> jkpOf;Nf rpwg;ghd ,t;ntOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp epide;J

Gj;jkpj;judhh; tpjpfisg; gilj;jhuh vd;w Iak; vohky; ,y;iy”19 vd;W

r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; ofk;> sfu NtWghbd;wpg; gad;;gLj;jp

,Ug;gJ njhpa tUfpwJ.

‘jkpo;g; Ngr;R nkhopapy; ofu> sfu cr;rhpg;G khWjy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

jphpghFk;. njw;Fg; gFjpfspy; ,d;W ofuk;> sfukhfNt xypf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nfhq;F ehl;Lj; jkpopy;

ehop - ehsp

cof;F - csf;F

Nfhop - Nfhsp

thio - this

top - tsp

Kio - Kis
 123

,tw;why; sfuKk;> ofuKk; xd;whfNt fUjg;gl;ld vd;gJ

GydhfpwJ”20

vdNt gjpndhwhk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa tPuNrhopak; ofuk;

Ngr;Rnkhopapy; sfukhf xypg;gjw;F E}w;gh mikj;Js;sJ. ,e;E}iyg;

gpd;gw;wpNa Kj;JtPhpak; E}w;gh mikj;Js;sJ.

5.4.3 ofuk; zfukhjy;

epiynkhop <w;wpy; cs;s ofuk; tUnkhop Kjy; xNuhtop ty;ypdk;

te;jhy; ofuk;> zfukhfTk; tUnkhop Kjy; nky;ypdj;Jld;

GzUk;NghJ ofuk; zfukhfTk; jphpAk;. (tPu.18).

gho; + nra;> ghz;nra;

gho; + NkyJ > ghz;NkyJ

Kfpo; + Kiy > Kfpz;Kiy

sfuk; tUnkhop nky;ypdj;Jld; GzUk;NghJ sfuk; zfukhfj; jphpAk;.

mjidNa ofj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jpAs;sJ tPuNrhopak;.

5.5 nka;aPw;wpd; Kd; nka;

epiynkhop <w;wpy; afuk; xope;j nka;fs; (Q> z> e> k> d> u> y> t>

o> s) Kd; afuk; tUnkhop Kjy; te;J Gzh;e;jhy; ,fur;rhhpia ngWk;

(ed;.206).
 124

kz; + ahJ

kz; + , + ahJ > kz;zpahJ

Nts; + ahtd;

Nts; + , + ahtd; > Ntspahtd;

,r;nra;jp gpw ,yf;fzq;fspy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; ,ay;ghfg;

GzUk;; rpWghd;ik ,fuk; ngWk; vd;W nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

5.6 Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp

5.6.1 Ifhur; rhhpia ngWjy;

Fw;wpaYfuk; GzUk;NghJ Ifhur; rhhpia ngWjYk; cz;L

(ed;.185> ,.tp.104).

gz;L + fhyk;

gz;L + I + fhyk; > gz;ilf;fhyk;

,d;W + ehs;

,d;W + I + ehs; > ,w;iwehs;

md;W + $yp

md;W + I + $yp > mw;iwf;$yp

New;W + nghOJ

New;W + I + nghOJ > New;iwg;nghOJ

 125

ed;D}y; > ,yf;fztpsf;fk; ,t;tpuz;L E}w;fs;jhd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

kw;w E}w;fs; ,J gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. ,J gpw;fhy tof;NfahFk;.

5.6.2 njq;F Kd; fha;

njq;F vd;w nrhy; fha; vd;w nrhy;Yld; GzUk;NghJ

epiynkhopapd; KjnyOj;J ePz;L ‘F’ caph;nka; nfLk; (ed;.187>

K.tP.398)

njq;F + fha;;

Njq;(F) + fha;; > Njq;fha;

,f;fUj;J njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gplhjjhFk;. ‘,sk;G+uzh; (418)

njq;fq;fha; vd mk; rhhpia ngWk;”21 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,sk;G+uzh; fhyj;jpy; Njq;fha; vd;w tof;F ,y;iy vd;W mwp KbfpwJ.

,JTk; gpw;fhy tof;NfahFk;.

‘Njk; + fha; vd;W epWj;jpg; Gzh;f;fyhk; vd;gh;; t.Rg.khzpf;fdhh;.

,dpafha; vd;w nghUspy; ,J kw;w fha;fSf;Fk; nry;Yk;. NkYk;

njq;F vd;w kug;ngah; nghUspy; ,J kw;w fha;fSf;Fk; nry;Yk;. NkYk;

njq;F vd;w ngah; ,g;gphpg;gpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy. njq;fq;fha; vd;gNj

kUtpj; Njq;fha; MfpapUf;ff; $Lk;”22. njq;fq;fha; vd;gJ Njq;fha;

vd;W kUtpaJ vd;gJ Vw;Gilajd;W.

 126

njh.gukrptd;> ‘jkpo;ehl;by; njq;F ed;F mwpKfkhfpapUe;j

gaph;jhd;. Kjyhk; ee;jpth;kdpd; fp.gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j

jz;le;Njhl;lk; nrg;NgLfspy; ,k;kid cs;spl;l njq;Fk; gidAk;

<oth; Vwg;ngwhuhfTk;> vd;w nra;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ. njq;F epd;w

ee;jtdk; vd;w njhliuAk; Kjd; Kjyhf ,f;fhyj;jpNyjhd;

fhz;fpNwhk;”23 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sh;.

vdNt njq;F vd;w tof;F fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J jhd;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,d;W njq;F vd;gJ

njd;id vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

5.7 jpirg;ngah; Gzh;jy;

jpirg;nganuhL jpirg;ngah; GzUk;NghJ epiynkhopaPw;Wf;

Fw;Wfuk; nfl;L (caph;nka;nahL) <w;wLj;J epd;w xw;Wk; nfLk;.

njw;Fj; jpirnahL GzUk;NghJ wfuk; dfukhFk; (njhy;.433). kw;w

,yf;fz E}w;fs; jpirg;nganuhL gpwTk; Nrhpd; wfuk; dfukhfTk;>

yfukhfTk; jphpe;J KbAk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd (ed;.186> ,.tp.105>

njh.tp.99> K.tp.415).

tlf;F + fpof;F

tl(f;F) + fpof;F > tlfpof;F

tlf;F + Nkw;;F
 127

tl(f;F) + Nkw;F > tlNkw;;F

njw;F + fpof;F

njw;(F) + fpof;F > njd;fpof;F

njw;F + Nkw;;F

njw;(F) + Nkw;;F > njd;Nkw;;F

Nkw;F + fhw;W

Nkw;(F) + fhw;W > Nky;fhw;W

njhy;fhg;gpak; wfuk; yfukhfj; jphpjy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

,sk;G+uzh; ‘jpirg;ngaNuhL nghUl;ngah; GzUkplj;J ,WjpAk;

KjYk; jphpe;J KbtdTk; cz;L fPo;$iu> Nky;$iu”24 vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

6 ngauikg;G

cah;jpizg;ngah;fs;> m‡wpizg;ngah;fs; Gzh;r;rpapd;

khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf miktijf; fhzyhk;.

rhd;Wfs;: 1.Mz; + fhy; > Mz;fhy;

2. kz; + Flk;; > kl;Flk;

epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;Jk; tUnkhopapd; KjnyOj;Jk; xd;whf

,Ue;jNghjpYk; Kjy; rhd;wpy; ,ay;ghfTk;> ,uz;lhtJ rhd;wpy; zfuk;

 128

lfukhfj; jphpe;Jk; Kbe;Js;sd. cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; ty;nyOj;Jld;

GzUk;NghJ jphpahJ.

7 nghUsikg;G

xU nrhy; gy nghUs;fs; Fwpj;J tUjYk; cz;L. mit

GzUk;NghJ nghUspd; jd;ikia NtWgLj;j Gzh;r;rp khw;wk; Vw;gLk;.

Gsp + NfhL

Gsp + mk; + NfhL > Gspaq;NfhL

Gsp + $o; > Gspf;$o;; ;Gspq;$o;

rhd;W 1. Gsp vd;gJ kug;ngauhFk;. rhd;W 2. Gsp vd;gJ Ritg;

ngauhFk;. NtWgl;l nghUNs ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;. ,q;F ty;ypdKk;

nky;ypdKk; kpFtjw;F tl;lhu tof;FfNs fhuzkhFk;.

7.1 dfu <W

7.1.1 vfpd; vd;w nrhy;

md;dj;ij czh;j;Jfpd;w vfpd; vd;w nrhy; tUnkhop Kjy;

ty;nyOj;Jld;GzUk;NghJ mfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk;ngWk;(njhy;.338.)

kw;w ,yf;fz E}w;fs; nky;ypdKk; kpFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd

(ed;.215. ,.tp.125 njh.tp.25> K.tp.328).

vfpd; + m + fhy; > vfpdf;fhy;

 129

vfpd; + m + fhy; > vfpdf;fhy;> vfpdq;fhy;

,sk;G+uzh; ‘mfug;Ngw;NwhL nky;nyOj;Jg;NgWk; ngWk;”25 vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

vdNt gpw;fhy ,yf;fz Ehw;fs; ,sk;G+uzh; ciuiaNa gpd;gw;wp

E}w;gh mikj;Js;sd vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

7.1.2 Cd; vd;w nrhy;

C vd;w nrhy; tUnkhop Kjy; ty;nyOj;Jld; GzUk;NghJ

dfunthw;Wg; ngWk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; (270)> ,yf;fztpsf;fk;

(ciu.126)> Kj;JtPhpak; (279) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; ed;D}y; (216)>

njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; (25) Cd; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

‘C vd;gJ jiria czh;j;jp epd;w tof;F. Mrphpah; E}y; nra;j

fhyj;J tof;F”26 vd;W er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

gpw;fhy ,yf;fzpfs; ‘Cd;’ vd;Nw nfhz;ldh;. ,f;fhyj;jpYk;

‘Cd;’ vd;gJ ,iwr;rpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhfg; gad;ghl;by; cs;sJ.

8 rhhpiafs;

8.1 tw;Wr; rhhpia

njhy;fhg;gpak; (120)> Nekpehjk; (nrhy;.75 ciu)> tw;Wr;rhhpia

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd> kw;w ,yf;fz E}w;fshd ed;D}y; (244)>

 130

,yf;fztpsf;fk; (59)> njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; (52)> Kj;JtPhpak; (174)

Nghd;w E}w;fs; ‘mw;W’ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

Nkh.,RuNay;> ‘mitaw;iw vd;gjpy; tUtJ afu

clk;gLnka;NaahFk;. tw;W vDk; tbtk; rhhpia vdf;

nfhs;sg;gLtjhapd;> ,tz; aw;W vd;Dk; tbNt rhhpia vdf;

nfhs;sw;Fhpj;J. vdNt mw;W vd;W nfhs;tNj rhyg;nghUj;jk;

cilj;J. tw;W vdf;nfhs;sg;gLtjhapd; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; rpy

E}w;ghf;fs; (njh.v.122> 133) Njitg;glhkNy Nghfyhk;”27. vd;W

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; tw;W vd;W nfhz;ljw;Fr; nr.it.rz;Kfk;

gpd;tUkhW fhuzk; $Wfpwhh;. ‘jkpopy; mj;jd;ikj;J vd;w nghUspy;

mw;W vd;w nrhy; toq;FfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpaUk; mijg;

gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ‘vfu xfuj;jpaw;ifAk; mw;Nw’ (njhy;.16) vd;w

#j;jpuk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W. vdNt nghUSila me;jr; nrhy;ypypUe;J

gphpj;Jf;fhl;l tw;W vd;w fw;gpj tbtj;ij (Hypothetical form)

mikj;jpUf;fyhk;”28. vdNt mw;Wr; rhhpia vd;W nfhs;tNj

nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
 131

8.2 mf;Fr; rhhpia

njhy;fhg;gpak; (120)> Nekpehjk; (nrhy;.75 ciu)> Kj;JtPhpak; (174)>

Nghd;w E}w;fs; mf;Fr; rhhpiaiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. ed;D}y; (244)>

,yf;fztpsf;fk; (59)> njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; (52) Nghd;w E}w;fs; ‘m’

vd;gijr; rhhpiaahff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

mf;F vd;wtplj;J ‘m’ vd;W nfhz;ljw;F mf;Fr; rhhpia

KOtbtj;NjhL vq;Fk; epy;yhikNa fhuzkhFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpaNu>

‘vg;ngah; Kd;dUk; ty;nyOj;J tUtop

mf;fpd; ,Wjpnka;k; kpirnahLq; nfLNk’ (njhy;.129)

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,ij tpUk;ghj gpw;fhy ,yf;fz E}yhh;fs; ‘m’

vd;W nfhz;ldh;. Kj;JtPhpak; ngUk;ghYk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijf; jOtp

E}w;gh mikj;Js;sJ.

Nkh.,RuNay; ‘njhy;fhg;gpadhh; nrhw;fspilNa gapd;W

Gzh;r;rpf;Fg; gad;gLk; ntw;WUGfis (Empty morphs sandhi particles)

,Utifahfg; gFj;J (njh.v.112> 132) xd;wDf;Fr; rhhpia vdTk;>

kw;wjw;F vOj;J vdTk; ngahpl;Ls;shh;. vdNt mf;F vdf; Fwpg;gplhky;

‘m’ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhy; mJ rhhpia MfhJ> vOj;jpd;ghw;gLk; vdf;

 132

fUjp ,t;TUtk; mspj;jhNuh vd;w Iag;ghL Njhd;WtJk; cz;L”29

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

nr.it.rz;Kfk; ‘mf;F vd;W nfhz;lij mbepiyf; fpstp

jdpj;Jtk; cilajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifia

typAWj;Jtjhff; nfhs;syhk;.”30 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

mf;Fr; rhhpia njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; mUfpa tof;fha;

,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNtjhd; mf;Fr; rhhpiaapy; cs;s mfuk; epw;f

kw;wit nfLjYf;F E}w;gh nra;Js;shh;. vdNt mf;Fr; rhhpiaia ‘m’

vd;w rhhpiaahff; nfhs;tNj nghUj;jkhFk;.

8.3 ,f;Fr; rhhpia

njhy;fhg;gpak; (120)> Nekpehjk; (nrhy;.75. ciu)> Kj;JtPhpak; (174)>

Nghd;w E}w;fs; ,f;F vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. ed;D}y; (244)> ,yf;fz

tpsf;fk; (59)> njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; (52) Nghd;w E}w;fs; ‘F’ vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

,f;Fr; rhhpia vq;Fk; KOtbtj;NjhL epw;gjpy;iy. mjidj;

njhy;fhg;gpah;.

‘,f;fpd; ,fuk; ,fuKid aw;Nw’ (njhy;.127)

 133

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,f;Fr; rhhpia vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lgpd; Vd; ,f;fpd;

,fuj;ijf; nfLf;fNtz;Lk;. mjw;F nr.it.rz;Kfk;

‘Mbf;Ff;nfhz;lhd; vd;w cjhuzj;jpy; ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik tbtkhd

‘F’ Vohk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUspy; tUtjhff; nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;gij

typAWj;Jtjw;fhfj;jhd; ,f;F vd;w fw;gpj tbtj;ijg; gilj;J

kpifglf; $wy; vd;w Fw;wk; Neh;e;jhYk; guthapy;iy vd;W ,fuk;

nfLjw;F ,uz;L #j;jpuk; tFj;jpUf;fpwhh;”31 vdr; Rl;Lfpwhh;.

cUgh? rhhpiaah? Vd;w kaf;fj;ijf; jtph;g;gjw;Nf ‘F’ vd;gij

tpLj;J ,f;F vd;W nfhz;lhh; vd;W nr.it. rz;Kfk; Fwpg;gpLtJ

nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

‘Mbf;Fr; nfhz;lhd; vd;gjpy; ,fu <w;wpd; Kd;dh; ,e;jr;

rhhpia tUfpwJ. rpj;jpiuf;Ff; nfhz;lhd; vd;gjpYk; Ifhu <w;wpd;

Kd;dh; ,e;jr; rhhpia tUfpwJ. mfu ,fuk; Ifhuk; MFk; (njhy;.54)

vd;w njhy;fhg;gpahpd; fUj;Jg;gb> Ifhuj;jpd; <w;W ,fuj;ij ‘f;F’

vd;Dk; rhhpiaNahL Nrh;j;Jj; jtwhfg; gphpj;J ,Uf;fyhk;”32 vd;W

Nkh.,RuNay; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,f;Fr; rhhpia gpwo; gphpg;ghy; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gJ jtW.

Vnddpy; ,f;fpd; ,fuk; nfLtjw;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpah; E}w;gh

mikj;Js;shh;. vdNt ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUgpy; ,Ue;J

gphpj;jwptjw;F ,f;F vd;w tbtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. goe;jkpo;

 134

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,f;F KOtbtj;NjhL ,y;iynad;whYk; ,f;F vd;w

rhhpiaNa nfhs;sNtz;Lk; ‘F’ vd;gijf; nfhs;tJ

nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;.

8.4 my; rhhpia

njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gplhjJ ‘my;’ rhhpiaahFk;. Nekpehjk; (75

ciu)> ed;D}y; (244)> ,yf;fztpsf;fk; (59) njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; (52)

Nghd;w E}w;fs; ‘my;’ rhhpiaiag; Gjpajhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

“vLj;j ewtpd; Fiyayq; fhe;js; (fypj;.40) ‘vd;Gop’ ‘myk;’ vd;gNjhh;

rhhpiaAk; cz;lhnydpd; mjid myq;F fhe;jd; vd;gjd; tpfhuk;”33

vd;W ,sk;G+uzhh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

njhilay; : ‘njhilayq;Nfhij’ (rPtf.464)

,f;$w;iwNa vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ed;D}y; Kjyhd ,yf;fz

E}w;fs; ‘my;’ rhhpianad;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd NghYk;.

‘vLj;j ewtpd; Fiyayq; fhe;js; (fypj;.40) ,J tpidj;njhif

rhhpia md;W”34 vd;W er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

‘my;’ rhhpia ngaustpNyNa cs;sJ. ed;D}y; Kjyhd E}w;fs;

vq;Fk; gad;gLj;jpajhfj; njhpatpy;iy. vdNt ‘my;’ vd;gijr;

rhhpiaahff; nfhs;tJ nghUe;;Jtjd;W.

 135

8.5 ,w;Wr; rhhpia

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gplhjJ ,w;Wr; rhhpiaahFk;. Nekpehjk; (75

ciu)> ed;D}y; (244)> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; (59)> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; (52)

Nghd;w E}w;fs; ,w;Wr; rhhpiaapidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

8.6 vz;Zg;ngah; ,w;Wr; rhhpia ngWjy;

gj;J vd;w vz;Zg;ngah; xd;W> gj;J vd;gdtw;Wld;

GzUk;NghJ ,w;Wr;rhhpia ngWk; (Nekp.22 ciu> jd;.197> ,.tp.115>

njh.tp.95).

gj;J + ,w;W + xd;W

gj;(J) + ,w;W + xd;W > gjpw;nwhd;W

gj;J + ,w;W + gj;J

gj;(J) + ,w;W + gj;J > gjpw;Wg;gj;J

,w;Wr;rhhpianad;W nfhz;ljw;F ,sk;G+uzhh; ciuapy; Fwpg;G

cs;sJ. ‘xd;gJ Mapuky;yhj gpw vz;zpd;fz;Zk; nghUl;

ngahplj;Jk; ,d;Dk;> cfuKk;> ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;Wk; KbAk;”35 vd;W

,sk;G+uzh; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

xd;gJ + ,d; + Nfhb

xd;gJ + ,w; + c + Nfhb> xd;gjpw;Wf;Nfhb

xd;gJ + ,d; + jlf;if

 136

xd;gJ + ,w; + c + jlf;if> xd;gjpw;Wj;jlf;if

,d; rhhpiaAld; cfug;Ngw;iw tpUk;ghj gpw;fhy ,yf;fz

E}w;fs; ,w;Wr; rhhpia vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

8.7 jk;> ek;> Ek; vd;Dk; rhhpiafs;

njhy;fhg;gpah; jk;> ek;> Ek; vd;gdtw;iwr; rhhpiaahff; Fwpg;gpl

tpy;iy. kw;w ,yf;fz E}w;fshd Nekpehjk; (75> ciu)> ed;D}y; (244)>

,yf;fztpsf;fk; (59)> njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk; (52)> Kj;JtPhpak; (174)

Nghd;w E}w;fs; jk;> ek;> Ek; vd;gdtw;iwr; rhhpiafshff;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

‘gpw;fhy ,yf;fz E}w;fs; jk;> ek;> Ek; vd;gdtw;iwr;

rhhpiaahff; nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,sk;G+uzh; ,tw;iwr;

rhhpiaahff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh”;36 vd;gNjahFk;.

Nt.Ntq;fluhRYnul;bahh;> ‘ek;> jk;> Ek; vd;gdtw;iwr; rhhpia

vd;FNkh> nganud;FNkh vdpd;> Nkiyr; #j;jpuq;fshy;> ehk; vd;Dk;

ngah; ek; vd;Wk;> jhk; vd;Dk; ngah; jk; vd;Wk; tUk; vd;W MrphpaNu

$wpAs;shuhfypd;> ,itnay;yhk; nganud;wNy mikAk;”37 vd;W

tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

vdNt jk;> ek;> Ek; vd;gd rhhpiafs; Mfh. %tplg; ngah;fs;

MFk;.
 137

8.8 khd; rhhpia

Kj;JtPhpa ciuahrphpah; (174) khd; vd;w rhhpiaiaf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ‘khd; vd;gJ ve;EhYk; Rl;lhj Gjpa tbtk;. ,jw;F

MrphpaNuh ciufhuh; jpUg;ghw; flyhd; ftpuhaNuh rhd;W je;jpyh;.

fy;tpkhd;> Gj;jpkhd; vd;gd Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s

Mf;ftpFjpia ,t;thrphpah; rhhpia vd;fpwhh; NghYk;”38 vd;W

ng.Rak;G tpsf;fk; je;Js;shh;.

jp.Nt. Nfhghya;ah;> Md; vd;gNj ,q;Fj; $wg;gLk; rhhpia khd;

vd;gJ gpwo; gphpg;G vd;W $wpg; ‘gj;J MndhL rptzp (230) vd;w

Kj;JtPhpa E}w;ghg; gFjpia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lth;”39.

khd; rhhpiaf;F vt;tplj;Jk; cjhuzk; fhl;ltpy;iy. Kj;JtPhpak;

ngUk;ghYk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijj; jOtpNa #j;jpuq;fs; mike;Js;sJ.

,J njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ‘Md;’ rhhpiaahFk;. vdNt gpwo;

gphpg;Ng ‘khd;’ rhhpiaf;Ff; fhuzkhfyhk;.

‘mj;jk; khdf; fpd;dd; ndhd;dpf;

fw;Wj; je;ek; Ek;K khk;gpw;’ (K.tP.174)

mk; + Md;> > mk;khd;. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk;

(ed;.205) vd;w E}w;ghtpd;gb kfunthw;W ,ul;bj;J te;Js;sJ. mij

khd; vd;W gphpj;Jtpl;ldh;.

 138

‘mj;JkhD ehnshL rptZk;’ (K.tP.322)

kfk; + mj;J + Md; + nfhz;lhd;; > kfj;jhw;nfhz;lhd;

9 Ngr;R tof;F

,uz;L nrhw;fs; GzUk;NghJ cwo;e;J tUjYk; cz;L.

mt;Two;r;rp nghUspy; ve;jnthU khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;JtJ ,y;iy.

Njd; + Flk; > Njd;Flk;>. Njw;Flk;> Njf;Flk;> Njq;Flk;

,t;Two;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzk; kf;fspd; Ngr;R tof;NfahFk;. ,g;Ngr;R tof;F

,yf;fz cUthf;fj;jpw;F mbg;gilahFk;.

9.1 Ntw;Wik cUGfs;

I> xL> F. ,d;> mJ> fz; MWk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; MFk;. mit

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik Kjy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik tiuAs;s MW

Ntw;WikfSf;Fhpa cUGfs; MFk;. (njhy;.114> ed; 152> ,.tp. 54>

k.tp.167)

Kjy; Ntw;Wikahfpa vOtha;f;Fk; vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikahfpa

tpspf;Fk; jdpNa Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ,y;iy.

Ntw;WikAUGfs; ngah;fisf; rhh;e;J tUk;> tpidr;nrhy;ypd;

gpd; tuhJ nghUis Ntw;Wikg;gLj;Jtjhy; Ntw;Wik vdg; ngah;

ngw;wJ.
 139

rhd;Wfs;

1. Njhir rhg;gpl;Nld;

2. Njhiriar; rhg;gpl;Nld;

rhd;W 1. Njhir kl;Lk; cs;sJ mijf; rhg;gpl;Nld; vd;w nghUisj;

jUfpwJ.

rhd;W 2. Njhir vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;WikAUghd ‘I’ iag; ngw;W

te;Js;sJ. mjdhy; Njhir kl;Lky;yhJ kw;w czTg; nghUl;fSk;

cs;sd. mjpypUe;J Njhir kl;Lk; rhg;gpl;Nld; vd;w nghUis

czh;j;JfpwJ.

Ntw;WikAUGfs; ngw;W tUk;NghJ rpy ,lq;fspy; fz;bg;ghfr;

rhhpia ngw;W tUk;.

kuk;; + mj;;J + I >kuj;ij

vd;W GzUk;> kuik vd;W Gzh;tjpy;iy. ,q;F ,lk;ngWk; rhhpia

ntw;WUghFk;. Mdhy; ,r;rhhpia ngah;f;Fk;> Ntw;WikAUgpw;Fk;

,izg;Gr; nrhy;yhf ,lk;ngWfpwJ. rhhpia ngah;fspd; gpd;jhd; tUk;

(njhy;.119> tPu.27> Nekp.22> ed;.243> ,.tp.61> K.tP.175).

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10 KbTiu
KbTiu

jkpo; ,yf;fzq;fs; epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;Jk; tUnkhopapd;

KjnyOj;Jk; Gzh;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;

epiynkhopapd; xt;nthU vOj;Jk; Gzh;r;rpapy; khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf

mikAk;.

Gzh;r;rpapy; njhlhpyf;fzg; nghUis mz;ikr;nrhw;fshy; jhd;

mwp KbAk;. mg;Gzh;r;rpapd; khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Nl Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp>

my;topg;Gzh;r;rp vd;W gphpj;jhpa KbAk;.

epiynkhop <Wk; tUnkhop KjYk; Gzh;tJ Gzh;r;rpahapDk;>

ngah;> njhlh;> nghUs;> Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngWk; nghOJ

nghJtpjp kPwg;gLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

nkhopf;F Kjypy; ,Ug;gjpuz;L vOj;Jf;fs; tUk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; gpw;fhy ,yf;fzE}w;fs; ,Ugj;njhU

vOj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fshf ,Ugj;jp ehd;F vOj;Jf;fisj;

njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. mijg; gpw;fhy ,yf;fzE}w;fs; Vw;Wf;

nfhz;l NghjpYk; tPuNrhopak; kl;Lk; gjpndl;L vOj;Jf;fisf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
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njhy;fhg;gpak; clk;gLnka; ngWk; vOj;Jf;fs; gw;wp tiuaiw

nra;atpy;iy. Mdhy; gpw;fhy ,yf;fzq;fs; clk;gLnka; gw;wpj;

njspthf tiuaiw nra;Js;sd. NkYk; Kj;JtPhpak; Mfhuk;>

Xfhuj;jpw;F afuKk; clk;gLnka;ahf tUk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpl;l rhhpiafshd tw;Wr; rhhpiaapid

‘mw;W’ vd;Wk;> ‘mf;F’r; rhhpiaapid ‘m’ vd;Wk;> ‘,f;F’r;

rhhpiaapidf; ‘F’ vd;Wk; gpw;fhy ,yf;fzE}w;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

,tw;wpw;Fhpa fhuzk; ,r;rhhpiafs; vq;Fk; KOtbtj;NjhL

,lk;ngwhjNjahFk;.

Gjpa rhhpiafisg; gpw;fhy ,yf;fzE}w;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjw;Ff;

fhuzk; gpw;fhy nkhop tof;Nf vdyhk;.

Ngr;R tof;fpy; ofu> sfu NtWghbd;wp cr;rhpf;fg;gl;lNj Gjpa

Gzh;r;rp tpjp cUthf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ. ed;D}y;

ngUk;ghYk; ,sk;G+uzh; ciuiaNa gpd;gw;wpAs;sJ. njhy;fhg;gpah;

kf;fspd; nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk; gilj;jhh;. gpw;fhy ,yf;fz Mrphpah;fs;

,yf;fzj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; gilj;jdh;.

Nekpehjk;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Kj;JtPhpak;

Nghd;w E}w;fs; jk;fhy nkhopiaf; Fwpg;gplhJ njhy;fhg;gpak;

ed;D}iyj; jOtpNa E}w;ghf;fs; mikj;Js;sd.

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Fwpg;Gfs;

1) S.Subrahmanyan, “Sandhi and Punarcci in Tamil” ,Heritage of the Tamils

Language and Grammar, pp.35-33.

2) nr.it.rz;Kfk;, vOj;jpyf;fzf; Nfhl;ghL, gf;.203-204.

3) All the chapter of ‘Eluttu’ before the chapter of punarcci of the

grammatical treatise, Classify Eluttu as Eluttu or primary phonemic
units and carpu or dependent units, vowels, short and long, consonants,
hard, soft and medicals and deal with the sequences of phonemes,
initials and finalas of forms, phonentics and others only for Sandhi
or Punarcci of forms . All these terms and functions are only for
reference in Sandhi or Punarchi of forms . So, Eluttu, the chapter is set
mainly for Sandhi of forms in sentences.” S.Subrahmaniyan, “Sandhi
and Punarcci in Tamil”, p.36.

4) m.rPepthrd;, “ngah;g;gjpypfs;” ,yf;fzr; rpe;jid, gf;.145-146.

5) er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;, (c.M.) njhy;fhg;gpak;, E}w;gh.67.

6) Nrhk. ,stuR, (c.M.) ed;D}y;, E}w;gh.106.

7) er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;, (c.M.); K.E}, E}w;gh.68.

8) ,sk;G+uzh;, ( c.M.) njhy;fhg;gpak;, E}w;gh.215.

9) NkyJ ., njhy;fhg;gpak;, E}w;gh.232.

10) NkyJ ., njhy;fhg;gpak;,E}w;gh.238.

11) rq;fuekr;rpthah;, ( c.M.) ed;D}y;,E}w;gh.174.

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12) ,sk;G+uzh;, ( c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.141.

13) ,uh.jpUKUfd;, ( c.M.),yf;fz vz;zq;fs;, g.22.

14) Nt.Ntq;fluhRY nul;bahh;, (c.M.) njhy;fhg;gpak;

vOj;jjpfhuthuha;r;rp, E}w;gh.140.

15) ,sk;G+uzh;, ( c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.362.

16) uh.rPdpthrd;, nkhop xg;gpaYk; nkhop tuyhWk; , g.49.

17) NkyJ . , nkhop xg;gpaYk; nkhop tuyhWk;, g.52.

18) er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;, (c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.382.

19) r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;, tPuNrhopak; - jpwdha;T, g.14.

20) uh.rPdpthrd;, K.E} ,177-178.

21) ,sk;G+uzh;, ( c.M.) K.E}> E}w;gh.418.

22) ,uh.jpUKUfd;, K.E}, g.25.

23) njh.gukrptd;, gz;ghl;L mirTfs;, g.28.

24) ,sk;G+uzh;, ( c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.433.

25) ,sk;G+uzh;, ( c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.338.

26) er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;, (c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.269.

27) Nkh.,ruNay;, ,ilAk; chpAk;, g.37.

28) nr.it.rz;Kfk;, K.E}, g.226.

29) Nkh.,ruNay;, K.E}, g.31-32.

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30) nr.it.rz;Kfk;, K.E}, g.225.

31) NkyJ.> g.264.

32) M.Israel, The Treatment of Morphology inTolkappiyam,p.128.

33) ,sk;G+uzh;, ( c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.120.

34) er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;, (c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.119.

35) ,sk;G+uzh;, ( c.M.) K.E}, E}w;gh.470.

36) NkyJ> E}w;gh.120.

37) Nt.Ntq;fluhRYnul;bahh;, ( c.M.)>

K.E}, E}w;gh.190.

38) ng.Rak;G, Ma;TNfhit-20, njhFjp-2, g.202.

39) ,uh.jpUKUfd;, K.E}, g.26.