0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views

Lesson1 PDF

The document describes an instructional program launched by the IMF Center and NCEE for secondary school students about globalization. It consists of 8 classroom lessons covering topics like globalization, comparative advantage, economic growth, exchange rates. Lessons 1 and 2 focus on the IMF and its role. Lesson 1 discusses the history and impact of globalization while Lesson 2 introduces the IMF and its role in fostering global economic stability. Lessons 3-8 previously developed by NCEE cover trade, international organizations, and currencies. The lessons use activities and simulations to teach students about these economic concepts and the global economy.

Uploaded by

joan garga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views

Lesson1 PDF

The document describes an instructional program launched by the IMF Center and NCEE for secondary school students about globalization. It consists of 8 classroom lessons covering topics like globalization, comparative advantage, economic growth, exchange rates. Lessons 1 and 2 focus on the IMF and its role. Lesson 1 discusses the history and impact of globalization while Lesson 2 introduces the IMF and its role in fostering global economic stability. Lessons 3-8 previously developed by NCEE cover trade, international organizations, and currencies. The lessons use activities and simulations to teach students about these economic concepts and the global economy.

Uploaded by

joan garga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

September 21, 2005

The IMF Center of the International Monetary Fund, in partnership with the U.S.'s National
Council on Economic Education (NCEE), has launched an instructional program for
secondary school students about the effects of globalization and the importance of
understanding the dynamics of the global economy. Thinking Globally: Effective Lessons for
Teaching about the Interdependent World Economy are eight classroom-tested lessons on
globalization, comparative advantage, economic growth, exchange rates, and other
international topics.

Lessons #1 and 2 focus on the IMF and its role in the global economy.

Lesson #1: Ten Basic Questions about Globalization focuses on the history, impact and future
implications of living in a globalized economic system.

Lesson #2: What is the IMF and What Does it Do? Introduces the IMF and its role in fostering global
economic stability through monetary and financial cooperation.

Lessons #3-8, on trade, international organizations, currencies and foreign


exchange, are previously-released lesson plans produced by NCEE.

Lesson #3: Why People Trade Students participate in a trading simulation and use this experience to
discover the benefits of free trade.

Lesson #4: Comparative Advantage and Trade in a Global Economy Students observe or participate
in a role-play situation in which one person is better at both of two activities.

Lesson #5: "Hey, Hey! Ho, Ho! Why Do We Need the WTO?" Several activities are used to introduce
students to six international institutions that play important economic roles, especially in the areas of
international trade, finance and development.

Lesson #6: Why are Some Nations Wealthy? Students work in groups to examine data from several
nations regarding size, natural resources and population.

Lesson #7: Foreign Currencies and Foreign Exchange Students participate in a simulated foreign
exchange market. Provides an opportunity for students to use supply and demand analysis to explain
how flexible exchange rates are established in currency markets.

Lesson #8: Exchange Rates: Money around the World Students participate in two auctions to
demonstrate the determination of flexible exchange rates and the need for foreign currency to
purchase goods from other countries.

See also:
Press Release: IMF Launches Lesson Plans for Secondary School Economics Teachers,
September 21, 2005 (http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2005/pr05211.htm)

Lesson plans #1-8 are available in PDF format here:


http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/econed/index.htm#think
/HVVRQ7HQ%DVLF4XHVWLRQVDERXW*OREDOL]DWLRQ

 /," 1
/" Ê
"
*/-
(FRQRPLFV *OREDOL]DWLRQ
7KHWHUP´JOREDOL]DWLRQµJHQHUDOO\UHIHUVWR ,QWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGH
WKHRSHQLQJRILQWHUQDWLRQDOERUGHUVWRIORZV 0XOWLQDWLRQDOFRUSRUDWLRQV
RIIUHHWUDGHLPPLJUDWLRQGLUHFWLQYHVWPHQW 2XWVRXUFLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGWHFKQRORJ\,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5ROHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG
RUJDQL]DWLRQVVXFKDVWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO  :RUOG%DQNDQG:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ
0RQHWDU\)XQGWKH:RUOG%DQNDQGWKH
:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQZRUNWRSURPRWH
" / /Ê-/ , -
JOREDOL]DWLRQ
VEHQHILWVDQGDGGUHVVLWVULVNVLQ
WKHZRUOG·VHFRQRPLHVZLWKSDUWLFXODUIRFXVRQ  9ROXQWDU\H[FKDQJHRFFXUVRQO\ZKHQDOO
KHOSLQJWKHSRRUHUFRXQWULHV*OREDOL]DWLRQKDV SDUWLFLSDWLQJSDUWLHVH[SHFWWRJDLQ7KLV
PDQ\REYLRXVEHQHILWVWRFRQVXPHUVDQGEXVL LVWUXHIRUWUDGHDPRQJLQGLYLGXDOVRU
QHVVHVLQULFKDQGSRRUFRXQWULHVDOLNH%XW RUJDQL]DWLRQVZLWKLQDQDWLRQDQGDPRQJ
JOREDOL]DWLRQDOVRKDVFULWLFV LQGLYLGXDOVRURUJDQL]DWLRQVLQGLIIHUHQW
QDWLRQV
5HDVRQLQJ
(FRQRPLVWVJHQHUDOO\DJUHHWKDWDOWKRXJKIUHH  :KHQLQGLYLGXDOVUHJLRQVDQGQDWLRQV
WUDGHDPDMRUFRPSRQHQWRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ VSHFLDOL]HLQZKDWWKH\FDQSURGXFHDWWKH
UHVXOWVLQORVVHVIRUVRPHSHRSOHWKHRYHUDOO ORZHVWFRVWDQGWKHQWUDGHZLWKRWKHUV
EHQHILWVRXWZHLJKWKHFRVWV:KHQSHRSOHLQ ERWKSURGXFWLRQDQGFRQVXPSWLRQLQFUHDVH
GLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVVSHFLDOL]HZKHUHWKH\KDYH
DFRPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJHDQGWUDGHYROXQ  &RPSHWLWLRQDPRQJVHOOHUVORZHUVFRVWV
WDULO\ZLWKSHRSOHLQRWKHUFRXQWULHVWKHUHDUH DQGSULFHVDQGHQFRXUDJHVSURGXFHUVWR
RYHUDOOEHQHILWVWRSHRSOHLQERWKFRXQWULHV SURGXFHPRUHRIZKDWFRQVXPHUVDUHZLOO
2SHQLQJERUGHUVOHDGVWRYROXQWDU\H[FKDQJHV LQJDQGDEOHWREX\&RPSHWLWLRQDPRQJ
RIFDSLWDODQGZRUNHUVDVZHOODVJRRGVDQG EX\HUVLQFUHDVHVSULFHVDQGDOORFDWHV
VHUYLFHVOHDGLQJWRRYHUDOOZRUOGZLGHJURZWK JRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVWRWKRVHSHRSOHZKRDUH
&ULWLFVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQDUJXHLQSDUWWKDWPRUH ZLOOLQJDQGDEOHWRSD\WKHPRVWIRUWKHP
FRXOGEHGRQHWRKHOSSHRSOHLQSRRUFRXQWULHV
DFKLHYHWKHOLYLQJVWDQGDUGVRIWKRVHLQULFKHU ,QYHVWPHQWLQIDFWRULHVPDFKLQHU\QHZ
FRXQWULHV WHFKQRORJ\DQGWKHKHDOWKHGXFDWLRQDQG
WUDLQLQJRISHRSOHFDQUDLVHIXWXUHVWDQ
GDUGVRIOLYLQJ

" 
/6 -
7KHVWXGHQWVZLOO
 3DUWLFLSDWHLQDQLQIRUPDWLRQVKDULQJ
DFWLYLW\WROHDUQEDVLFIDFWVDQGLVVXHV
DERXWJOREDOL]DWLRQ

 $QVZHUEDVLFTXHVWLRQVRQJOREDOL]D
WLRQ

 'LVFXVVKRZJOREDOL]DWLRQDIIHFWVWKHP

‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1<

/(66217(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21

 --" Ê -
,*/" ERDUGDQGDVNWKHVWXGHQWVZKDWWKH\
WKLQNLWPHDQV$FFHSWDOODQVZHUV:ULWH
7KLVOHVVRQLQWURGXFHVVRPHRIWKHEDVLFLVVXHV VRPHRIWKHLUUHVSRQVHVRQWKHERDUG,I
DERXWJOREDOL]DWLRQ,WFRXOGVHUYHDVDVWDUW WKHVWXGHQWVDUHDZDUHRIGLIIHULQJRSLQ
LQJSRLQWIRUDORQJHUXQLWRUDVXPPDU\IRUD LRQVDERXWJOREDOL]DWLRQDVNZK\WKH\
XQLWRQJOREDOLVVXHV6PDOOJURXSVRIVWXGHQWV WKLQNJOREDOL]DWLRQLVFRQWURYHUVLDO$JDLQ
DUHJLYHQRQHTXHVWLRQ RXWRI UHODWLQJWR DFFHSWDOODQVZHUV
JOREDOL]DWLRQDORQJZLWKWKHDQVZHU%\VKDU 
LQJLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKRWKHUVWXGHQWJURXSV  $QQRXQFHWKDWWKHFODVVZLOOWDNHSDUW
WKH\GLVFRYHUWKHDQVZHUVWREDVLFTXHVWLRQV LQDQDFWLYLW\WROHDUQDERXWVRPHEDVLF
DERXWJOREDOL]DWLRQ7KH\SDUWLFLSDWHLQDFODVV LVVXHVUHODWLQJWRJOREDOL]DWLRQ'LVSOD\
GLVFXVVLRQWRFRQILUPDQGH[SDQGRQWKHLU 9LVXDODQGWHOOWKHVWXGHQWVWKDW
DQVZHUVDQGWKHXQGHUO\LQJLVVXHV DWWKHHQGRIWKHOHVVRQWKH\ZLOOKDYH
DQVZHUVWRDOORIWKHTXHVWLRQVVKRZQ
/ Ê, +1,
PLQXWHV  5DQGRPO\SDVVRXWRQHFDUGIURP$FWLYLW\
WRHDFKVWXGHQW7HOOWKHVWXGHQWVWKDW
WKH\HDFKKDYHDQDQVZHUWRRQHRIWKH
/ ,-
TXHVWLRQVVKRZQRQWKHYLVXDO7KH\DQG
 9LVXDO WKHRWKHUVZKRKDYHWKHVDPHFDUGZLOO
EHFRPHH[SHUWVRQWKHDQVZHUWRWKDW
 &RSLHVRI$FWLYLW\FXWDSDUWVRWKDW TXHVWLRQ'HVLJQDWHDUHDVRIWKHFODVV
HDFKVWXGHQWUHFHLYHVRQHVHFWLRQ <RX URRPDQGWHOOWKRVHZLWKWKHDQVZHUVWR
PD\ZLVKWRFRS\WKLVRQFDUGVWRFNIRU 4XHVWLRQWRJRWRWKHILUVWDUHDWKRVH
XVHLQPXOWLSOHFODVVHV )RUH[DPSOHIRU ZLWKWKHDQVZHUVWR4XHVWLRQWRJRWR
DFODVVRIVWXGHQWVSUHSDUHWZRFRSLHV WKHVHFRQGDUHDDQGVRRQ$V\RXGLVWULE
HDFKFXWLQWRFDUGV)RUVWXGHQWV XWHWKHFDUGV\RXPD\ZLVKWRHPSKDVL]H
SUHSDUHWKUHHFRSLHVHDFKFXWLQWR WKDWWKLVOHVVRQDQGWKHDQVZHUFDUGVSUR
FDUGV YLGHYHU\EULHIDQVZHUVWRVRPHFRPSOH[
DQGVRPHWLPHVFRQWURYHUVLDOTXHVWLRQV
 $FRS\RI$FWLYLW\IRUHDFKVWXGHQW
 2QFHWKHVWXGHQWVKDYHIRUPHGVPDOO
 2SWLRQDO 2QHVWLFN\QRWHIRUHDFKVWX JURXSVWHOOWKHPWRGLVFXVVWKHLUTXHVWLRQ
GHQW DQGWKHDQVZHUZLWKLQWKHLUJURXS6LQFH
WKH\DUHWKHH[SHUWVRQWKDWTXHVWLRQ
*,"
1, WKH\VKRXOGPDNHVXUHWKDWHYHU\RQHLQ
WKHJURXSLVDEOHWRH[SODLQWKHDQVZHUWR
1RWH7KLVOHVVRQXVHVWKHIROORZLQJHFRQRPLF WKHLUTXHVWLRQZLWKRXWWKHDQVZHUFDUG
WHUPVWKDWDUHQRWGLUHFWO\GHILQHGLQWKHOHV 7KLVVKRXOGWDNHILYHWRPLQXWHV7KHQ
VRQFDSLWDOFRPPXQLVWHFRQRPLFGHYHORS FROOHFWDOODQVZHUFDUGVIURPHDFKJURXS
PHQWH[SRUWVIRUHLJQGLUHFWLQYHVWPHQWIUHH
WUDGHLPSRUWVLQYHVWPHQWPDUNHWHFRQRP\  'LVWULEXWHDFRS\RI$FWLYLW\WRHDFK
SURILWDQGWUDGHEDUULHUV,I\RXUVWXGHQWV VWXGHQW7HOOWKHVWXGHQWVWRZULWHDEULHI
DUHQRWIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHVHWHUPV\RXPD\ DQVZHUWRWKHTXHVWLRQIRUZKLFKWKH\DUH
ZLVKWRKDYHGHILQLWLRQVDYDLODEOH(FRQRPLFV WKHH[SHUW7HOOWKHPWKDWQRZWKH\PXVW
GLFWLRQDULHVDUHDYDLODEOHRQWKH:HEVLWHRI ILQGH[SHUWVRQWKHRWKHUQLQHTXHVWLRQV
WKH$PHULFDQ(FRQRPLF$VVRFLDWLRQXQGHU WRFRPSOHWHWKHDFWLYLW\7KH\VKRXOGFLU
´5HVRXUFHVIRU(FRQRPLVWVµDW FXODWHDPRQJWKHLUFODVVPDWHVDQGVKDUH
KWWSZZZYDQGHUELOWHGX$($ WKHDQVZHUWRWKHLUTXHVWLRQDVWKH\OHDUQ
WKHDQVZHUVWRWKHRWKHUTXHVWLRQV7R
 :ULWHWKHZRUG´JOREDOL]DWLRQµRQWKH

 ‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1<
7(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21/(6621

DYRLGKDYLQJWRUHSHDWWKHLUDQVZHUQLQH -"1,
-Ê1- Ê Ê/-Ê --" ]Ê
WLPHVWHOOWKHVWXGHQWVWKDWWKH\PD\GLV  Ê",Ê1,/ ,Ê ",/"
FXVVWKHTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVLQJURXSV
HJWKUHHWRILYHVWXGHQWV DVZHOODVLQ $PHULFDQ(FRQRPLF$VVRFLDWLRQ
 KWWSZZZYDQGHUELOWHGX$($
SDLUV*LYHWKHVWXGHQWVDERXWPLQ
 6HH´5HVRXUFHVIRU(FRQRPLVWVµIRUHFRQRPLFV
XWHVWRWDONWRRWKHUVWXGHQWVWRFRPSOHWH JORVVDULHVGLFWLRQDULHVDQGHQF\FORSHGLDV
$FWLYLW\&LUFXODWHDURXQGWKHURRP
WRPDNHVXUHWKDWWKHVWXGHQWVDUHOHDUQ %URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ
LQJWKHDQVZHUVIURPWKHH[SHUWVDQGQRW  KWWSZZZEURRNLQJVHGX
MXVWFRS\LQJHDFKRWKHU·VSDSHUV <RXPD\  6HH7KH%URRNLQJV5HYLHZHJ´0DQDJLQJ
ZLVKWRVSHFLI\DUHFRPPHQGHGOHQJWKIRU D*OREDOL]LQJ:RUOG$Q2YHUYLHZµE\%DUU\
HDFKZULWWHQDQVZHUHJDPLQLPXPRI %RVZRUWKDQG3KLOLS+*RUGRQIDOO
WKUHHEXOOHWHGLWHPVIRUHDFKUHVSRQVH DQG3ROLF\%ULHIVVXFKDV´2IIVKRULQJ6HUYLFH
$OVRWRPDNHLWHDVLHUWRORFDWHH[SHUWVIRU -REV%DQHRU%RRQDQG:KDWWR'R"µE\/DHO
%UDLQDUGDQG5REHUW(/LWDQ
VSHFLILFTXHVWLRQV\RXFRXOGKDYHWKHVWX
GHQWVZULWHWKHQXPEHUIRUZKLFKWKH\DUH 7KH)UXLWVRI)UHH7UDGH
WKHH[SHUWRQDVWLFN\QRWHDQGSXWLWRQ  :0LFKDHO&R[DQG5LFKDUG$OP
WKHLUVOHHYH  $QQXDO5HSRUWRIWKH)HGHUDO5HVHUYH
%DQNRI'DOODV
 $VNWKHVWXGHQWVWRWDNHWKHLUVHDWVZLWK  KWWSZZZGDOODVIHGRUJ
WKHLUFRPSOHWHGDFWLYLWLHV'LVSOD\9LVXDO
DJDLQ'LVFXVVWKHTXHVWLRQVLQWXUQ *OREDOL]DWLRQ)DFWVDQG)LJXUHV
)RUHDFKTXHVWLRQILUVWDVNWKHH[SHUWVWR  3DXO0DVVRQ
UDLVHWKHLUKDQGVVR\RXFDQLGHQWLI\WKHP  'LVFXVVLRQ3ROLF\3DSHU1R
 1RY
DQGWKHQFDOORQVRPHRQHHOVHWRDQVZHU
 KWWSZZZLPIRUJ
WKHTXHVWLRQ$VNWKHH[SHUWVWRH[SDQG
RQWKHDQVZHUVLIQHFHVVDU\([SODLQWKDW *OREDOL]DWLRQDQG,WV'LVFRQWHQWV
WKHDQVZHUVSURYLGHGFDQEHH[SODLQHGLQ  -RVHSK6WLJOLW]
PXFKPRUHGHWDLOWKDQRQWKHEULHIDQVZHU  1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQDQG&R
FDUGVDQGHQFRXUDJHWKHVWXGHQWVWRIRO
ORZQHZVVWRULHVDQGGRIXUWKHUUHVHDUFK *OREDOL]DWLRQ7KUHDWRU2SSRUWXQLW\"
RQWKHTXHVWLRQV  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG
 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG,VVXHV%ULHI
$SULO &RUUHFWHG-DQ 

"-1,  KWWSZZZLPIRUJ
 7RUHLQIRUFHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKLVOHVVRQ
DVNWKHVWXGHQWVWRGLVFXVVKRZJOREDOL]D ,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG
WLRQGLUHFWO\DIIHFWVWKHP:KDWFORWKHV  KWWSZZZLPIRUJ
 6HHWKHVHFWLRQ´)RU6WXGHQWVµ
DUHWKH\ZHDULQJIURPRWKHUFRXQWULHV"
$VNWKHVWXGHQWVWRFKHFNWKHODEHOVRQ :K\*OREDOL]DWLRQ:RUNV
WKHRXWHUFORWKLQJRIDQRWKHUVWXGHQWZLWK  0DUWLQ:ROI
JLUOVFKHFNLQJJLUOVDQGER\VFKHFNLQJ  1HZ+DYHQ<DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
ER\V :KHUHZHUHWKHLUIDPLO\FDUVDQG
DSSOLDQFHVPDGH":KRGRWKH\NQRZZKR :RUOG%DQN
KDVUHFHQWO\LPPLJUDWHGWRWKLVFRXQWU\"  KWWSZZZZRUOGEDQNRUJ
:KDWZRXOGWKHLUOLYHVEHOLNHZLWKRXWJOR
EDOL]DWLRQ" :RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ
 KWWSZZZZWRRUJ
 6KDUHDUHFHQWQHZVDUWLFOHDERXWJOREDO
L]DWLRQRUDVNWKHVWXGHQWVWREULQJLQ
DUWLFOHVWRGLVFXVVWKHQH[WGD\

‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1< 
/(66217(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21

9,68$/
7(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21

 :KDWLVJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 +RZQHZLVJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KDWKDVOHGWRLQFUHDVHGJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KDWDUHVRPHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KHQSHRSOHWUDGHKRZGRERWKVLGHVEHQHILW"

 :KDWDUHVRPHQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KDWUROHVGRWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG ,0) 


 WKH:RUOG%DQNDQGWKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ
 :72 SOD\LQJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KDWDUHVRPHHIIHFWVRIPXOWLQDWLRQDOEXVLQHVVHV"

 :KDWDUHVRPHRIWKHLVVXHVLQYROYHGZLWKRXWVRXUFLQJ
 MREV"

 :KDWLVWKHIXWXUHRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 ‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1<
7(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21/(6621

$&7,9,7<
$16:(56727(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287
*/2%$/,=$7,21


:KDWLVJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

$OWKRXJKWKHUHLVQRRQHSUHFLVHGHILQLWLRQWKHWHUPJOREDOL]DWLRQXVXDOO\UHIHUVWRWKH
LQFUHDVHGIORZRIWUDGHSHRSOHLQYHVWPHQWWHFKQRORJ\FXOWXUHDQGLGHDVDPRQJFRXQWULHV
2SHQLQJXSLQWHUQDWLRQDOERUGHUVUHVXOWVLQJOREDOPDUNHWVLQVWHDGRIORFDORUQDWLRQDOPDU
NHWV7KLVLQFOXGHVPDUNHWVIRUJRRGVVHUYLFHVODERUDQGFDSLWDO)RUH[DPSOHLQRXUJOREDO
HFRQRP\DEXVLQHVVLQRQHFRXQWU\RIWHQLQWHUDFWVZLWKSHRSOHDQGEXVLQHVVHVLQRWKHUFRXQ
WULHVWRSURGXFHDQGVHOOLWVJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV:KHQ\RXUIDPLO\EX\VIUXLWIURP\RXUORFDO
86JURFHU\VWRUH\RXPD\HQGXSEX\LQJDSSOHVIURP1HZ=HDODQGDSULFRWVIURP&KLQD
EDQDQDVIURP(FXDGRUDQGWDQJHULQHVIURP6RXWK$IULFD

7KHWHUP´JOREDOL]DWLRQµVRPHWLPHVWDNHVRQGLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJVIRUGLIIHUHQWSHRSOHDQGLQ
GLIIHUHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHV)RUH[DPSOHVRPHWLPHVWKHWHUPLVXVHGWRUHIHUWRWKHLQFUHDVHG
UROHRIODUJHPXOWLQDWLRQDOFRUSRUDWLRQVLQWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\3HRSOHLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
RXWVLGHWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVVRPHWLPHVXVHWKHWHUPWRUHIHUWRWKHGRPLQDQFHDQGLQIOXHQFHRI
WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRQWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\


+RZQHZLVJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

7KHWHUP´JOREDOL]DWLRQµLVDFXUUHQWEX]]ZRUGIUHTXHQWO\XVHGLQWKHQHZV7KHWHUPSURED
EO\ZDVFRLQHGLQWKHVDQGFDPHLQWRZLGHXVHLQWKHV%XWJOREDOL]DWLRQLWVHOIKDV
EHHQDURXQGIRUFHQWXULHV)RUH[DPSOH0DUFR3RORPDGHDWUDGLQJH[SHGLWLRQIURP9HQLFH
,WDO\WRZKDWLVWRGD\,VWDQEXO7XUNH\LQWKHWKLUWHHQWKFHQWXU\1DWLYH$PHULFDQVWUDGHG
ZLWKRWKHUVIURPGLIIHUHQWWHUULWRULHVDQGZLWKGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHVORQJEHIRUHWKH\EHJDQ
WUDGLQJZLWK(XURSHDQVHWWOHUVLQWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKWH[WLOHILUPVKDGEUDQFKHV
LQ5KRGH,VODQGDQG/DWLQ$PHULFDLQWKHHDUO\QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\

$OWKRXJKJOREDOL]DWLRQKDVEHHQJRLQJRQIRUFHQWXULHVKLVWRULDQVDQGHFRQRPLVWVDJUHH
WKDWWRGD\ZHDUHLQDSHULRGRIUDSLGJOREDOL]DWLRQDQGWKDWLWLVRQWKHLQFUHDVHZRUOGZLGH
,QWHUQDWLRQDOPLJUDWLRQLVRQWKHULVH%XVLQHVVHVDUHH[SDQGLQJWKHLURSHUDWLRQVLQRWKHU
FRXQWULHV)RUHLJQGLUHFWLQYHVWPHQWLVHVWLPDWHGWRKDYHLQFUHDVHGWLPHVVLQFH
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH)HGHUDO5HVHUYH%DQNRI'DOODV  86WUDGHDQGFDSLWDOIORZVERWKWUL
SOHGDVDSHUFHQWDJHRI*'3EHWZHHQDQGDQG´WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLVQ·WDORQH7KH
UHVWRIWKHZRUOGKDVVHHQDVLPLODUVXUJHLQFURVVERUGHUEXVLQHVVµ

‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1< 
/(66217(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21

$&7,9,7< FRQWLQXHG 
$16:(56727(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287
*/2%$/,=$7,21


:KDWKDVOHGWRLQFUHDVHGJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

7KHLQFUHDVHLQJOREDOL]DWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOGLQUHFHQWGHFDGHVLVGXHWRPDQ\IDF
WRUV2IPDMRULPSRUWDQFHLVWKHIDFWWKDWWUDGHEDUULHUVKDYHJUDGXDOO\EHHQUHGXFHGDURXQG
WKHZRUOGDVKDYHUHVWULFWLRQVRQWKHIUHHIORZRILQYHVWPHQWFDSLWDOEHWZHHQFRXQWULHV
7KHJURZWKDQGVKDULQJRIWHFKQRORJ\DUHDOVRLPSRUWDQW0HWKRGVRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQKDYH
LPSURYHGPDNLQJLWHDVLHUIRUSHRSOHWRWUDYHODQGWRPRYHJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVDFURVVERUGHUV
0HWKRGVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVXFKDVWKH,QWHUQHWKDYHLPSURYHGPDNLQJLWHDVLHUIRUSHRSOH
WRVSUHDGLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVKDUHLGHDVDURXQGWKHZRUOG:KHQEXVLQHVVRZQHUVDUHIUHHWR
HDUQSURILWVWKH\PD\WU\WRGRVRE\KLULQJSHRSOHRUEX\LQJDQGVHOOLQJLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV
$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWIDFWRULVWKHIDOORIFRPPXQLVP&RXQWULHVRIWKHIRUPHU6RYLHW8QLRQWKH
(DVWHUQ%ORFDQG&KLQDWKDWZHUHRQFHLVRODWHGGXHWRFRPPXQLVWUHJLPHVQRZKDYHPRUH
PDUNHWRULHQWHGHFRQRPLHVDQGDUHGRLQJEXVLQHVVZLWKWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOG


:KDWDUHVRPHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

*OREDOL]DWLRQKDVPDQ\EHQHILWV,QPDQ\ZD\VJOREDOL]DWLRQUHSUHVHQWVLQFUHDVHGIUHH
GRP:KHQLQWHUQDWLRQDOERUGHUVDUHRSHQSHRSOHDUHIUHHWRWUDYHODQGLPPLJUDWHWRRWKHU
FRXQWULHVWRWUDGHZLWKZKRPHYHUWKH\ZLVKWRLQYHVWZKHUHYHUWKH\ZLVKDQGWRH[SHUL
HQFHQHZFXOWXUHVDQGQHZLGHDV2SHQLQJXSLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHSURYLGHVFRQVXPHUVZLWKD
ZLGHUYDULHW\RIJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV%\EX\LQJUDZPDWHULDOVDQGKLULQJZRUNHUVIURPRWKHU
FRXQWULHVVRPHEXVLQHVVHVDUHDEOHWRORZHUWKHLUFRVWV7KHVHORZHUFRVWVXVXDOO\JHQHU
DWHORZHUSULFHVOHDGLQJWRJUHDWHUFRQVXPHUGHPDQGIRUSURGXFWVRIDOOW\SHV,QDGGLWLRQWR
ORZHUSULFHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPSHWLWLRQUHVXOWVLQKLJKHUTXDOLW\JRRGV:KHQPDUNHWVRSHUDWH
DFURVVERUGHUVSHRSOHRQERWKVLGHVFDQEHQHILWIURPHFRQRPLFJURZWKDQGLQFUHDVHGZHDOWK
DQGPRUHMREVRYHUDOO'HYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVEHQHILWZKHQWKH\UHO\RQH[SRUWVIRUHFRQRPLF
JURZWK7KH\DOVREHQHILWZKHQPXOWLQDWLRQDOFRUSRUDWLRQVSURYLGHMREVLQWKHLUFRXQWULHV
XVXDOO\SD\LQJKLJKHUZDJHVWKDQWKRVHSUHYDLOLQJIRURWKHUMREVUHTXLULQJVLPLODUVNLOOV
*OREDOL]DWLRQSURYLGHVSHRSOHZLWKEHWWHUDFFHVVWRPHGLFLQHLQIRUPDWLRQHGXFDWLRQDQGQHZ
WHFKQRORJ\%HFDXVHRIJOREDOL]DWLRQPDQ\SHRSOHLQWKHZRUOGQRZOLYHORQJHUDQGZLWKD
KLJKHUVWDQGDUGRIOLYLQJ$VDQDWLRQH[SHULHQFHVHFRQRPLFJURZWKDQGLWVVWDQGDUGRIOLYLQJ
ULVHVVXIILFLHQWO\FLWL]HQVDUHDEOHWRDIIRUGDQGRIWHQEHJLQGHPDQGLQJDFOHDQHUDQGKHDOWKL
HUHQYLURQPHQW

 ‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1<
7(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21/(6621

$&7,9,7< FRQWLQXHG 
$16:(56727(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287
*/2%$/,=$7,21


:KHQSHRSOHWUDGHKRZGRERWKVLGHVEHQHILW"

9ROXQWDU\WUDGHPDNHVERWKSDUWLHVEHWWHURII$OOFRXQWULHVKDYHVFDUFHUHVRXUFHVDQGFDQQRW
SURGXFHHYHU\WKLQJWKDWHYHU\RQHZDQWV7REHQHILWIURPWUDGHFRXQWULHVVSHFLDOL]HLQSURGXF
LQJSURGXFWVZKHUHWKH\KDYHDFRPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJH7KLVPHDQVWKDWLQVWHDGRISURGXF
LQJHYHU\WKLQJIRUWKHPVHOYHVWKH\VSHFLDOL]HLQSURGXFLQJWKHJRRGVWKDWWKH\FDQPDNHDWD
ORZHURSSRUWXQLW\FRVWWKDQWKHLUWUDGLQJSDUWQHUV:KHQWKH\WUDGHWKHVHJRRGVFRQVXPHUV
LQERWKFRXQWULHVEHQHILWE\EHLQJDEOHWREX\DJUHDWHUYDULHW\RIJRRGVDWORZHUSULFHV)RU
H[DPSOHWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQG&KLQDDUHWUDGLQJSDUWQHUV7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVFDQSURGXFH
FRPSXWHUVDWDORZHURSSRUWXQLW\FRVWWKDQ&KLQDDQG&KLQDFDQSURGXFHWR\VDWDORZHU
RSSRUWXQLW\FRVWWKDQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV:KHQ86EXVLQHVVHVLPSRUWDQGVHOO&KLQHVHWR\V
DQG&KLQHVHEXVLQHVVHVLPSRUWDQGVHOO86FRPSXWHUVPDQ\SHRSOHJDLQ7KHZLQQHUV
LQFOXGH86EXVLQHVVHVWKDWLPSRUWDQGVHOO&KLQHVHWR\V86FRQVXPHUVRI&KLQHVHWR\V
&KLQHVHWR\SURGXFHUV86FRPSXWHUSURGXFHUV&KLQHVHEXVLQHVVHVWKDWLPSRUWDQGVHOO
86FRPSXWHUVDQG&KLQHVHFRQVXPHUVRI86FRPSXWHUV(YHQLIDFRXQWU\PDGHHYHU\WKLQJ
PRUHHIILFLHQWO\WKDQDQRWKHUFRXQWU\WKHWZRFRXQWULHVFRXOGWUDGHEDVHGRQGLIIHUHQFHVLQ
RSSRUWXQLW\FRVWV


:KDWDUHVRPHQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

,QUHFHQW\HDUVWKHUHKDYHEHHQODUJHGHPRQVWUDWLRQVDJDLQVWJOREDOL]DWLRQLQ6HDWWOH
3UDJXH:DVKLQJWRQDQGRWKHUFLWLHV7KHFRQFHUQVRIWKHVHGHPRQVWUDWRUVYDU\6RPHDUH
XSVHWEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHORVWWKHLUMREVGXHWRIRUHLJQFRPSHWLWLRQ2WKHUVEHOLHYHWKDWJOREDO
L]DWLRQLVSDUWO\WREODPHIRULQFUHDVHGHQYLURQPHQWDOGDPDJHWKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOGVLQFH
JOREDOL]DWLRQUHVXOWVLQLQFUHDVHGLQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ2WKHUVVD\WKDWRSHQERUGHUVOHDGWRPRUH
WHUURULVPPRUHLOOHJDOGUXJVDOHVDQGWKHVSUHDGRI$,'6DQGRWKHUGLVHDVHV2WKHUVDUJXH
WKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQOHDGVWROHVVFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\DV:HVWHUQLGHDVDQGYDOXHVVSUHDGDURXQG
WKHZRUOG

6RPHFULWLFVFODLPWKDWLQGXVWULDOL]HGFRXQWULHVLQFOXGLQJWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVUHFHLYHPRUH
EHQHILWVIURPJOREDOL]DWLRQWKDQORZLQFRPHFRXQWULHV6RPHHFRQRPLVWVEHOLHYHWKDWDOWKRXJK
LQFUHDVHGJOREDOL]DWLRQKDVKDGPDQ\EHQHILWVIRUSHRSOHLQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOGLQWKHSDVW
LWKDVQRWOHGWRWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRIZRUOGSRYHUW\7KHQXPEHURISHRSOHOLYLQJLQSRYHUW\
WKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOGUHPDLQVXQDFFHSWDEO\KLJK,QDGGLWLRQFULWLFVFODLPWKDWJOREDOL]DWLRQ
KDVQRWOHGWRPRUHVWDELOLW\LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDVHYLGHQFHGE\ILQDQFLDOFULVHVLQ$VLD
DQG/DWLQ$PHULFDLQWKHVDQGV

‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1< 
/(66217(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21

$&7,9,7< FRQWLQXHG 
$16:(56727(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287
*/2%$/,=$7,21


:KDWUROHVGRWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG ,0) WKH:RUOG%DQN
DQGWKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ :72 SOD\LQJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

&RXQWULHVKDYHWKHLURZQODZVDQGUHJXODWLRQVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWUDGHODERUVWDQGDUGVILQDQFH
DQGWKHHQYLURQPHQW7KHUHLVQRWRQHZRUOGZLGHRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWVHWVODZVDQGKDQGOHV
GLVSXWHVLQWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\+RZHYHUWKH,0)WKH:RUOG%DQNDQGWKH:72SOD\LPSRU
WDQWUROHV

7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQGLVDVHSDUDWHVSHFLDOL]HGDJHQF\RIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV
V\VWHPHVWDEOLVKHGLQWRKHOSWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\E\HQFRXUDJLQJFRXQWULHVWRDGRSW
VRXQGSROLFLHVDIIHFWLQJH[FKDQJHUDWHVDQGFXUUHQF\YDOXHV,QWKLVZD\LWSURPRWHVZRUOG
WUDGH,WJLYHVDGYLFHWRPHPEHUFRXQWULHVDQGPDNHVORDQVWRLWVPHPEHUVWKDWKDYHVKRUW
DJHVRIFXUUHQF\QHFHVVDU\IRUWUDGH$VRIWKH,0)KDGPHPEHUFRXQWULHV

7KH:RUOG%DQNRIILFLDOO\FDOOHGWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO%DQNIRU5HFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG
'HYHORSPHQWLVDOVRDVSHFLDOL]HGDJHQF\RIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVHVWDEOLVKHGLQ,WDOVR
KDGPHPEHUFRXQWULHVLQ7KH:RUOG%DQN·VSXUSRVHLVWRILJKWZRUOGSRYHUW\E\
SURPRWLQJHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW,WGRHVWKLVE\SURYLGLQJORDQVSROLF\DGYLFHDQGWHFKQLFDO
DVVLVWDQFHIRUGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWVLQSRRUHUFRXQWULHV

7KH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQLVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQHVWDEOLVKHGWRSURPRWH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOIUHHWUDGH7KH:72KDGPHPEHUFRXQWULHVLQ,WHQIRUFHVUXOHVWR
SURPRWHIUHHLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHDQGKHOSVFRXQWULHVQHJRWLDWHWRUHGXFHWUDGHEDUULHUV


:KDWDUHVRPHHIIHFWVRIPXOWLQDWLRQDOEXVLQHVVHV"

$PXOWLQDWLRQDOFRUSRUDWLRQ 01& LVDFRUSRUDWLRQWKDWRSHUDWHVLQWZRRUPRUHFRXQ


WULHV,WKDVKHDGTXDUWHUVLQRQHFRXQWU\DQGRIILFHVRUSODQWVLQRWKHUFRXQWULHVHLWKHUGHYHO
RSLQJRUGHYHORSHG([DPSOHVLQFOXGH*HQHUDO0RWRUV&RFD&ROD1HVWOHDQG9RONVZDJHQ
7KHPDMRUJRDORIEXVLQHVVHVLQFOXGLQJ01&VLVWRPD[LPL]HSURILWVDQGVXFFHVVIXO01&V
UHSRUWKLJKHUSURILWVGXHWRWKHLUJOREDORSHUDWLRQV2QHUHVXOWRI01&VLVIRUHLJQGLUHFW
LQYHVWPHQWVXFKDVZKHQDFRPSDQ\EXLOGVSURGXFWLRQIDFLOLWLHVLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV,QDGGL
WLRQWRSURYLGLQJFDSLWDO01&VSURYLGHMREVLQWKHFRXQWULHVZKHUHWKH\RSHUDWH

&ULWLFVRI01&VDUJXHWKDWIRUHLJQHUVSD\YHU\ORZUHQWVIRUWKHULJKWWRXVHODQGDQGRWKHU
UHVRXUFHVLQSRRUHUFRXQWULHVDQGWKDWWKH\KLUHPRVWO\XQVNLOOHGODERUDQGSD\RQO\VXEVLV
WHQFHZDJHV7KH\DUJXHWKDWZKHQWKHJRRGVRUVHUYLFHVSURGXFHGDUHH[SRUWHGWKHIRUHLJQ
ILUPVQRWWKHSHRSOHLQSRRUFRXQWULHVUHDSPRVWRIWKHEHQHILWVWKURXJKLQFUHDVHGUHYHQXHV
DQGSURILWV

 ‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1<
7(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21/(6621

$&7,9,7< FRQWLQXHG 
$16:(56727(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287
*/2%$/,=$7,21


:KDWDUHVRPHRIWKHLVVXHVLQYROYHGZLWKRXWVRXUFLQJMREV"

2XWVRXUFLQJDFURVVLQWHUQDWLRQDOERUGHUVVRPHWLPHVFDOOHGRIIVKRULQJRFFXUVZKHQIRU
H[DPSOHDILUPLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVWULHVWRUHGXFHFRVWVE\ORFDWLQJSURGXFWLRQIDFLOLWLHVLQ
RWKHUFRXQWULHVDQGKLULQJFKHDSHUIRUHLJQZRUNHUV$QRWKHUH[DPSOHLVZKHQD86ILUP
KLUHVZRUNHUVLQDQRWKHUFRXQWU\ HJ,QGLD WRZULWHFRPSXWHUVRIWZDUHSURJUDPVRUSURYLGH
RWKHUVHUYLFHV

7KH86EXVLQHVVEHQHILWVEHFDXVHLWKDVORZHUFRVWVDQGFDQHDUQKLJKHUSURILWV&RQVXPHUV
EHQHILWEHFDXVHORZHUFRVWVPD\UHVXOWLQORZHUSULFHVDQGWKXVWKHDELOLW\WRGHPDQGPRUH
SURGXFWV)RUHLJQZRUNHUVEHQHILWEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHPRUHMREVDYDLODEOHWRWKHP86ZRUN
HUVEHQHILWIURPWKHRXWVRXUFLQJIURPRWKHUFRXQWULHVZKHQWKH\ZRUNIRUIRUHLJQILUPVLQWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGDEURDG

6RPH86ZRUNHUVDUHKXUWEHFDXVHWKH\ORVHWKHLUMREVWRIRUHLJQZRUNHUVZKRDUHZLOOLQJ
WRZRUNIRUOHVVPRQH\7KHVH86ZRUNHUVPD\HQGXSHDUQLQJORZHUZDJHVZKHQWKH\ILQG
QHZMREV+RZHYHULQWKHORQJUXQWKHLQFUHDVHGGHPDQGE\FRQVXPHUVZLOOOLNHO\JHQHUDWH
PDQ\QHZMREVZLWKKLJKHUZDJHV

$OWKRXJKLWKDVUHFHQWO\EHFRPHDSROLWLFDOLVVXHLQWHUQDWLRQDORXWVRXUFLQJKDVEHHQJRLQJRQ
IRUFHQWXULHV2QHFKDOOHQJHIRU$PHULFDQZRUNHUVLVWRPDNHVXUHWKDWWKH\DUHDEOHWRFRP
SHWHVXFFHVVIXOO\LQWKHJOREDOHFRQRP\


:KDWLVWKHIXWXUHRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

,WLVKDUGWRLPDJLQHDZRUOGZLWKRXWJOREDOL]DWLRQ7KHUHZRXOGEHQRLPSRUWVQRH[SRUWV
QRLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDYHOQRLPPLJUDWLRQQRZRUNLQJDEURDGDQGQRLQYHVWLQJLQRWKHUFRXQ
WULHV*OREDOL]DWLRQLVKHUHWRVWD\+RZHYHUJOREDOL]DWLRQGLGH[SHULHQFHVHWEDFNVLQWKHILUVW
KDOIRIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\IURPWZRZRUOGZDUVDZRUOGZLGHGHSUHVVLRQDQGWKHVSUHDGRI
FRPPXQLVP6RPHSHRSOHWKLQNWKDWWKHJURZWKRILQWHUQDWLRQDOWHUURULVPFRXOGFDXVHFRXQ
WULHVWREHFRPHOHVVRSHQLQWKHIXWXUH'HVSLWHWKLVVHULRXVSUREOHPPRVWH[SHUWVEHOLHYH
WKDWWKHIXWXUHZLOOVHHPRUHJOREDOL]DWLRQUDWKHUWKDQOHVV7KHEHQHILWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQDUH
VWURQJDQGZLGHVSUHDGDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVVXFKDVWKH,0)WKH:72DQGWKH
:RUOG%DQNHQFRXUDJHLWVVSUHDG7KHFULWLFVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQEULQJXSVRPHYDOLGSRLQWVDQG
WKHZRUOGRIWKHIXWXUHPXVWILQGZD\VWRGHDOZLWKWKHVHSUREOHPV*RYHUQPHQWVFDQHDVH
WKHSUREOHPVUHVXOWLQJIURPJOREDOL]DWLRQE\HVWDEOLVKLQJMREWUDLQLQJSURJUDPVDQGSURYLG
LQJDVDIHW\QHWIRUWKRVHZKRKDYHORVWMREVGXHWRIRUHLJQFRPSHWLWLRQ

‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1< 
/(66217(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21

$&7,9,7<
7(1%$6,&48(67,216$%287*/2%$/,=$7,21

'LUHFWLRQV:ULWHWKHDQVZHUVWRHDFKTXHVWLRQ8VHWKHEDFNRIWKLVSDJHLI\RXQHHG
PRUHVSDFH

 :KDWLVJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 +RZQHZLVJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KDWKDVOHGWRLQFUHDVHGJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KDWDUHVRPHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KHQSHRSOHWUDGHKRZGRERWKVLGHVEHQHILW"

 :K\DUHVRPHQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KDWUROHVGRWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG ,0) WKH:RUOG%DQNDQG


 WKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ :72 SOD\LQJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 :KDWDUHVRPHHIIHFWVRIPXOWLQDWLRQDOEXVLQHVVHV"

 :KDWDUHVRPHRIWKHLVVXHVLQYROYHGZLWKRXWVRXUFLQJMREV"

 :KDWLVWKHIXWXUHRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ"

 ‹1$7,21$/&281&,/21(&2120,&('8&$7,211(:<25.1<

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy