Paradigm and Homophone

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Morphology

( Paradigms and Homophones Types )

By
Bayda Rajab
Nada Mohammad
Sara Zana
Sozan Dilkhaz

Five semester
Dept. of English Language
Faculty of Humanities
University of Zakho
2019-2020
Content
 Introduction
 Definition of paradigm
 Types of paradigm
 Definition of homophone
 Types of homophone
 Conclusion
 Reference
Introduction
A paradigm is a set of words sharing a morpheme ( e .g .{bomb ,bomb –ing , bomb-
ard , … }) or a set of phrases sharing a word ( e. g. { bomb , the bomb , …}). The
main component of the analyses presented here is the preference for uniform
paradigms , that is paradigms sharing contextually invariant morphemes .

Homophones are words that sound alike when they are spoken but have different
meanings and often have different spelling . And also homophones made of two words
'' Homo '' and '' phone '' so in Greek language '' Homo '' means same and '' phone ''
means sound so the word homophone means have five types :

1 . Homograph

2 . Homonym

3 . Heterograph

4 . Oronym

5 . Pseudo-homophone
Definition of paradigm

A paradigm is the complete set of related word-forms associated with a given lexeme ,
and also we can say it's a set of related forms having the same stem but different
affixes .

Example : with the stem head , ahead , behead , header , heading , headship , heady ,
subhead .

Type of paradigm :
1. Derivational paradigm: is a set of related words which gave the same root
but different stems
Examples :
Nature , natural , naturally , unnatural , unnaturally ,naturalist , naturalistic ,
naturalistically , naturalize , naturalization .

2. Inflectional paradigm: is a set of related words consisting of the same stem


which different inflectional suffixes have been added.
Examples:
brighten, brightens, brightening , brightened, brightened
great, greater, greatest
boy, boy's, boys, boys'
 Inflectional Paradigms The inflectional paradigm is formed by words to which
the inflectional suffixes are attached.
 As far as stems are concerned, we can say that the stem of the word is that part
of the word which remains when the inflectional suffix is removed.
 Some authors refer to the stem as the base of the word.

There are three types of stems:


1. Simple stems: are identical to the root: run, tree, room, chair
2. Derived stems: consist of a root and one or more derivational suffixes: freedom,
motherhood, anticapitalist.
3. Compound stems: consist of two or more roots: blackberry, airplane, day-care

 Affixes that are added to roots to indicate known grammatical relationships are
INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS, and the process of combining these endings
with roots is called INFLECTION.
 INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES: are abstract meanings that typically relate
to a larger linguistic system of contrasts.
 These categories are PERSON, NUMBER, GENDER, TENSE, ASPECT,
VOICE, MOOD and CASE

PERSON: refers to the three-way distinction between the speaker (first person), the
hearer (second person), and someone or something else (third person).
GENDER: refers to the distinction between MASCULINE, FEMININE, and
NEUTER.
NUMBER: refers to the distinction between singular and plural.
TENSE: indicates distinctions in the TIME (PRESENT,PAST, FUTURE)
ASPECT:(PROGRESSIVE, PERFECTIVE) of an action or state.
VOICE: refers to the distinction between ACTIVE and PASSIVE
MOOD: INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, and IMPERATIVE
CASE: indicates inflected word in a phrase , clause, or sentence; (NOMINATIVE
CASE), (ACCUSATIVE CASE), (POSSESSIVE or GENITIVE). refers the
distinction between to the grammatical function of the
A. The Noun Paradigm

Some nouns have only the form of:


 the stem: tennis, courage
 plural form: clothes, trousers
 ending with an -s, and treated as singular: Physics, economics
 ending with an -s, but may be either singular and plural: measles, ethics
Noun Plurals
To differentiate singular from plural forms, there are 3 useful tests for the NUMBER
in the noun:
1. Pronoun substitution: a noun is singular if it can take he/him, she/her, it, this, or that
a noun is plural if it can take they/them, these or those
2.The number of the noun may be signaled by a modifier such as several, many, or by
a pronoun reference.
3.When a noun functions as a subject of a verb, its number is sometimes shown by the
form of the verb

B. The Verb Paradigm

1. The present third-person singular :{-s 3d}: used with he, she, it or nouns
2. The present participle: {-ing vb}
3. The past tense: {-D pt}: has regular and irregular forms indicating simple
past tense.
4. The past participle: {-D pp}
C. Comparable Paradigm

1. Comparative {-er}: added to compare two things or more.


2. Superlative {-est}: added to specified one thing from others.
Definition of Homophone
Homophones : are made of two words ‘’Homo’’ and ‘’Phone’’ , ‘’Homo’’ means
same and ‘’Phone’’ means sound , when we combining this two words together it
become Homophones so homophones means the same sound and a Homophone can
be defined as a word or morpheme that, when pronounced, seems similar to another
word, but has a different spelling and meaning. For example, the words “bear” and
“bare” are similar in pronunciation, but are different in spelling as well as in meaning.
Also ‘’ate ‘’ and ‘’eight ‘’ both words have the same pronunciation or(sound) but
have a different meaning and the word ‘’ate’’ it is a verb and it is a past tense of( eat
)and the word ‘’eight ‘’ is a noun and it is a number eight (8) and also both words
have a different spelling. Also Sometimes the words may have the same spelling and
have the same pronunciation (sound) but have a different meaning , such as “rose,”
the past tense of rise, and “rose,” is the flower or it is a type of flower. Also we have
‘’watch ‘’and ‘’watch’’ both have the same sound and same spelling but have
different meaning so when the word ‘’watch’’ is a verb it means when we look at
something and when it is a noun means a timepiece.
Types of Homophone
There are five different types of homophone:

Homograph – Some homophones are similar in spelling, but different in meanings.


They are called homographs. For instance, “hail” meaning an ice storm, and “hail”
meaning something that occurs in large numbers, such as “a hail of bullets”.

Homonym – Some words have the same pronunciation but different meanings. These
are called homonyms. For instance, “cite,” “sight,” and “site”.

Heterograph – Homophones that have different spellings but are pronounced in the
same way are called heterographs. For instance, “write” and “right”.

Oronym – Homophones that have multiple words or phrases, having similar sounds,
are called oronyms. For instance, “ice cream” and “I scream”.

Pseudo-homophone – Homophones that are identical phonetically are called pseudo-


homophones. In this type of homophone, one of the pair of words is not a real word,
such as “groan” and “grone”.
Conclusion
Personally, we do not agree with the view that the three paradigms should be treated
as three religions: that adherence to one paradigm makes one a heretic according to the
lenses of the adherents of other paradigms. This fanatical view would also preclude
the possibility of mixing any elements of different paradigms because they are
‘incompatible’. One should choose methods and methodology which one finds most
suitable for investigating the phenomena one sets out to investigate. We do not believe
that one should distort one’s own outlook to force oneself to abide by the creed
of a philosophical or methodological tradition just to avert the threat or
accusation of ‘intellectual excommunication’., also about homophones You have
completed a webquest about homophones. You should now have a solid understanding
of homophones. You should understand what homophones are and be able to
recognize them in your daily activities. This should make it easier to understand what
you are reading, especially in your school work! Now you know that if you read a
word and it is not spelled the way you thought but sounds the same, to check for a
homophone.
References
 HTTPS://LITERARYDEVICES.NET/HOMOPHONE/
 HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/DUERMEYERB/HOMOPHONES-
POWERPOINT?FROM_M_APP=IOS
 HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/TAGCBLOG/WHAT-IS-A-
PARADIGM-PPT-PRESENTATION?FROM_M_APP=IOS
 HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/DR.SHADIABANJAR/INFLECTIONA
L-PARADIGMS-MORPHOLOGY-DR-SHADIA-YOUSEF-
BANJAR?FROM_M_APP=IOS

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