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    Abu Naser, Icddr, B Bangladesh

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    Subrata Roy
    This study investigated the influence of groundwater iron and fecal contamination on chlorine disinfection in Bangladesh. Testing of 654 tube wells found median iron concentration was 0.91 mg/L, exceeding standards in 48% of wells. Median residual chlorine was 1.3 mg/L but fell below recommended levels in 16% of wells. Higher iron concentration was found to lower residual chlorine levels. The study concluded that groundwater iron levels need consideration for chlorine interventions to be effective and increasing chlorine dosing or reducing iron may be needed where iron is high.

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    Abu Naser, Icddr, B Bangladesh

    Uploaded by

    Subrata Roy
    16 views25 pages
    This study investigated the influence of groundwater iron and fecal contamination on chlorine disinfection in Bangladesh. Testing of 654 tube wells found median iron concentration was 0.91 mg/L, exceeding standards in 48% of wells. Median residual chlorine was 1.3 mg/L but fell below recommended levels in 16% of wells. Higher iron concentration was found to lower residual chlorine levels. The study concluded that groundwater iron levels need consideration for chlorine interventions to be effective and increasing chlorine dosing or reducing iron may be needed where iron is high.

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    DISIN

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    Naser_Session14

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    This study investigated the influence of groundwater iron and fecal contamination on chlorine disinfection in Bangladesh. Testing of 654 tube wells found median iron concentration was 0.91 mg/L, exceeding standards in 48% of wells. Median residual chlorine was 1.3 mg/L but fell below recommended levels in 16% of wells. Higher iron concentration was found to lower residual chlorine levels. The study concluded that groundwater iron levels need consideration for chlorine interventions to be effective and increasing chlorine dosing or reducing iron may be needed where iron is high.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views25 pages

    Abu Naser, Icddr, B Bangladesh

    Uploaded by

    Subrata Roy
    This study investigated the influence of groundwater iron and fecal contamination on chlorine disinfection in Bangladesh. Testing of 654 tube wells found median iron concentration was 0.91 mg/L, exceeding standards in 48% of wells. Median residual chlorine was 1.3 mg/L but fell below recommended levels in 16% of wells. Higher iron concentration was found to lower residual chlorine levels. The study concluded that groundwater iron levels need consideration for chlorine interventions to be effective and increasing chlorine dosing or reducing iron may be needed where iron is high.

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    Influence of groundwater iron and fecal

    contamination on chlorination
    Abu Naser, icddr,b
    Bangladesh

    1
    Chlorine-based disinfectants
    • Kill pathogens in water
    • Total chlorine= Chlorine demand + Residual chlorine
    • Residual chlorine depends on chlorine demand
    • CDC recommends residual chlorine 0.2-2 mg/L
    • Important point-of-use disinfectant

    2
    Point-of-use chlorination in
    Bangladesh
    • Earlier chlorination efforts were unsuccessful
    −Calcium hypochlorite
    −Sodium hypochlorite

    • Chlorination with sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC)


    −High user compliance
    −Successful: 80% had residual chlorine
    −Improved the microbiological quality
    −Low diarrhea among children

    3
    Rationale
    • icddr,b conducted a trial (Nov 11- Nov 12)
    −Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC)
    −15%-20% wells had no residual chlorine
    −Regular use of NaDCC reported
    −Participants wanted to know the reason

    • We hypothesized high chlorine demand may result in no


    residual with:
    −High levels of groundwater chemicals: iron
    −High levels of groundwater contamination

    4
    Rationale of assessing iron
    • Exists in two oxidation states
    −Fe++ is soluble
    −Fe+++ is insoluble
    • In anaerobic conditions, iron is in Fe++ form

    • Fe++ oxidation Fe+++ High chlorine demand


    chlorine
    • Ground water iron
    −No health hazards even in high concentrations
    −Bangladesh standard ≤ 1 mg/L
    −WHO recommends 0.3 - 3 mg/L

    5
    Rationale of assessing fecal contamination

    • Tube wells and latrines


    are very close
    • Open defecation
    • 50% coverage of
    improved sanitation

    Tube well and latrine


    6
    Objectives
    • To assess variation of
    − Iron concentrations
    − Fecal contamination
    • To assess if NaDCC provides the recommended residual
    − In groundwater with varying iron concentration
    − In groundwater with varying fecal contamination

    7
    Study sites

    • 9 sub-districts of
    central Bangladesh
    • low iron

    8
    Iron in Bangladesh (DPHE)
    Study design
    Cross-sectional (N=654)
    Phase 1 Phase 2
    3 sub-districts 6 sub-districts
    22 rural unions 65 rural unions

    Village (66) Village (390)

    Tube well (264) Tube well (390)

    9
    Water testing of tube well

    Phase 1 Phase 2

    Iron
    Iron Residual chlorine
    Residual chlorine Fecal contamination

    10
    Iron concentration measurement
    • Digital Hack pocket colorimeter
    • 10 ml tube well water
    • Add reagent
    • Color change based on
    concentration of iron

    11
    Residual free chlorine measurement
    • 10 L water in a container
    • Add 33 mg NaDCC
    • Shake the container
    • Hach chlorine colorimeter
    • 10 ml water after 30 min
    • Add reagent
    • Observe color change

    12
    Assessing fecal contamination
    • H2S testing
    −Presence-absence test
    −Field setting
    −Low sensitivity
    • Collect water in 20 ml bottle
    • Observe color change after 24 hrs
    −Black color: fecal contamination
    −No color change: no contamination

    13
    Results
    Iron, residual chlorine and fecal
    contamination
    • Iron concentration (N=654)
    −Median: 0.91 mg/L
    −48% tube wells had >1 mg/L (Bangladesh Standard)
    −18% tube wells had >3 mg/L (WHO upper limit)

    • Residual free chlorine (N=654)


    −Median: 1.3 mg/L
    −16% tube well had < 0.2 mg/L (CDC lower limit)

    • 25% samples had 24 hours positive result (N=390)

    15
    Iron and chlorine interaction
    Iron conc. residual chlorine conc.
    5
    4.5
    4
    Conc. (mg/L)

    3.5
    3
    2.5
    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0

    unions
    Variation of median iron concentration and residual
    chlorine 16
    Iron and chlorine interaction
    Fe > 3mg/L residual chlorine < 0.2 mg/L
    9
    Number of tube wells (N=12)

    8
    7
    6
    5
    4
    3
    2
    1
    0

    Unions

    17
    Factors influencing residual chlorine

    18
    Discussion

    19
    Geochemical explanations for iron
    variation
    • Groundwater iron depends on characteristics of aquifer
    −Aquifer materials vary spatially
    −Aquifer materials get dissolved in water
    −Iron content of aquifer materials high near surface
    −Ion exchange with sodium occurs as water flows down

    20
    Importance of recommended residual
    chlorine
    • Contamination during storage time
    −unsafe storage containers
    − poor water handling practices
    • Recontamination
    • Limitation
    −Cross-sectional iron
    measurement
    −Seasonal variation

    21
    Conclusions
    • High iron concentration lowered residual chlorine even in
    a area where iron concentration was generally low
    • Mass chlorination interventions need to consider iron
    concentration to be successful
    −Increase chlorine dose
    −Reduce iron concentration

    22
    Recommendations
    • Using other point-of-use disinfection method in
    areas with high groundwater content
    • Double the dose of NaDCC if iron is high
    − unpleasant taste and smell
    − taste and smell taste using different doses
    • Pilot study to prevent interaction of iron
    − household aeration process
    − iron removal technique

    23
    Acknowledgements
    • Leanne Unicomb
    • Steve Luby
    • Eilidh Higgins
    • Sania Ashraf
    • Mahbubur Rahman
    • Shaila Arman
    • Ayse Ercumen
    • Carrie Read
    • Study participants
    • Medentech
    24
    Thank you
    Question?

    25

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