ABSTRACT

Water quality is a significant criterion in matching water demand and supply. Ample
degree of freshwater is eminent for biological needs are a vital side of integrated
environmental management and sustainable development. The quality of water
indices estimation endeavor single value which decrease the big quantity of
parameters and represent data in a simple way. This review includes various water
quality indices (WQI) used in the surface water quality assessment. There are
numerous WQI specific for any region because many National and International
agencies define water quality criteria for various uses considering various parameters
in water quality assessment and pollution control. Different WQI developed; their
background and application area has been mentioned here.
Water quality index provides a single number that expresses overall water quality at
a certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The objective
of water quality index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is
understandable and usable by the public, and in this project we have selected a few
water quality parameters for analyzing the same. The WQI is calculated by keeping
in account the standard unit weights of different parameters as given by BIS and
ICMR for Indian conditions.
Our project is based on the analysis of the quality of LALPUR WATER PLANT
based overhead water tank of different zones of “Jabalpur” city. The water samples
are collected from every zone for the physiochemical analysis. For determining the
water quality index of water following parameters Viz. pH, alkalinity, dissolved
oxygen, total dissolved solids and total hardness, electrical conductance have been
considered.
The WQI obtained for various zones are interpreted for based upon the quality of
water present in their overhead water tank and are analyzed for its improvement.
The results obtained are compared with Indian Standard Drinking Water
specification IS: 10500-2012. The analysis of these water samples suggests that the
evaluation of these parameters and management practices should be carried out
periodically to protect water and keep it usable for future.

Keywords: Overhead water tank, water quality standards, physiochemical, eco-

system, Turbidity, TDS.
1
 CONTENTS
CHAPTERS Page No.

Chapter 1. Introduction 4-8

Chapter 2. Need for the study 9
Chapter 3. Literature Survey 10-12
Chapter 4. Material and Methodologies 13-30
4.1. Collection of water samples
4.1.1 Methods of sampling
4.1.2 Collection points

4.2. Parameters tested of water samples

4.2.1. pH
4.2.2. Alkalinity
4.2.3 Electrical Conductance
4.2.4. Hardness
4.2.5. Turbidity
4.2.6 Temperature
4.2.7. Dissolved Oxygen
4.2.8. Total Dissolved Solids
4.2.9 Acidity

2
Chapter 5. Results Obtained 31-55
5.1. pH
5.2. Alkalinity
5.3. Electrical Conductance
5.4. Hardness
5.5. Turbidity
5.6. Temperature
5.7. Dissolved Oxygen
5.8. Total Dissolved Solids
5.9 Acidity

Chapter 6. Interpretation of results

Chapter 7. Conclusion

3
 1. INTRODUCTION

Definition - What does Treated Water mean?

Treated water is any type of hydrogen dioxide H2O) that undergoes
processing to serve a specific end use. The water treatment process
involves either the subtraction of components from the water, the
addition of components to the water, or both. There is more than one
way to produce treated water. There are also multiple types of treated
water. Among other applications, water treatment is used for drinking
water.

Treated Water
Water treatment is necessary for many different applications. Perhaps
the most frequently thought of application is drinking water. Treated
water for this purpose goes through processes to make it safe for
consumption by humans or other animals. Examples of water treatment
processes for drinking include desalination, coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration and disinfection. Most often, a combination of the processes
is used to produce treated drinking water.
Another application where treated water is produced is wastewater
recycling. Wastewater is often produced as a byproduct of other
industrial processes. Sometimes the wastewater is too hazardous to
return back to nature. The wastewater must be treated to that it does not
damage the environment.
Water treatment is also performed for industrial wastewater
applications to prevent corrosion. As water works its way through
some industrial processes it can pick up bacteria and chemicals that
will cause corrosion to occur in the water vessel. The water must be
treated so that this corrosion does not occur.

4
Water Quality Index
Water quality index provides a single number that expresses overall water quality
at a certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The
objective of water quality index is to turn complex water quality data into
information that is understandable and usable by the public. A single number
cannot tell the whole story of water quality; there are many other water quality
parameters that are not included in the index. However, a water quality index based
on some very important parameters can provide a simple indicator of water quality.
Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) in this study has been found useful in
assessing the overall quality of water and to get rid of judgment on quality of the
water. This method appears to be more systematic and gives comparative
evaluation of the water quality of sampling stations. WQI is a mechanism for
presenting a cumulatively derived numerical expression defining a certain level of
water quality. In other words, WQI summarizes large amounts of water quality
data into simple terms e.g., excellent, good, bad, etc. for reporting to management
and the public in a consistent manner.

In this study, for the calculation of water quality index, five parameters are chosen.
The WQI has been calculated by using standards of drinking water recommended
by the World Health Organization (WHO), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The weighted arithmetic index
method (Brown et. al.,) has been used for the calculation of WQI of the water body.
Quality rating or sub index (qn) is calculated using the following expression.

qn = 100[Vn – Vio] / [Sn – Vio]

(Let there be n water quality parameters and quality rating or sub index ( qn)
corresponding to nth parameter is a number reflecting the reflecting the relative
value of this parameter in the polluted water with respect to its standard permissible
value.)

qn = Quality rating for the nth Water quality parameter

5
Vn = Estimated value of the nth parameter at a given sampling station.
Sn = Standard permissible value of the nth parameter.
Vio = Ideal value of nth parameter in pure water. (i.e., 0 for all other parameters
except the parameter pH and Dissolved oxygen (7.0 and 14.6 mg/L
respectively)).
Unit weight was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the recommended
standard value Sn of the corresponding parameter.

Wn =K/Sn
Wn = unit weight for the parameters.

Sn = Standard permissible value of the nth parameter.

K = Constant for proportionality.
The overall water Quality Index is calculated by aggregating the quality rating
with the unit weight linearly.

WQI = ΣWnqn / ΣWn

Water Quality Index (WQI) and status of water quality.

Water Quality Index Level Water quality status

0-25 Excellent water quality
26-50 Good water quality
51-75 Poor water quality
76-100 Very Poor water quality
>100 Unsuitable for drinking

6
 Drinking water standards recommending agencies and
unit weights.

S.No. Parameters Standards Recommended Unit

Agency Weight
1. pH 6.5-8.5 ICMR/BIS 0.2190
2. TDS 500 ICMR/BIS 0.0037
3. Total 300 ICMR/BIS 0.0062
Hardness
4. DO 5.00 ICMR/BIS 0.3723
5. Alkalinity 120 ICMR 0.0155

WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (IS:10500- 2012)

S. No. Characteristics Acceptable limit Permissible limit

1. pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation
2. Alkalinity, mg/l 200 600
3. Acidity
4. Total Hardness, mg/l 200 600
5. Total Disolved Solids 500 2000
6. Turbidity (NTU) 1 5
7. Chlorine Content(as 250 1000
Cl), mg/l
8. Dissolved Oxygen

7
The main objectives of the present study are:
 Collection of water samples from Overhead Water Tanks

 Analysis of a few water quality parameters viz., pH, alkalinity,

acidity, chlorine content, hardness, turbidity, TDS, DO, Electrical
conductance.

 Comparison of the analyzed data with standard values

recommended by Indian standards (IS:10500- 2012).

1. NEED FOR THE STUDY

Water quality index and its monitoring provides empirical evidence to support
decision making on health and environmental issues and for a better comparison
of water quality conditions in different locations and therefore better prioritization
of resources to the geographic areas in most need. The WQI can be used to
determine the extent to which existing water quality standards are being met and
can also improve future water resources regulations. Monitoring water quality in
the 21st century is a growing challenge because of the large number of chemicals
and water polluting agents used in our everyday lives and in commerce that can
make their way into our waters.
An example of why we need to monitor water quality is the case of corrosive water,
one of the underlying causes of lead in drinking water in Flint, Michigan,
Washington, D.C. and other cities. This example illustrates how well-designed
monitoring programs can serve current and future needs even if future needs are
not foreseen.
Water-quality monitoring is used to alert us to current, ongoing, and emerging
problems; to determine compliance with drinking water standards, and to protect
other beneficial uses of water.

8
 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Devendra Dohare , Shriram Deshpande and Atul Kotiya, “Analysis of Water

Quality Parameters: A Review”, Research Journal of Engineering Sciences,
Vol. 3(5), 26-31, May (2014), ISSN 2278 – 9472 studied that due to human
and industrial activities the water is contaminated. This is the serious
problem nowadays. Thus the analysis of the water quality is very important
to preserve and prefect the natural eco system. The assessment of the water
quality was carried out in the different wards of Indore City. The work was
aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the water of Indore
City and its industrial area .The water samples of all the selected stations
from the wards were collected for a physiochemical analysis. For calculating
water quality status by statistical evaluation and water quality index,
following 27 parameters had been considered Viz. pH, color, total dissolved
solids. Electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium,
chromium, zinc, manganese, nickel. The obtained results were compared
with Indian Standard Drinking Water specification IS: 10500-2012. The
study of physiochemical and biological characteristics of this water sample
suggests that the evaluation of water quality parameters as well as water
quality management practices should be carried out periodically to protect
the water resources.

2. Sandeep Arya, Vinit Kumar, Minakshi and Anshu Dhaka, “Assessment of

underwater quality: A case study of Jhansi city, Uttar Pradesh, India,”
International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 2011, ISSN: 2231-6302
studied seasonal variation on physicochemical parameters of water in Jhansi
city of Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh was determined. Water samples
were taken from ten locations of city. The quality analysis had been made
through the temperature (12°C-32°C), pH (6.5-8.4), EC (0.2-0.6 mhos),
TDS (110-280 mg/l), DO(4.3-6.9 mg/l), total alkalinity (118-230 mg/l), total
hardness (230-610 mg/l), carbonate (85-165 mg/l), bicarbonate (116-210
mg/l) and chloride (23-85 mg/l). Parameters alkalinity, pH, DO, bicarbonate
were found to be negatively correlated and EC, TDS, total hardness,
carbonate, chloride were show a positive correlation with temperature.

9
3. Shikha Saxena, Nisha Singh and Anjali Bajpai, “PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN AND AROUND JABALPUR
CITY OF MADHYA PRADESH (INDIA),” ,Int. J.Chem.Sci & Res. v6 i3,
MJ 01 – 20), ISSN: 2248-9622 studied ISSN: 2249-0329 cited that the study
carried out aimed at assessing the value of hydrological parameters viz.,
temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, turbidity, total alkalinity
(TA), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen
(DO); concentrations of chloride, fluoride, nitrate, phosphate, calcium and
magnesium ions at ten different locations of Jabalpur City and Narmada
River. The results were compared with the water quality standards of WHO
and ISI 10500-91. EC values for all investigated samples were found to be
above the permissible limit. Water at three sites had fluoride concentration
1.8, 3.0 and 4.8 mg/L, which was slightly above the permissible limit. At
other three sites, TH was found to be 635, 638, 660, 670 mg/L, which was
also above the permissible limit. TDS was found to be 740 mg/L only at one
locality, which was slightly above the safe limit (500 mg/L). The overall
water quality at most of the sites studied was within the safe limit except for
a few and that too in one parameter each. The systematic calculation of
correlation coefficient (r) between various physicochemical parameters
facilitated to compare the water quality level at different locations and to
suggest priority for the required treatment to a particular location.

4. C. R. RAMAKRISHNAIAH, C. SADASHIVAIAH and G. RANGANNA,

“Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Water in Tumkur Taluk,
Karnataka State, India”, CODEN ECJHAO E-Journal of Chemistry, ISSN:
0973-4945 cited that the work carried out was aimed at assessing the water
quality index (WQI) for the water of Tumkur taluk. This has been
determined by collecting water samples and subjecting the samples to a
comprehensive physicochemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, the
following 12 parameters have been considered: pH, total hardness, calcium,
magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids,
iron, manganese and fluorides. The WQI for these samples ranges from
89.21 to 660.56. The high value of WQI had been found to be mainly from
the higher values of iron, nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides,
bicarbonate and manganese in the water. The results of analyses had been
used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that

10
 the water of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption,
and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination.

5. Apurva Shrivastava, Prof. C.S.Thakur,” Determination of Water quality

index by using physico-chemical Properties of various Lake in Jabalpur
(M.P.)”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET), Volume: 05 Issue: 05 | May-2018, ISSN: 2395-0056 mentioned
that -The fresh water is the vital concern for the mankind, since it is directly
linked to human welfare. The surface water bodies which are the most
important source of water for human activity are unfortunately under several
environmental stresses and are being treated as a consequence of
development activity. Inadequate water supply & unsafe water drinking is
one of the main concerns in developing country. WHO (world health
organization ) and UNICEF, reports that 783 million people in the world
(11%) of total population have no access to safe water. This work highlights
the water quality index of some historical lakes of Jabalpur Water quality
index (W.Q.I.) of these lakes were calculated by some physicochemical
parameters such as - Temperature, Chloride, Alkalinity, hardness, pH,
conductivity, Total dissolved solid, Fluoride, Iron, Turbidity, Chloride,
fluoride , Iron and Sulphate .The analysis shows that the water of Bal sagar,
Sangram sagar, Supatal, Devtal and Ganga sagar were polluted due to the
sewage water which have been coming from the nearby residential areas.
Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) in this study had been found
useful in assessing the overall quality of water and to get rid of judgment on
quality of the water. This method appears to be more systematic and gives
comparative evaluation of the water quality of sampling stations. It is also
helpful for public to understand the quality of water as well as being a useful
tool in many ways in the field of water quality management.

11
 4. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGIES

4.1. Salient Features of the Study Area

The water sample are collected from water cooler’s of different department of
Gyan Ganga College.

4.2 Collection of water samples

Water samples were collected from 25 locations inclusive of raw and treated water.
All the samples are collected in clean bottles. The method used for sampling is
Integrated sampling. Each of the water samples was analyzed for 9 parameters
such as pH, alkalinity, acidity, temperature, electrical conductance, hardness,
turbidity, TDS & DO.
4.2.1 Methods of Sampling
It is of three types
1. Grab sampling.
2. Composite sampling.
3. Integrated sampling.

1. GRAB SAMPLING: - The type of sampling in which the sample

of water could be collected anytime and anywhere.
It is done when:-
a) Unusual occurrence of impurities.

b) When water quality does not remains same throughout the period
of time which could be a day or an hour.
c) When simple requires immediate testing.

12
2. COMPOSITE SAMPLING: - This type of sampling is done when
water quality changes with respect to time. It is done by collecting samples
in one hour interval and mixing it for 24 hrs. It will become a composite
sample.

3. INTEGRATED SAMPLING: - In integrated sampling the water

sample is collected from different sites at the same time.

4. PRESERVATION OF SAMPLE: - The preservation of sample is

done by freezing at 40C if the site is far away from the laboratory to prevent
the contamination of the collected water sample.

13
4.2 PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS TESTED

4.2.1. pH of Water

AIM :-To determine the PH of given water sample.

THEORY :- The term pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration

in a solution and defined as the negative log of H+ ions concentration in water and
wastewater. The pH is one of the basic water and wastewater characteristics. It
expresses the intensity of acid or alkaline conditions by indicating the hydrogen
ion activity. Some of the processes in water quality engineering that require pH
monitoring and control are the following: disinfection, coagulation, softening,
biological treatment etc. Natural waters usually have pH values close to neutral.

PROCEDURE :-

1. Perform calibration of the pH meter using standard pH solutions. The

calibration procedure would depend on the pH range of interest.
2. In a clean dry 100 mL beaker take the water sample and place it in a magnetic
stirrer, insert the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
3. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the water sample and check
for the reading in the pH meter. Wait until you get a stable reading.
4. Take the electrode from the water sample, wash it with distilled water and then
wipe gently with soft tissue.

14
 4.2.2. Alkalinity

AIM :- Determination of alkalinity of a water sample.

THEORY :- The Alkalinity of water is measured by its capacity to neutralize

acids. The alkalinity of natural water is due to the salts of carbonates, bicarbonates,
silicates and phosphates along with the hydroxyl ions in the free state. Alkalinity
is expressed in terms of CaCO3 equivalent.

PROCEDURE :-

(1) With a pipette transfer 100 ml of the water sample in to titration flask.

(2) Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate against N/5O H 2 SO4
until the pink color just disappears.

(3) Record the volume of acid consumes as V1 ml.

(4) To the same solution add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate
further until color charges from yellow to red.

(5) Record the additional volume of acid consumer as V2 ml.

(6) Repeat the whole process a number of times to get concordant reading.

Once, the phenolphthalein and total alkalinities are determined, then three types of
alkalinites i.e. hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate can be easily calculated from
the table given below:

15
 Values of P&
OH CO3 HCO3
T

P= 0 0 0 T

P< ½ T 0 2P T-2P

P=½T 0 2P 0

P> ½ T 2P-T 2(T-P) 0

P=T T 0 0

CALCULATION:-

1. Phenolphthalein alkalinity expressed as mg/l (CaCO3)

P= (V1 x 50 x1000 x 0.02N)/ volume of sample used (ml)

2. Methyl orange alkalinity expressed as mg/l (CaCO3)

M= (V2 x 50 x 1000 x 0.02N)/ volume of sample used (ml)

16
 4.2.3 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE:-

Also referred to as electrical conductivity and, not wholly accurately,

as specific conductance, the conductivity of a water is an expression of
its ability to conduct an electric current. As this property is related to
the ionic content of the sample which is in turn a function of the
dissolved (ionisable) solids concentration, the relevance of easily
performed conductivity measurements is apparent. In itself
conductivity is a property of little interest to a water analyst but it is an
invaluable indicator of the range into which hardness and alkalinity
values are likely to fall, and also of the order of the dissolved solids
content of the water. While a certain proportion of the dissolved solids
(for example, those which are of vegetable origin) will not be ionised
(and hence will not be reflected in the conductivity figures) for many
surface waters the following approximation will apply: Conductivity
(µS/cm) x 2/3 = Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l). In samples from a
source which is regularly tested a rapid conductivity analysis may be
an adequate replacement for other, longer determinations.
It is important to note that there is an interrelationship between
conductivity and temperature, the former increasing with temperature
at a rate of some 2 per cent per degree C rise. There is a regrettable
lack of uniformity in the terms in which conductivity is reported. Some
UK methods manuals report the results at 20°C while the standard US
reference manual uses 25°C. A difference of 10 percent can therefore
arise depending on how the results are quoted. An error of this
magnitude could not be tolerated, especially where conductivity
readings are being used to estimate salinity.

17
 4.2.4. Hardness

AIM :- To determine hardness of given water sample by complex metric method

(by EDTA).

THEORY :- Water hardness is the traditional measure of the capacity of water

to react with soap, hard water requiring a considerable amount of soap to produce
lather. Scaling of hot water pipes, boilers and other house home appliances is due
to the hard water. Hardness of water is not a specific constituent but is a variable
and complex mixture of cations and anions. It causing ions are Calcium and
Magnesium. However, the Iron, Storntium, Barium and Manganese also contribute
to hardness. The degree of hardness of drinking water has been classified in terms
of the equivalents CaCO3concentrations as follows.
Soft 0-60 mg/L
Medium 60-120 mg/L
Hard 120-180 mg/L
Vary Hard >180 mg/L

PROCEDURE:-

1. Pipette out 10ml of standard hard water into a conical flask.

2. Add to it 40ml distilled water with a measuring cylinder, 2ml of buffer
solution and 2 drops of EBT. A wine red colour appears.(When a small
amount of indicator solution is added to a hard water sample whose pH has
been controlled by the addition of the buffer solution. The indicator reacts
with mg2+ to produce wine red )
M2+ + HI2-  MgIn- + H+
3. Titration against EDTA solution, taken in the burette, to a colour change
from wine red to pure blue. Record the volume of EDTA used as A ml. Take

18
 3 concordant reading. As EDTA (H2Y2-) is added, free Ca2+ ions are first
complexed to Cay2-, this beings the most stable complex.
Ca2+ + H2 Y2- CaY2- + 2H+
4. Free Mg2+ ions than react to give Mg EDTA which is less table than Ca
EDTA but more stable than mg indicator complex.
Mgln- + H2Y2- --------------- Mgy2- + Hln2- + H+
( wine red) (pure blue)

CALCULATION:-

∑ Volume of EDTA X1000

Total hardness mg/lit = -----------------------------------
∑ Volume of sample taken

19
 4.2.5. Turbidity

AIM :- Determination of turbidity by turbidity meter (Nephelometer).

THEORY :- Turbidity is a condition of water resulting from the presence of
suspended matter and affect the light conditions in the aquatic environment. The
turbidity of natural waters may be either due to suspended inorganic substances,
such as silt and clay or due to planktonic organisms. There are various instruments
for measurement of turbidity such as the Jackson’s turbidimeter, Hellige
turbidimeter, and Nephlometer and Hach turbidimeter. Here we will describe the
Nephlometer.
The instrument operates on the principle that light passing through the sample is
scattered by suspended particulate matter. A beam of light is passed through a cell
containing the sample. As the beam passes through the suspended particles an
amount of light (directly proportional to the turbidity) is scattered at right angles
to the beam and is received by a photo multiplier and amplified. The readings are
obtained in NTU ( Nephlometric turbidity units).

PROCEDURE :-
1. Switch on the instrument and keep it on for some time.

2. Select appropriate range depending upon the expected turbidity of the sample.
3. Set zero of the instrument with turbidity free water using a blank solution &
adjust 000 with the ‘Set Zero’ Knob.
4. Now in another test tube, take standard suspension just prepared as described in
reagent preparation. For 0-200 NTU range use 100 NTU solution and for higher
range use 400 NTU solution as standard.
5. Take its measurement and set the display to the value of the standard
suspension with the Calibrate knob and take measurement of samples.

20
4.2.6 TEMPERATURE:-

Temperature is a critical water quality and environmental parameter

because it governs the kinds and types of aquatic life, regulates the
maximum dissolved oxygen concentration of the water, and influences
the rate of chemical and biological reactions.

The organisms within the ecosystem have preferred temperature

regimes that change as a function of season, organism age or life stage,
and other environmental factors. With respect to chemical and
biological reactions, the higher the water temperature the higher the
rate of chemical and metabolic reactions.

Seasonal variations in stream temperature may be caused by changing

air temperature, solar angle, meteorological events, and a number of
physical aspects related to the stream and watershed. These physical
features include stream origin, velocity, vegetation types and coverage,
stream configuration, land-use, and percentage of impervious area. For
example, a narrow, deep well-shaded shoreline reduces the impact of
warming by the sun; whereas, a wide shallow stream would be more
impacted by solar heating.

In warm water streams, the temperatures should not exceed 89 degrees

Fahrenheit). Cold water streams should not exceed 68 degrees
(Fahrenheit). Often summer heat can cause fish kills in ponds because
high temperatures reduce available oxygen in the water.

21
 4.2.7. Dissolved Oxygen

AIM :-To determine the dissolved oxygen in the given water sample.

THEORY:- All living organisms are dependent upon oxygen in one form or the
other to maintain the metabolic process that product energy for growth and
reproduction. Aerobic processes are the subjects of great interest for their need of
free oxygen. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is also important in precipitation and
dissolution of inorganic substances in water.

The following illustrations reveal importance of DO as a parameter:

1. It is necessary to know DO levels to assess quality of raw water and to
keep a check on stream pollution.
2. In liquid waste dissolved oxygen is the factor that determines whether
the biological changes are brought out by aerobic organisms.
3. DO test is the basic of BOD test, which is an important parameter to
evaluate pollution potential of wastes.
4. DO is necessary for aerobic biological wastewater treatment processes.
5. Oxygen is an important factor in corrosion. DO test is used to control
amount of oxygen in boiler feed waters either by chemical or physical
methods.
6. DO is necessary for all aerobic biological wastewater treatment process.

PRINCIPLE: THE WINKLER METHOD

MnSO4 + 2 NaOH -------------Mn(OH)2 + Na2SO4

22
 (alkali KI) ppt (brown)

Mn(OH)2 + O2------------------2MnO(OH)2

(water sample)

2MnO(OH)2 + H2SO4---------MnSO4 +2H2O +O

Dissolve ppt

wine red

2KI + H2SO4 + O-------------K2SO4 + H2O + I2

I2 +Na2S2O3 -------------------Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI
(hyposolution)

PROCEDURE :-

1. Collected samples in BOD bottles of 300ml add 2 ml of Magnous sulphate and

2 ml Alkali potassium iodide well below the surface of the liquid; stopper with
care to exclude air bubble and mix by inverting the bottle several times.
2. When the precipitate settles, leaving a clear supernatant above the manganese
hydroxide flocks. ( white to brown in color )
3. Add 2 ml H2SO4 mix by gentle inversion until dissolution is completed.
4. Calculation for the titration of the sample actual capacity of the bottle (336ml)/
exact capacity of the bottle (332 ml)actual capacity of the bottle-4ml) X 200 =
202.4 ml.
5. Take 202.4 ml of above and titrate with sodium thiosulphate pale straw color
will appears.

23
6. Add 3 drops (1-2ml) of freshly prepared starch solution. Blue color will appears
and then continue the titration this blue color will disappears. Above reading of the
end point is the value of the DO in mg/lit present in the water sample.

CALCULATION :-

Dissolved Oxygen = 8000 x N x v Where, v = Volume of titrant

V V = Volume of water sample

N = Normality of titrant

24
 4.2.8. TDS

AIM :-Determination of “Total Solids” of a water sample.

THEORY :- The term solid refer to the matter either filterable or inferable that
remains as residue upon evaporation and subsequent drying at a defined
temperature. The impurities in water or wash water, whether solid, liquid or gases
are dispersed in three progressively finer states, namely suspended, colloidal and
dissolved. The state of sub division is of utmost importance since it determines the
method required for removal.
In Sewage, the quantity of suspended solids is used for expressing the efficiency
of a treatment plant and the strength of sewages. It is also parameter for expressing
pollution in a stream. In water, dissolved solids impart and their determination is
important from domestic point of view.

PROCEDURE:-
1) Turn the TDS meter on.
2) Immense the meter into the water upto the maximum immersion level.
3) Wait until the display stabilizes, the TDS meter automatically compensates
for temperature variations.
4) Once the readout is stabilized (30 to 40 seconds), press the hold button to
save the reading.
5) After usage, shake off water from the meter or wipe it with a tissue.

25