Final Legal Opinion

October 21, 2019
ALLIANCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC PEOPLE ADVOATING

LEADERSHIP (ALIS-EPAL)
Philippines
Dear ALIS-EPAL,
This legal opinion aims to answer your following queries:
a. The definition of the second part of Article II, Section

26 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution;
b. Whether or not the said constitutional provision is self-
executing;
c. In case you would be able to draw a draft bill enforcing
the said constitutional provision, what steps can the
group do so that the draft bill may become a law; and
d. And, in the alternative, in case congress rejects the
draft bill, are there other alternatives that you may
pursue so that the aid constitutional provision may be
enforced.
Article II, Section 26 of the 1987 Constitution states that “the

state shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service,
and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.” This
provision provides us equal opportunity to serve.
However, Section 26, Article II of the Constitution neither

bestows such a right nor elevates the privilege to the level of an
enforceable right. There is nothing in the plain language of the
provision which suggests such a thrust or justifies an interpretation
of the sort.
The "equal access" provision is a subsumed part of Article II of

the Constitution, entitled "Declaration of Principles and State
Policies." The provisions under the Article are generally considered
not self-executing, and there is no plausible reason for according a
different treatment to the "equal access" provision. Like the rest of the
policies enumerated in Article II, the provision does not contain any
judicially enforceable constitutional right but merely specifies a
guideline for legislative or executive action. The disregard of the
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provision does not give rise to any cause of action before the courts.
An inquiry into the intent of the framers produces the same
determination that the provision is not self-executory.
In case you were able to draw a draft bill enforcing the said
constitutional provision, this should be lobbied to the congress. A
champion to push this bill must be identified. After which these steps
will be done:
1. The Creation of a Bill
Members of the House or Senate (draft), sponsor and introduce

bills for consideration by Congress. The House clerk assigns a
legislative number for bills introduced in the House of
Representatives (e.g., H.R. 1001) and the Senate clerk assigns a
legislative number for bills introduced in the Senate (e.g., S. 1002).
2. Committee Action
Usually, a committee is assigned to study the bill according to its

subject matter. Often a committee will refer the bill to one of its
subcommittees. The subcommittee may request reports from
government agencies, hold hearings so experts and interested parties
have an opportunity to offer testimony regarding the issue, “mark
up” or revise the bill, or report the legislation to the full committee
for its consideration. The full committee may make a
recommendation to pass the bill, to revise and release the bill, or to
lay the bill aside.
3. Floor Action
The bill is returned to the full House or Senate for further debate
and approval. At this point members may propose amendments to
the bill, add additional text, or otherwise alter the bill.
4. Vote
House and Senate members vote on their respective versions of

the proposed bill.
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5. Conference Committees
A bill must be approved by both Chambers of Congress. When the

Senate amends and agrees to a bill or a version of a bill that the
House has already passed or when the House amends and passes a
Senate bill or a version of a Senate bill, the two Chambers may begin
to resolve any legislative differences between the House and Senate
versions of the bill by way of a conference committee. When the
chambers go to conference, the House and Senate send conferees or
representatives to bargain and negotiate. The final compromise is
embodied in a Conference Report that must be agreed to by both
chambers before it is cleared for presidential consideration. The
Conference Report will recommend a common version of the
measure for approval and will also include statements of legislative
intent regarding provisions of the legislation in a Joint Statement of
Managers of the Conference.
6. Presidential Action
After the bill is passed by both Chambers it is sent to the President

for his approval or his signature, which if granted creates a Public
Law. When a President comments on and refuses to sign a bill it is
known as a veto. A vetoed bill may return to Congress for
reconsideration. If the President does not act within 10 days the bill
automatically becomes law. If Congress adjourns during the 10 days
after the bill is sent to the President and he does not sign it, the bill is
automatically vetoed. This process is also known as a pocket veto.
7. The Creation of a Law
The Office of Federal Register assigns the Public Law a number

(i.e. P.L. 109-1) and the Government Printing Office prints a copy of
it. Laws are issued first in slip form or a single publication containing
one law. Later it is organized in the order in which it was passed.
Finally, it is codified into subject order so that all laws on the same
topic fall together.
In case the congress rejects the draft bill, you may file a petition
which will convince the congress to create an aid to enforce the
constitutional provision.
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With these, I hope these suffice you queries on the matter.
Respectfully yours,
AIZA M. SALAKADANG-CASIMRA
Research 1 A

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October 21, 2019

ALLIANCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC PEOPLE ADVOATING

This legal opinion aims to answer your following queries:

a. The definition of the second part of Article II, Section

Article II, Section 26 of the 1987 Constitution states that “the

However, Section 26, Article II of the Constitution neither

The "equal access" provision is a subsumed part of Article II of

1. The Creation of a Bill

Members of the House or Senate (draft), sponsor and introduce

Usually, a committee is assigned to study the bill according to its

House and Senate members vote on their respective versions of

A bill must be approved by both Chambers of Congress. When the

After the bill is passed by both Chambers it is sent to the President

7. The Creation of a Law

The Office of Federal Register assigns the Public Law a number

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