Physics Project Class 12
Physics Project Class 12
Physics Project Class 12
PHYSICS PROJECT
Submitted by:
Chinmay Kushwaha XII E
Certificate
This is to certify that Magnetic Field Lines project is submitted to fulfil
the requirement of CBSE for practical examination for academic year
session 2014-2015.
Chinmay Kushwaha
XII E
Introduction
Magnetism has fascinated the mankind as early as 600BC. Shepherds in an island in
Greece called Magnesia noted that their iron tipped sticks and shoes with nails
often stayed struck to the ground.
Since early times, the existence of magnetic force have been known, certain kind of
rocks called Lodestone would attract pieces of iron. A freely suspended Lodestone
would always point in the direction; the end which pointed towards Geographic
South was labelled South Pole. It therefore, would appear that the Earth acts like a
giant bar magnet with its South Magnetic Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and its
North Magnetic Pole in the Southern Hemisphere since opposite poles attract each
other.
The directional property of magnets was known, since ancient Chinese texts dating
400BC mention the use of magnetic needles for navigation in ships.
Aim
i) To determine acceleration due to gravity, g, using a compound
pendulum.
ii) To determine radius of gyration about an axis through the center of
gravity for the compound pendulum.
Apparatus
Compound pendulum
Stop watch
Theory
A rigid body which can swing in a vertical plane about some axis passing through it
is called a compound or physical pendulum.
τ = - mg a sinθ …(1)
d2θ
I = − mg a θ , …(2)
dt2
where I is the moment of inertia of the body through the axis P. Expression (2)
represents a simple harmonic motion and hence the time period of oscillation is
given by
T = 2π I …(3)
mga
Fig. 1
114
Now I = IG + ma , where IG is moments of inertia of the body about an axis
2
parallel with axis of oscillation and passing through the center of gravity G.
IG = m k2 …(4)
where k is the radius of gyration about the axis passing through G. Thus
k2 a
mk2 + ma2 a +
g
T = 2π = 2π…(5)
mag
l
g
Comparing expression (5) with an expression of time period T = 2π
for a simple
k2
pendulum suggests, l = + a . This is the length of “equivalent simple
pendulum”. If all a
the mass of the body were concentrated at a point O, along PG produced such that
k2
OP = + a , we would have a simple pendulum with the same time period. The
point O is a
called the ‘Centre of Oscillation’.
Now since
k2
l= +aa
or,
a2 − al + k2 = 0 …(6)
Equation (6) has two values of GP (or a), which produces the same length l as the
length of the equivalent simple pendulum. Since one of the roots for equation (6)
is a, the other root a’ will satisfy
a + a′ = l
and
aa′ = k2 …(7)
Thus if the body were supported on a parallel axis through the ‘Centre of
Oscillation’ point O, if would oscillate with the same time period T as when
supported at P.
Now it is evident that there are an infinite number of points distant a and k2 = a′
from G in a a rigid body. If the body were supported by an axis through G, the
time period of oscillation would be infinite. From any other axis in the body the
time period is given by expression (5).
115
k2
The time period has a minimum
value when a + is minimum,
and that happen a
when a = k, and the corresponding time period is
Procedure:
1) Level the knife-edge and suspend the bar
at,say, every other hole in turn, and note time for
twenty oscillations several times also note the
distance of the hole from the center of the bar.
l= AD+ BC …(9)
2
Fig. 2
4π2l
116
5) If now a tangent is drawn to the curve such as MN, then radius of gyration
about an axis through center of gravity is equal to MN/2.
7) Mean value of k may be obtained averaging all ks found from lines CAGBD,
C′A′G′B′D′…..etc, and the moment of inertia about a parallel axis through the
center of gravity calculated using equation (4), where mass of the rod is
obtained by direct weighing.
Observation
For one side of CG.
Hole Distance Time for Time for Time for Time Period
NO. from CG oscillation oscillation oscillation T=T1+T2+T3
(in cm) (T1) (T2) (T3) (in sec)
Hole Distance Time for Time for Time for Time Period
NO. from CG oscillation oscillation oscillation T=T1+T2+T3
(in cm) (T1) (T2) (T3) (in sec)
Calculation and result
Bibliography
• NCERT Physics Textbook Class XII Part I & II
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
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