Physics Project Class 12

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RADIUS OF GYRATION

PHYSICS PROJECT

Submitted by:
Chinmay Kushwaha XII E
Certificate
This is to certify that Magnetic Field Lines project is submitted to fulfil
the requirement of CBSE for practical examination for academic year
session 2014-2015.

Examiner’s Sign Teacher Incharge


Date:
Acknowledgement
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my Physics
teacher, Mr. Dilip Srivastava in providing a helping hand in this project. My special
thanks are also due to Mr. Papu Lal Saini, lab assistant in our school physics lab.
Their valuable support, guidance and supervision all though this project are
responsible for attaining its present form. Last but not the least, I would like to
thank my parents as they encouraged me to put forward my project

Chinmay Kushwaha
XII E
Introduction
Magnetism has fascinated the mankind as early as 600BC. Shepherds in an island in
Greece called Magnesia noted that their iron tipped sticks and shoes with nails
often stayed struck to the ground.
Since early times, the existence of magnetic force have been known, certain kind of
rocks called Lodestone would attract pieces of iron. A freely suspended Lodestone
would always point in the direction; the end which pointed towards Geographic
South was labelled South Pole. It therefore, would appear that the Earth acts like a
giant bar magnet with its South Magnetic Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and its
North Magnetic Pole in the Southern Hemisphere since opposite poles attract each
other.
The directional property of magnets was known, since ancient Chinese texts dating
400BC mention the use of magnetic needles for navigation in ships.
Aim
i) To determine acceleration due to gravity, g, using a compound
pendulum.
ii) To determine radius of gyration about an axis through the center of
gravity for the compound pendulum.

Apparatus
Compound pendulum
Stop watch

Theory
A rigid body which can swing in a vertical plane about some axis passing through it
is called a compound or physical pendulum.

In Fig.1 a body of irregular shape is pivoted about a horizontal frictionless axis


through P and is displaced from its equilibrium position by an angle θ. In the
equilibrium position the center of gravity G of the body
is vertically below P. The distance GP is a and the mass
of the body is m. The restoring torque for an angular
displacement θ is

τ = - mg a sinθ …(1)

for small amplitudes,

d2θ
I = − mg a θ , …(2)
dt2

where I is the moment of inertia of the body through the axis P. Expression (2)
represents a simple harmonic motion and hence the time period of oscillation is
given by
T = 2π I …(3)
mga
Fig. 1

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Now I = IG + ma , where IG is moments of inertia of the body about an axis
2

parallel with axis of oscillation and passing through the center of gravity G.

IG = m k2 …(4)

where k is the radius of gyration about the axis passing through G. Thus

k2 a
mk2 + ma2 a +
g
T = 2π = 2π…(5)
mag

l
g
Comparing expression (5) with an expression of time period T = 2π
for a simple

k2
pendulum suggests, l = + a . This is the length of “equivalent simple
pendulum”. If all a
the mass of the body were concentrated at a point O, along PG produced such that
k2

OP = + a , we would have a simple pendulum with the same time period. The
point O is a
called the ‘Centre of Oscillation’.

Now since
k2
l= +aa
or,

a2 − al + k2 = 0 …(6)
Equation (6) has two values of GP (or a), which produces the same length l as the
length of the equivalent simple pendulum. Since one of the roots for equation (6)
is a, the other root a’ will satisfy

a + a′ = l
and

aa′ = k2 …(7)
Thus if the body were supported on a parallel axis through the ‘Centre of
Oscillation’ point O, if would oscillate with the same time period T as when
supported at P.

Now it is evident that there are an infinite number of points distant a and k2 = a′
from G in a a rigid body. If the body were supported by an axis through G, the
time period of oscillation would be infinite. From any other axis in the body the
time period is given by expression (5).

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k2
The time period has a minimum
value when a + is minimum,
and that happen a
when a = k, and the corresponding time period is

Tmin = 2π 2gk …(8)


This experiment can be performed with help of a rectangular metallic rod about
1m long. This may be suspended on a knife-edge at various points along its length
through circular holes drilled along the bore at about 2 or 3 cm intervals. (Fig.2)

Procedure:
1) Level the knife-edge and suspend the bar
at,say, every other hole in turn, and note time for
twenty oscillations several times also note the
distance of the hole from the center of the bar.

2) Having obtained a set of values for


timeperiods T, and corresponding distances from
the center of gravity, plot a curve with time period
vs distance of suspension from the center of gravity.
A curve such as shown in (Fig.3) will be obtained.

3) It will be found that curve is symmetrical


aboutthe line representing center of gravity. Draw
any line CAGBD parallel to the axis. This cuts the
curve in four points, which have the same time
period. The equivalent length l for this time period
is

l= AD+ BC …(9)
2

Fig. 2

4π2l

The acceleration due to gravity is found using, g = …(10)


T2

4) Draw several lines parallel to CAGBD, (Fig.3) C′A′G′B′D′, C′′A′′G′′B′′D′′ etc.


and
4π2l
obtain the corresponding values of l and T. The mean value of is used to
T2
calculate the value of g.

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5) If now a tangent is drawn to the curve such as MN, then radius of gyration
about an axis through center of gravity is equal to MN/2.

6) Further using equation (7) k = aa′ = AG.GD . So a second value of k may be


found. The corresponding time period may be noted from the graph. Using
equation (8) of may be evaluated.

7) Mean value of k may be obtained averaging all ks found from lines CAGBD,
C′A′G′B′D′…..etc, and the moment of inertia about a parallel axis through the
center of gravity calculated using equation (4), where mass of the rod is
obtained by direct weighing.
Observation
For one side of CG.

Hole Distance Time for Time for Time for Time Period
NO. from CG oscillation oscillation oscillation T=T1+T2+T3
(in cm) (T1) (T2) (T3) (in sec)

For other side of CG.

Hole Distance Time for Time for Time for Time Period
NO. from CG oscillation oscillation oscillation T=T1+T2+T3
(in cm) (T1) (T2) (T3) (in sec)
Calculation and result
Bibliography
• NCERT Physics Textbook Class XII Part I & II
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com

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