Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

People nowadays had an experience with curfews. Curfew is an order

specifying a time during which certain regulations apply in a community. It is

more than just a house rules that can result in a firm if violated in legal terms.

In some cases, it require businesses to closed their doors during certain hours

aside from effectively prohibit or limit the right to be out in public at certain

times. Many places in the world have had curfew hours for minors in effect for

years.

In 1968, the idea of curfew started. To reduce both fire risks and the

possibility of late-night revolts, William the Conqueror made an idea to decrees

a national curfew. Many church bells still ring its 9 p.m. deadline even now.

Curfew became more of a problem when the amount of juveniles increased.

Amid a sharp rise in youth crime, the greatest spike in curfews came in the

early 1990's. Criminal offenses by juveniles rose 26 percent; even worse, youth

crimes against persons - murder, rape, and assault - skyrocketed 56 percent

between 1988 and 1992.

The first youth curfew was adopted in Omaha, Nebraska in 1880. In

1884, Curfew “is the most important municipal regulation for the protection of

children in American homes from the vices of the street,” was called by

President Benjamin Harrison . Chicago, the nation’s largest city with a curfew,

1
passed its law in 1955. By 1960, 60 of the 110 US cities with a population over

100,000 had curfews. Thirty years later, 200 US cities had a population over

100,000, and 150 of these cities had curfews. In 1996, President Bill Clinton

endorsed youth curfews for helping “keep our children of harm’s way.” In the

late-1990's, the US Conference of Mayors and the National League of Cities

began issuing best practices for cities to follow when enacting curfews.

Based from Juvenile Curfews and the Major Confusion over Minor Rights

(2005), the popularity of curfews was not limited to large cities: in 1995, 73% of

cities of more than 100,000 had curfews and by 1997, 80% of communities

with population greater than 30,000 had curfews. As a simple method to not

only reduce opportunities for teens to commit crimes but also to protect them

from becoming crime victims, a teen curfew is justified in many cities or

municipalities. Cities and towns all across the United States with curfew

ordinances, the popularity of a night time curfew continues today.

In United States, the most recent weapon in the war on delinquency is

Curfew law. Based from the study of Reynolds, Seydlitz and Jenkins (2000:

206), it is extremely popular that 80 percent of the 200 largest cities in the

United States (with population of 100,000 or more) have curfew laws.

Moreover, since 1990, 30 percent of these cities have enacted a new curfew,

have modified a dormant curfew, or have increased enforcement of their

curfews (Ruefle and Reynolds 1996).

In the early 1990’s in District of Columbia, Sasse (2000) stated that the

arrest rate for minors between the ages of ten and seventeen was the highest in

2
the nation. Teens from the age of fifteen to nineteen met violent deaths in

Washington D.C. more frequently than in any other city in the nation.

Moreover, the problem was escalating. The juvenile arrest rate for aggravated

assault increased by 89.8%, for murder by 157%, and for carrying a dangerous

weapon by 282.7%.

There is an argument that curfews infringe on the parents’ right is a

challenge which retains its importance and relevance to rear their children

(Johnson v. City of Opelousas, 1980). A right that has a strong basis in the

Supreme Court’s jurisprudence is the right of the parents to rear their children.

Where Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) emphasized the importance of parents’

rights was trespassed and regulated upon by Oregon Statue to send their

children by parent’s choice. For example in Dallas, parents claimed that the

curfew took away their rights to control their children and set curfews on their

own (Qutb v. Strauss, 1993).

Based from the office of Criminal Justice Plans and Analysis Homicide

Reports (1992), the nationwide homicide rates peaked between the hours of

9:00 p.m. and 6:00 am from 1986 to 1991. All violent crimes between 1986 and

1991, occurred between the hours of midnight and 6:00 a.m. that reaches

nearly 41%. Overall minor crime rates have also dramatically increased by 57%

in the past decade according from Potok (1994) where the violent crimes

defined as homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. To fight

the infestation of drugs and violent crime, local governments have again turned

to curfew and it has been struck down as unconstitutional.

3
 The Star Online (2017) stated that a curfew system banning teenagers

was introduced in Australia, aged 13 to 16, from leaving their homes at night

without being accompanied by their parents in the early 2000s. Teenagers

found flouting the rule are hauled up by the police and taken to the station,

where they will be “held” until their parents come to pick them up. The move is

aimed at countering the increasing number of teenagers who are found

“drinking, using drugs and sniffing glue”, according to the Australian

government. In South Australia, Simpson and Simpson (2018) examined that

curfews clearly conflicts with the fundamental liberties of young people to move

freely about the community and to participate in various activities.

A number of regional towns in Australia raised concern in recent times

in juvenile offending and caused residents to propose or implement curfews on

young people. Based from Curfew on Children Unlikely to go Ahead (1990),

local referendum was held in which recorded a vote in favour of a 10 p.m.

curfew on children under 16 in 1990 Port Augusta in South Australia.

In 2007, other country such as Thailand, the Thai police issued a

directive prohibiting children under 18 in Bangkok from leaving their homes

after 10pm without justified reasons. Teenagers caught hanging out at night in

Bangkok without valid reasons would be taken to the police stations where

their statements would be recorded. Their parents would be called to pick them

up (The Star Online, 2017).

To give local authorities of England the power to impose curfew for

children under 16 in their areas, a new legislation was introduced in 2000. In a

4
town in Cornwall, southwest England, a police-enforced curfew to tackle anti-

social behavior was implemented in 2008 to keep under 10s off the streets by 8

p.m. and under 16 years old by 10 p.m. While in Germany, teenagers under 16

years of age are barred from clubs after midnight, while youth under 18 need

authorization from parents to go to a concert, and kids under 18 year old can

only stay in the cinema until midnight.

Some studies stated that the implementation of curfew however comes

with controversy and litigation. Most of this controversy are surprisingly

concerns the litigation of the constitutional implications of Curfew ordinances.

Serious unintended consequences including the criminalization of homeless

and runaway minors, worsening outcomes and disproportionate minors

contact. The following actions in order to ensure that the implementation of

curfew hours in minors should protect rather than harm and local decision –

makers should consider that. To assure the responsible enforcement of these

laws and protect the minors, the city leaders can undoubtedly play a

significant role although the evidence of curfew effectiveness remains scarce.

Here in Philippines, the strong deterrent against crime involving minors

and juvenile delinquents is to impose the curfew for minors across the country

as well as penalizing parents and guardians to the violators according from the

Philippine National Police officials. An increase number of minors and juvenile

delinquents accosted for involvement in varied felonies illegal drug trafficking

and abuse, snatching, homicide, gang wars, theft, and robbery-holdup were

highlighted by the Police authorities.

5
 There are different curfews imposed by the legislative and even local

ordinances by the past administration in the Philippines which promotes anti-

hazards, anti-violence and anti-crimes. Providing a safe and sound

environment among Filipinos who are weak on the disadvantageous effects of

changing generations from a fore liberated one is an ideal proposition. Even

children are prone in crimes and not only adults. Based on rampant news of

killings which involves minors is the based on the manifestations of curfew in

the country. Singing using Karaoke until dawn, gang-war participated by

different fraternities and drinking or having party on the streets are another

indexes of the habitual activities of Filipinos that causes disturbances in the

community.

In the City of Manila, strict implementation of curfew ordinance is now

being observed. To ensure that no young people will be roaming around the

streets during curfew hours following a riot between two groups of youngsters

at the corner of P. Paredes and S.H. Loyola, Sampaloc, Manila Mayor Joseph

Estrada ordered police and City Security Force (CSF). Minors age 18 below are

prohibited to wander outside from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m., under City Ordinance No.

8547 or Discipline Hour.

From the City Government of Baguio Official Website stated that to curb

the acts of delinquency, teenage gang incidents and other violations of the law

committed during night time in the city, the Baguio City Police Office

encouraged and urged barangay officials to strictly implement the curfew hours

for minors ordinance. This is to address the continuing and growing problem of

6
the city so as to eliminate if not to minimize incidents involving juvenile

delinquents of which the victims are also the minors.

Under the City ordinance, “minors below 16 years old shall not be

allowed to roam or play in the streets, roads, plazas, parks or other public

places or establishments in the City of Baguio between the hours of 7 p.m. and

5 a.m.” The Ordinance provides that “violators will be penalized as follows:

First offense - the child shall be referred to the guidance counselor of the

Council for the Protection of Youth and Children; Second offense - the child

shall undergo counseling by the City Social Welfare and Development Office

(CSWDO); Third offense - the child shall be put by the City Social Welfare and

Development Office (CSWDO) under and intervention program which may

include community service; the City Social Welfare and Development Office

(CSWDO) shall ensure that the community service is appropriate to the child

and is consistent with the goals of the intervention program”. It further

provides that adults who are guardian, parent, or authorized custodian of the

offending child within the third degree of relationship, either by consanguinity

or affinity, shall be penalized under other applicable laws and ordinances.

Through the curfew policy, Ordinance 1771-2003 of Dagupan City

believes that it protects the children’s interest, safety and health. City

Councilor Jose Netu Tamayo, the author of the said ordinance together with

the Confirmation of ex-Mayor Belen Fernandez has agreed to enforce the

ordinance along with the coordination of the barangay officials. The process of

the ordinance will be like: (1) The Punong Barangay, Barangay Kagawads, and

7
the appointed Barangay Tanods (village workers) are charged to keep the

minors away from the streets beyond curfew. (2) Minor caught loitering during

this time will be accompanied by barangay workers to their homes. (3) If the

minor was caught doing illegal acts, the minor will be brought to the police

station for further investigation. Under the b ordinance, the personal data

gathered of the minor caught shall remain confidential.

City Councilor Jose Netu M. Tamayo said that Ex-Mayor Belen

Fernandez believes that the implementation of the Curfew hours will protect

the children from the perils of illegal drugs. To keep the minors away from the

streets during the curfew hours under the ordinance, the Punong Barangay,

Barangay Kagawads and the appointed Barangay Tanods are charged with the

duty and responsibility. Minors caught loitering during the curfew hours will be

accompanied by the tanods to their homes. Parents, guardians, owners of

boarding houses whose children or wards violate the curfew hours, will be

fined or required to render community service In lieu of criminal prosecution.

Through administrative issuances, the City Mayor can suspend the

implementation of the ordinance in any particular barangay or other

combination of barangays, for such number of days, whenever public interest

requires.

This study aims to describe the current status of the implementation of

Curfew hours for minors in Dagupan City. Curfew hours for minors are made

because of the belief that it prevents or deter crimes, avoid victimization and

even provide guidance for the youngster against potential harms. Imposing

8
Curfew on minors are a form of showing that a community will not allow an

atmosphere of lawlessness to develop and a form of zero tolerance policing.

The purposes of the research are the following: (1) To profoundly assess the

relevance of safety among the community and the level of their understanding

on the functions of security on the place. (2) To determine the level of

implementation of curfew among the minors and degree of acceptance or

participation of the residents subjected to where the implementation of the

curfew law was made. With regards to the effectiveness on the imposed curfews

in the community, (3) to gather appropriate data and deliver public information

on the perceptions of local government officials and concern citizens.

Primarily, the implementation of curfew hours for minors is laid upon

the shoulders of barangay officials who are in direct contact with the parents

and children in their respective constituencies in Dagupan City.

Theoretical Framework

To explicate the foundation of the research, this study will use theory

and it will serve as evidence of deterrent effects of curfew hours for minors in

Dagupan City as major objective.

As cited in the study of psychological science of Schaller (2010), Safety

needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs refer to the need for safe, security, and

protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear.

The understanding how important safety is and how the people view the

society’s law implemented in the community under this premise provide certain

9
ideas among researcher. The proponents will evaluate how functional the

ordinances or laws and how they perceive the level of safety that they get from

the government of the town has.

Preserving the welfare of its people is the responsibility of a country. For

the common good of everyone, the law stated to protect the community and the

country by practicing the common and performing what the law stated. The

government has the right to impose and people should understand that it is for

the good of the many and vice versa. Towards the mainstream of the

government decisions, the government should her or his people and the effects

of their actions.

As cited by Villarica (2011), the most immediate concern of people is

physical safety from violence based from the study of Maslow’s hierarchy of

needs. From politically motivated violence, retaliation by former enemies,

landmines, rampant gunfire, emerging armed criminal elements and gender-

based violence where physical insecurity is often pervasive throughout society

even after the bulk of fighting is over. Insurgents, extremists, terrorists, or

criminal will seek to fill a part of the problem, severely impaired or non-existing

and creating a vacuum that the state authority and security institution will

likely to be politicized. While maintaining public order, the security threats in

transitional environments call for a dual capability to subdue large scale

threats to the peace process.

To profoundly study the implementation of Curfew hours for minors in

Dagupan City, this concept provides the researcher to understand the security

10
in the place. According to Maslow, people need a safe and healthy or

comfortable environment which free of hazards and can live freely according to

their will. During Curfew hours it obviously strived to change the routines of

potential criminals and victims to be at home or to be supervised by

responsible adults. Reducing the amount of juvenile crime and promote

parental control over their teens is the overriding purpose of curfew for minors.

Conceptual Framework

Under the City Ordinance No. 1771-2003 of Dagupan City imposing

Curfew and directing parents, owners of boarding houses for students and

overseers of minors under their ward to require for minors from 10:00 p.m. to

4:00 a.m. to stay indoors. With the said City Ordinance, this study is

conceptualized.

In this study, Input-Process-Output model shall be used. In order for

this study to be more successful, it is important to gather all the necessary

information and use the appropriate method of data collection. At the end of

this study, the researchers should be able to come-up with a propose measures

that could reduce the problems encountering by minors in the implementation

of curfew hours in Dagupan City. In order to have the propose measure, the

researchers are required to conduct a survey to minors ages 7 – 17 to get their

insights on the implementation of Curfew hours in Dagupan City.

The Input of the study includes the subject of investigation which are

profile of the respondents by Age, Sex, Educational Attainment and Length of

11
Residency; Level of Awareness of the Respondents; Effects of Curfew hours

among minors in Dagupan City; and Problems encountered by minors in

Implementation Curfew hours.

The Process of the study includes survey of floating questionnaire about

the Implementation of Curfew Hours in minors in Dagupan City.

The Output of the study will be the Propose measures to reduce problems

encountered by the Implementation of Curfew hours as against the minors in

Dagupan City.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Profile of
Dagupan City
minors:
A. Sex
B. Age Propose measures
C. Educational to reduce
Attainment Analysis of an problems
D. Length of Input Variable encountered by
Residency with the use of the
2. Level of data collected Implementation of
Awareness by of Floating Curfew hours as
minors Questionnaire against the
3. Effects of minors in
Curfew hours for Dagupan City.
minors
4. Problems
encountered for
the
implementation of
Curfew

Figure 1 Paradigm of the Study

12
 Statement of the Problem

This study will assess the implementation of Curfew hours for Minors in

Dagupan City so that further and appropriate measures or programs can be

developed.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. How are minors of Dagupan City characterized in terms of:

A. Sex

B. Age

C. Educational Attainment

D. Level of Residency

2. What is the level of awareness of the curfew hours implemented in the

City of Dagupan among minors along the following factors:

A. Safety

B. Health

3. How does Curfew hours affect minors in terms of the following factors:

A. Safety

B. Health

4. What are the problems encountered by the minors on the curfew

implemented in Dagupan City?

5. What are proposed measures or recommendations to reduce problems

encountered by minors in the implementation of Curfew hours in

Dagupan City?

13
Significance of the Study

This study may fulfill a major need to further give attention for future

studies of implementation of Curfew hours in minors. This may help municipal

leaders and local lawmaker in planning or designing appropriate programs with

regards to Curfew ordinances. It is very important for local leaders and local

lawmakers to ensure that the curfew protect rather than harming the minors

by considering proper actions. With this implementation to assure the

responsible enforcement of these laws and protect the minors in the city, the

local leaders and local lawmakers play undoubtedly play a significant role.

This study is beneficial not only to those minors but also to the parents

or guardians, family members, local officials, local lawmakers and to the

community. Although the minors fail to realize that the curfews are actually

beneficial to their overall well-being. These advantages include better time

management, less sleep deprivation, increased focus in school and staying out

of trouble. By following the curfew ordinances, minors will have structured

teenage life that allows them to form commendable habits such as showing

respect, prioritizing safety and taking responsibility where they will be able to

develop their full potential and contribute in the community.

With support from the parents or guardians, family members and

community, it is possible for minors to be independent and productive while

following the Curfew ordinances. To solve underlying individual or family

problems, it will have an opportunity to prevent delinquency, reduce the

victimization of minors and to enhance positive youth development. Although

14
there are a lot of studies made regarding the implementation of Curfew hours

for minors, what makes this study different is that it is the only study that

focuses on a certain locality. Studies on Implementation of Curfew hours are

more specific because it focuses on certain group which are the minors in

Dagupan City.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the Implementation of Curfew hours in Minors in

Dagupan City. It does not include residents outside Dagupan City. The study

will be conducted on August 2019 here in the selected barangay of Dagupan

City. The 200 respondents are minors ranging from 7 to 17 years old and

having residency from below 5 to 15 years in Dagupan City.

These four barangay under this study that according from the 2015

Census, it holds the biggest population with the age group of 5 to 17 years old.

With this, bystanders are mostly prevalent in urban areas like this four

barangays in Dagupan City but not many in rural areas.

Definition of Terms

With the definition of terms, words are being defined for the readers to

better understand the study. These are the key terms:

Curfew Hours. Formed by the local and state government that should be

followed and reasonable guidelines especially for the minors.

Dagupan City. Locale area of the study.

15
Respondents. Teen ages from 7 to 17 years old.

Sex. Male or Female respondents of the study.

Educational Attainment. Level of education of the respondents.

Level of Residency. Duration of stay of the respondent

16
 Chapter II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the principles, theories and results of research

studies which have been direct bearing to the present study. They served as

guide in the preparations of the study. For the purpose of this study, the

reviewed literature was thematized into four groups.

Impact in Implementing Curfew Hours among Minors

There are reviewed studies that evaluated the impact of Implementing

Curfew hours among minors. In 2013, Grossman and Miller (2015) evaluated

outcome measures of juvenile curfew laws using a standardized set of

keywords to search 24 databases for the studies. By removing duplicate

studies, 14 studies of curfews remained while applying the exclusion criteria.

Five found a positive impact out of six studies examining the effectiveness of

curfew laws on adverse youth health outcomes while four found a positive

impact out of eight studies on juvenile crime and victimization since 1999.

Reducing youth health outcomes (e.g., trauma transports); victimization

were of higher quality (e.g., stronger methodological approaches); and juvenile

crime were found by the studies during the implementations of curfew laws.

Grossman and Miller (2015) concluded that more research is needed before

conclusions can be drawn, given the limited number of studies and concern

with quality.

17
 To support the notion that Curfew laws are effective at reducing crime,

existing studies find a little evidence despite the popularity (Males and

Macallair, 1999; McDowall, Loftin and Wiersema, 2000; Reynolds, Seydlitz, and

Jenkins, 2000). McDowall et al. (2000) examined the impact of Curfew laws on

offenses and victimizations involving young people from panel data of major

American cities and found out that there is no strong evidence that it can

reduce juvenile offending or victimization rates.

The behavior of most juveniles shows those no more than a modest

impact because of competing demands of police resources. When most curfew

laws in effect, arrest rates decrease and settles at low level through the rest of

the day (Sickmund, Synder and Poe-Yamagata, 1997). To examine the

relationship between curfew arrest and arrests of young people for other

offenses, Males and Macallair (1999) used a sample of California counties for

more comprehensive analysis. Two bodies of data are used from the study

namely: juvenile arrest and vital statistics counts of homicide victims.

The degree to which cities enforce their statues is an important issue in

evaluating the impact of curfew laws. If the police ignore its existence, a law is

unlikely to affect youth crimes. In. Males and Macallair (1999) found from the

study that the juvenile arrest rates from all 52 counties with complete data and

the 12 city-counties with complete data estimates the impact of curfew laws.

The study estimated only the average outcomes of the curfew laws finally and

most importantly across the sample. Between cities in the effects of the laws,

the average impact may hide major variations.

18
 From the county data results, it depend on how much weight one

attaches to the larceny, burglary and simple assaults can have an impact of

curfew statutes. Supporting the ideas that curfews have at least modest effects

on some crimes were analyzed. From the study of Males and Macallair (1999),

Curfew laws have no effect on crime at all but may affect victimizations other

than homicides, and arrest statistics. From other sources of variation, these

factors make it difficult to separate the impacts of the laws.

In evaluation of Kline (2014), comparing the arrest behavior of various

age groups evaluates the effectiveness of curfew ordinance within a city before

and after curfew enactment. Reducing both violent and property crimes

committed by juveniles, the evidence suggests that curfews are effective below

the statutory curfew age. Comparing the arrest behavior of various age groups

from the collected data on local ordinances together with extended literature

within a city before and after curfew enactment. On arrests of youth subject to

the impact curfew law and those above the city's statutory maximum curfew

age which typically apply to youth under the age of 16 or 17 in a separate

assessment.

Curfews policies can be thought as a constituting the two treatments

where the two impacts can apply to different age groups and by analyzing both

sets are important. Both treatments should be of interest to economist aside

from constitutional issues. In findings, strong evidence of persistent statutory

treatment effects on criminal behavior are shown. The impact of weakening

19
Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure tell

us by the statistical discrimination.

In the major cities of Philippines, many children and their families are

homeless and staying in the streets day and night. Local authorities are now

scrambling to strengthen the implementation of the ordinance. From different

barangays of Mandaluyong, 58 teenagers aged 15 and below were rounded up

after they were caught up by police roaming the city's street past 10 p.m.

curfew. For their parents to fetch them, the teenagers were temporarily brought

to the police headquarters stated by Chief Insp. Dominador Ignacio, the

assistant chief of police for operations. It also a way to remind the parents that

they were in a violation of Ordinance No. 538 or the Code of Parental

Responsibility. By nearly 75 percent, crimes in the city involving children have

significantly dropped because of the Code. (E. Añata and J. Yess, 2017)

By defining how important to assess the evident result of the law

implementation by emerging impact in the Philippines. Quezon Representative

Angelina Tan filed an anti-videoke bill where in to prohibits use of loud musical

instrument and other sounds amplifying equipment past 10 p.m. as cited in

Philippine Star (2016).

Awareness in Implementing Curfew Hours among Minors

Many municipalities in recent years have enacted juvenile curfews. T.

Trollinger (1996), concludes that the curfew as a valid governmental objectives

do not override the constitutional infirmities. Using as a blueprint a Dallas

20
ordinance and limitation it spawned, the article discusses prudential and

constitutional consideration underlying the juvenile curfew controversy. As to

not engage in criminal activity, the juvenile require protection from criminal

victimization and command inducement. No more wandering the streets in the

late evening or early morning hours for juveniles. Imposing a curfew by the

government is not the solution. The movement of the innocent and deprives all

youth will restricted especially those whom are law-abiding, of precious

constitutional liberties.

The curfew stultifies maturation aside from its constitutional problems.

These can alleviate juvenile crime and victimization by directed measures. The

constitutional infirmities are incurable and extreme where it cannot call itself

free if a society permits the nocturnal imprisonment of its youth. The curfew is

not panacea agreed by all and not even an option under the under

Constitution.

In awareness to increased juvenile delinquency and other social trends,

many jurisdictions have implemented curfews. D. LeBoeuf (1996) explores

developments in Curfew ordinances, how community based jurisdictions have

responded to these issues, legal issues related curfews and the elements of

sound curfew programs as illustrated in seven jurisdictions. Curfew provisions

must demonstrate a compelling state interest and ensured to the law's

objectives. Collected data before the seven jurisdictions pass a curfew

ordinance, each applied a unique and innovative approach to address juvenile

and youth victimization. Each program includes one or more of a set of

21
elements and reviewed. Communities considering curfew is important to be

aware of legal development and challenges, establishing a firm foundation and

modelling the programs after successful efforts in other cities.

Poff (2001) concluded a comparison of the Hutchins and Waters

decisions into two levels. Both constitutionally defensible, the Hutchins and

Waters analysis shows opinion display flawed. The comparison exposes extent

which juvenile curfews confuse courts. Facing similar curfew ordinances into

two courts by the same city in a same problem, lack of guidance on the part of

both courts is the only reasonable explanation of opposing conclusions.

Effect in Implementing Curfew Hours among Minors

During late evening or early morning hours, Curfew law prohibits young

drivers from operating motor vehicles from operating motor vehicles. D.

Preusser et al (1984) studied the effect of Curfew laws on motor vehicle crashed

in these twelve states. To reduce the crashes of sixteen years old, the laws

were found in each state. An estimated 69 percentage in Pennsylvania, 62

percentage in New York, 40 percentage in Maryland, and 25 percentage in

Louisiana were reduced during Curfew hours. The percentage of the 16 year

old population license was lower and curfew except in Maryland than

comparison States. Case productions in crash involvement reviews early

licensure from curfew lost resulting from greater than shown above.

From the study of M. P. Gius (2010), the effect of juvenile curfews can be

determined on the criminal activities of young adults. The study find that all

22
the curfews have no statistically significant effect on the colonial behaviours of

young adults they do have a negative effect on the rest of your adults. To

community officials who believe that curfews are an effective tool in combating

juvenile crime, it's somehow defer from the results of prior studies.

According from Moscovitz et al (2009), the study evaluated that impact of

the 1995 Washington DC, Juvenile Curfew on EMS transport of injured youth

and youth homicides .May result changes in preparing promise systems and

emergency medical services (EMS) from local ordinances. Using a retrospective,

comparative cohort study was performed. In corresponding months of 1994

and 1995, transports of injured youth and youth homicides were counted. By

year, time of day, age group, and mechanism of injury, cohorts were formed.

Using the chi-square and Fisher’s exact test, year-to-year statistical

comparison of injury proportions was performed. In transport with Curfew

implementation no significant difference was observed including one thousand

forty-eight transports. Assaults are mostly occurred outside the Curfew time.

Only two victims were under the curfew of 67 homicides and it shows no effect.

Transport for injuries or on homicides was demonstrated no effect of the

curfew. During the period of highest risk, the curfew was not in effect.

Included study of Wilson et al (2016) is to test the intended restriction or

otherwise penalize a juvenile presence in effect of an official state or local

policy. Directed at all youth within a certain age and not as action imposed on

a specific youth and have been a general preventive measure. On youth

criminal behaviour and victimizations, there are twelve quantitative evaluation

23
of the effects of curve you are included in the review. The juvenile curfews are

ineffective shown in a pattern of evidence at reducing crime and victimizations.

Doing curfew hours the average effect on juvenile crime was slightly positive

and doing all hours crime are close to zero. Juvenile victimization appeared

unaffected and both effects where not significant.

From some limitations, all the studies review suffered by making it

difficult to draw firm conclusion. Any effect is likely to be small at best and that

are likely to be a meaningful solution to juvenile crime and disorder. Before

and after school juvenile crime may be ineffective and focus on more urgent

demands from the under resourced police than enforcing curfews based from

other studies. The juvenile curfew do not reduce the expected benefits

according from the evidence suggests. To replicate the finding more research is

needed. In existing studies, many of the biases conclude that curfews are

effective.

The study of SJ Weiss (1998) belated the effect of the curfew on

emergency medical services (EMS) transport for patients who were 17 years old

or younger (pediatrics). From the months before (5/94) and after (6/94) the

institution of the curfew likewise from the same two months of one year earlier

(5/93 and 6/93) are from all pediatrics transport were included. To evaluate

comparisons, a chi- square test was used. As the sole provider of emergency,

EMS transports 48,000 patients per year in a one-tiered system (paramedic

only). During curfew hours, it leads to a drop in pediatric EMS. Preventing

childhood injury during non-curfew hours is another value of curfew.

24
Effectiveness in Implementing Curfew Hours among Minors

K. Adams (2003) concluded that the evidence from a preliminary assault

of a systemic review of juvenile curfews and does not support the argument

that curfew prevent crime and victimization. After the implementation of curfew

laws, the juvenile crime and victimization are most likely to remain unchanged.

Crime displacements cost of enforcement, efficiency at detecting criminal

activity, counter intuitive finding, and characteristics of curfew research. The

studies analyzed had weakened to moderate rigorous designs and consistently

found no change in crime and criminal victimization.

Concerns have been raised discriminatory enforcement and found

curfews to be particularly effective in achieving their goals. J. D. Hirschel et al

(2001) examined the implementation of a juvenile curfew in a large southern

city, Charlotte, North Carolina and investigate its impact on a different racial

group. There has been a national increase in the implementation of curfew and

it is likely will continue to be used despite the lack of effectiveness (Ruefle &

Reynolds, 1996; Conference of Mayors, 1997). After the curfew was

implemented in May 1995, data were collected on all juvenile who received a

curfew violation during the 31st months. Directly obtained from police reports

or forms of the information of the curfew violators and their violation. For

curfew violations, a total of 1,036 juveniles were cited by the police.

Among the backgrounds characteristics of racial groups were found to

existing. The 338 curfew violations in the bureau, 223 were accounted and

25
disproportional racial representation was pronounced in one of the three baker

districts. 89.7 % of the curfew violators were White, 8.5 % African American

and 1.7 % are Asian and Hispanic in that district. During the study period, a

total of 464 juvenile aged of the curfew population and quarter (24.4 %) of

those arrested are adults at risk.

R. D. Sutphen and J. Ford (2001) examined the relationship of enacted

curfew law of more than 200,000 populations in a mid-sized city juvenile arrest

rates. During first year of use, it analyzes the enforcement with curfew

violations and parental citations regarding factors associated. The concerns

expressed by opponents of these curfews and in favor of teen curfews, these

relationships are examined in relation to the arguments. The juvenile arrests

for the periods 1992-1998 and reports of first year implementation (May 1995-

April 1996) were collected from police department. It did not appear to have an

immediate marked effect during the implementation of the curfew in 1995.

The curfew was not associated with significant changes in the juvenile

arrests rates from the findings for any kind of crime including serious crimes.

Whether limited resources are being poorly utilized on enforcing laws is the

question to be answered that may violate the rights of juvenile and their

parents. Greater potential to reduce serious juvenile crime is when used on

after-school programs.

26
 Chapter III

RESEARCH DESIGN

This chapter presents the methods of research that was employed by the

researchers to gather necessary data. The methodology includes discussion of

the research design that was used, the source of data, including the

respondents and locale, the data gathering tool, and how the data will be

statistically presented.

Research Method Used

Where the quantifiable information was used to statistical inference on

the target used, the study is essentially Descriptive Research. To assess the

implementation of Curfew Hours among Minors in Dagupan City, a systematic

description of the particular situation or area of concerned is aimed.

This study used a descriptive survey design. Orodho (2008) stated that a

descriptive survey design is a method of collecting information by

administering a survey to sample of individuals. This design aimed at obtaining

pertinent and precise information based from Kombo and Tromp (2006)

concerning the current status of a phenomenon and wherever possible to draw

a valid general conclusion from the facts discovered. Likewise, it mainly sought

by Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2000) to obtain information that describes

the existing phenomena by asking individuals about their perceptions,

27
attitudes and values. In describing the conditions or relations that exist

between variables that it is therefore useful.

Gay (1976) defines descriptive research an involving the current status of

the subject of the study. It is designed to gather information of condition

existing at a particular period. Similarly, the descriptive method of research is

used to describe the nature of situation as it exists at the time of study and to

explore the causes of particular phenomena.

A descriptive survey design was chosen because the research sought to

describe and assess the implementation of Curfew hours among minors in

Dagupan City. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data that were

collected from the selected sample through surveys.

For the quantitative survey, the researcher formed a questionnaire for

assessing or evaluating the implementation of Curfew hours among Minors in

Dagupan City and with this, the quantitative methods provide the in-depth

explanation needed to meet required objectives.

Locale and Respondents of the Study

The study will be carried out in four barangays of Dagupan City namely:

(1) Tebeng, (2) Pogo Chico, (3) Tapuac, and (4) Malued. Although there are

many barangays in Dagupan City, these selected barangays have the highest

population with the age group of 7 to 17 years old according from the 2015

Census.

28
 The study requires two hundred (200) respondents from the four (4)

barangays in Dagupan City. In which these respondents are minors ranging

from 7 to 17 years old and having residency from below 5 to 15 years in

Dagupan City. The respondents are selective using purposive sampling

technique. Due to the qualities the informant possesses the purposive

sampling technique also called judgment sampling, where in it is the deliberate

choice of an informant. Simply put the researchers decides what needs to be

known and sets out to find the people who can and are willing to provide the

information by virtue of knowledge or experience (Lewis, J. & Sheppard, S.,

2006).

Sampling Procedure

Through the key informant technique wherein one or a few individuals

are solicited to act as guides to culture. Purposive sampling is especially

exemplified. Key informants are observant, reflective members of the

community of interest who knows much about the culture (Lewis, J. &

Sheppard, S., 2006). The researchers have chosen this sampling because there

are subgroups of population are available and also the respondents that will be

included are minors ranging from 7 to 17 years old and having residency from

below 5 to 15 years in Dagupan City.

29
Research Instrument

The study uses survey questionnaire that the researchers formed in a

convenient manner providing a checklist for respondents to answer by

assessing the implementation of Curfew hours among minors in Dagupan City.

A Likert Scale checklist was prepared as a tool for gathering data. The

researchers designed a survey questionnaire for the implementation of Curfew

hours among minors in Dagupan City as primary data gathering instrument.

The formed survey questionnaire is consists of four (4) parts.

Part 1. Profile of the Respondents by Name (optional), Age, Sex,

Educational Attainment and Lengths of Residency.

Part 2. Awareness of the Respondents on the Curfew hours among

minors implemented by the City of Dagupan by Safety and Health.

Part 3. Effects of Curfew hours among minors in Dagupan City by Safety

and Health.

Part 4. Problems Encountered in Implementing Curfew hours among

Minors in Dagupan City.

Research Procedure

In gathering the needed data, a survey questionnaire was used to be

answered by the respondents. The researchers will personally administer the

survey questionnaires after obtaining permission from the Barangay Captain

and officials of the four (4) respected barangays. The researchers will explain

the content of the questionnaire for better comprehension and to inform the

30
respondents as well the parents of the respondents that their respected and

voluntary cooperation and participation was important for the success of the

study. The researchers will also retrieve them after giving the respondents

ample time to analyze and answer the questions presented. The participation in

the research was voluntary. The respondents are free to withdraw their consent

and to discontinue participation at any time. When the respondents complete

the answering the survey questionnaires, it is implication that they consented

to participate in the study. The data collected from the survey will be

summarized by area. The preliminary data analysis will be consisted of

summarized responses to each survey. Data that will be tallied, tabulated and

collated was subjected to data analysis using appropriate statistical tools.

Ethical guidelines are used by groups of people, professionals and

researchers to measure rightness or wrongness of actions and behaviors. In

research ethical considerations are principles that govern the process of

research to measure rightness or wrongness of actions and behaviors. In

research ethical considerations are principles that govern the process of

research in order to safeguard humans under study from exploitation and

harm. The focus of ethics is to ensure that the respondents under study are

kept from harm. Ethical consideration addressed in this study included

informed consent and voluntary participation, anonymity, confidentiality,

respect, dignity and protection of the right to withdraw any stage of the study.

31
Statistical Tools/Treatments

These are the following statistical tools to be used in this data:

For the statement of the problem number 1 which is all about the profile

of the respondents ( Name, Age, Educational Attainment, and Lengths of

Residency), the Percentage and Frequency Distribution will be used. The

percentage and frequency distribution displays data that particularize the

percentage of observation that exist for every data point or grouping of data

points. It is particularly useful method of demonstrating the relative frequency

of survey responses and other data. The Percentage and Frequency

Distribution are displayed as tables or bar graphs or pie charts.

First process of creating a Percentage and Frequency Distribution

requires identifying and counting the total number of data of observations

within each data point or grouping of data points; then dividing the number of

observations within each data point or grouping of data points by the complete

number of observations. The complete percentage of all the percentages

corresponded to each data. For comparing information where the sample sizes

or totals are different, Percentages are useful. It can readily compare by

converting different data to percentages. It is important to determine the

correct base from which to calculate the Percentage change (i.e. the appropriate

starting value) when calculating the Percentage change between two values.

The percentage change from a low number to a higher number is not the same

as percentage change from the same higher number to the same lower number.

In the common currency of parts per hundred, Percentages are related to

32
fractions, decimals and express values. Expressing values in the form of

percentages in work will enable you to readily compare information or data

from different sources, quantify change over time and find the amount by

which something has increased or decreased following a percentage change. It

can also convert data from tables and graphs that you find in books, journals

and other publications into percentages in order to make useful comparisons

that is already presented as percentages.

For the statement of the problem number 2 to 4, Weighted Mean will be

used. This is required to analyze and interpret the data gathered and collected.

The Likert scale is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in a

research using survey. It is often used to interchangeably with rating scale.

However, these rating scale are not designed to capture opinion of the

respondents but rather are designed to capture estimations of magnitude.

Rating scales does not produce qualitative data, regardless of what the end-

point labels may be. The data from Likert scales are continuous (e.g. 1-10)

rating scales are quantitative.

33
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

As gathered in relation to the specific problems, this chapter pertains to

the presentation of data. Each of the specific problems is answered in a

sequence that follows their order of presentation in Chapter 1.

Profile of the Respondents

In the profile of the respondents, names of the respondents are optional.

Age, sex, educational attainment and lengths of residencies are included. The

data of these factors are indicated in tables.

Table 1
Profile of the Respondents as to Age
N = 200

Age Frequency Percentage (%) Rank

7 – 10 years old 22 11 3rd
11 – 14 years old 64 32 2nd
15 – 17 years old 114 57 1st
TOTAL: 200 100

In Table 1 presents the age distribution of the respondents. Majority of

one hundred fourteen or (57%) of the respondents were on age 15 to 18 years

old followed by sixty four or (32%) were on age of 11 to 14 years old while with

a frequency of twenty two or (11%) of the respondents belongs to the age group

of 7 to 10 years old. It implies that majority of the respondents are teenagers or

in the adolescent stage where in they are programmed to hate curfew because

34
they think it’s about control or trust. These age groups are vulnerable in

common in terms of curfew violation due to facing with more personal freedom

and self-management responsibility than before that can occur negatively

impact the life of minors and can encounter violations.

Table 2
Profile of the Respondents as to Sex
N=200

Sex Frequency Percentage (%) Rank

Male 118 59 1st
Female 82 41 2nd
TOTAL: 200 100

For the Table 2, it implies that male gender responds one hundred

eighteen or (59%) while female have a frequency of eighty two or (41%).

Table 3
Profile of the Respondents as to Educational Attainment
N=200

Educational Frequency Percentage (%) Rank

Attainment
Elementary 30 15 3rd
High School 139 69.5 1st
Tertiary 31 15.5 2nd
TOTAL: 200 100

Table 3 presents the educational attainment of the respondents, the data

revealed that majority of one hundred thirty nine or (69.5%) of the respondents

are in High School Level followed by the Tertiary level with a frequency of thirty

one or (15.5%) while Elementary level having a frequency of thirty or (15%) fell

in the last place as to Educational Attainment.

35
 Table 4
Profile of the Respondents as to Lengths of Residency
N=200

Lengths of Frequency Percentage (%)

Residency
0 – 5 years 11 5.5
6 – 10 years 27 13.5
11 – 15 years 62 31
16 years and above 100 50
TOTAL: 200 100

For the Table 4, majority revealed that those 16 years and above of

residency have one hundred of frequency or (50%). Fell in second spot are

those who have 11 to 15 years of residency having sixty two or (31%) followed

by 6 to 10 years of residency having a frequency of twenty seven or ( 13.5%)

while 0 to 5 years of residency have 11 of frequency or (5.5%).

Awareness of the Respondents on the current Ordinance of Dagupan City

The second research problem seeks for the awareness of the respondents

of the current ordinance of Curfew hours among minors implemented by the

City of Dagupan. The results of the evaluation of two factors which are Safety

and Health are shown in a tabular form.

Table 5
Awareness of the Respondents on the current Ordinance as to Safety
N=200

Safety 4 3 2 1 MEAN DE RANK

Protection from illegal acts 108 62 29 6 3.41 HA 2nd

36
such as kidnapping, sexual abuse
and use of drugs.

Protection from bad influence 88 82 28 3 3.29 HA 3rd

of friends.

Protection from law enforcement 109 61 33 2 3.44 HA 1st

as target of their enforcements.

Protection from violence and 104 59 34 2 3.18 HA 4th

accidents.

Improved juvenile justice outcomes. 75 82 39 4 3.12 HA 5th

Protection of vulnerable minors 86 63 39 12 3.12 HA 5th

Reduce youth crime and 108 62 29 6 3.41 HA 2nd

victimization rates.

It leads to false security for the 88 82 28 3 3.29 HA 3rd

minors.

Minors believes that it is a 109 61 33 2 3.44 HA 1st

violation of civil rights.

Minors may get culture shock 104 59 34 2 3.18 HA 4th

and became less adaptable.
Weighted Mean: 3.63 Descriptive Equivalence: Highly Aware

LEGEND: 3.01 – 4.00 Highly Aware (HA)

2.01 – 3.00 Slightly Aware (SA)

1.01 – 2.00 Aware (A)

0.01 – 1.00 Not Aware (NA)

Table 5 shows the Awareness of the Respondents on the current

Ordinance as to Safety. Based on the weighted mean score of 3.63 describe as

Highly Aware. It implies that respondents are highly aware in all given

statements. The first to third statements got higher mean score than the fourth

to sixth statement. It implies that the minors are highly aware that during
37
curfew hours, they are protected from illegal acts and influences of criminal

activities. For the respondents perspectives Curfew should be followed and

reasonable guidelines for them while it can leads to false security for the

minors.

Table 6
Awareness of the Respondents on the current Ordinance as to Health
N=200

Health 4 3 2 1 MEAN DE RANK

Minors could avoid drugs and 83 79 31 7 3.22 HA 3rd

alcohol.

Primary prevention strategy 96 62 35 7 3.24 HA 2nd

and protection to youth’s
accidents.

Can reduced the number of 95 61 34 10 3.21 HA 4th

juvenile traffic injuries and
fatalities, the number of
pediatric transports, and the
number of juvenile trauma
cases.

Can reduced both violent and 97 60 39 4 3.25 HA 1st

property crimes committed
by minors.

Can reduced staying out of 81 68 35 16 3.22 HA 3rd

trouble.

Can reduced lacking in time 83 79 31 7 3.22 HA 3rd

management for minors.

Can reduced sleep deprivation 96 62 35 7 3.24 HA 2nd

and increased focus in school.

Curfew can help minors to get 95 61 34 10 3.21 HA 4th

get involved in healthy habits.

Improves parents health by 97 60 39 4 3.25 HA 1st

having peace of mind.
38
Enhance positive youth development. 75 82 39 4 3.12 HA 5th
Weighted Mean: 3.22 Descriptive Equivalence: Highly Aware

LEGEND: 3.01 – 4.00 Highly Aware (HA)

2.01 – 3.00 Slightly Aware (SA)

1.01 – 2.00 Aware (A)

0.01 – 1.00 Not Aware (NA)

For the Table 6 presents the awareness of the respondents on the

current Ordinance as to Health. Based on the weighted mean score of 3.22

describe as Highly Aware. The fourth statements got the highest mean score of

3.25 results describe as Highly Aware. Followed by the second statement with

the mean score of 3.24 describes as strongly aware while both first and fifth

statement got mean score of 3.22 describes as strongly aware. Lastly, for the

third statement has 3.21 of mean score and describe as strongly aware. It

implies that the respondents are aware that as to health during curfew hours,

it could avoid the minors from drug and alcohol, having enough time to sleep

and studying, involving in health habits and giving peace of mind of parents.

Followed by it can reduced the number of juvenile traffic injuries and fatalities,

the number of pediatric transports, and the number of juvenile trauma cases.

Effects of Curfew hours among minors of Dagupan City

The third research problem seeks for the Effects of Curfew hours among

minors of Dagupan City. The results of the evaluation of two factors which are

Safety and Health are shown in a tabular form.

39
 Table 7
Effects of Curfew hours among minors as to Safety
N=200

Safety 4 3 2 1 MEAN DE RANK

Protection from illegal acts such 100 69 30 1 3.94VE

as kidnapping, sexual abuse
and use of drugs.

Protection from bad influence of 71 88 37 4 3.13 VE

friends.

Protection from law enforcement 103 65 30 2 3.35 VE

as target of their enforcements.

Protection from violence and 100 68 25 7 3.91 VE

accidents.

Improved juvenile justice 93 75 30 2 3.32 VE

outcomes.

Reasonable guidelines and 100 69 30 1 3.94 VE be

should followed.

Reduce youth crime and 71 88 37 4 3.13 VE

victimization rates.

It leads to false security for the 103 65 30 2 3.35 VE

minors.

Minors believes that it is a 109 61 33 2 3.44 VE

violation of civil rights.

Minors may get culture shock 104 59 34 3 3.18 VE

became less adaptable.
Weighted Mean: 3.47 Descriptive Equivalence: Very Effective

LEGEND: 3.01 – 4.00 Very Effective (VE)

2.01 – 3.00 Slightly Effective (SE)

40
 1.01 – 2.00 Effective (E)

0.01 – 1.00 Not Effective (NE)

Table 7 shows that the effects of Curfew hours among minors of

Dagupan City as to Safety. Based on the weighted mean score of 3.48 and

describe as Very Effective. The first statement has the highest mean score

followed by fourth statement with a mean score of 3.91 describe as Very

Effective. For the second statement has the lowest mean score of 3.13 describe

as Very Effective. Fifth and sixth statements have a tight mean score, which

are 3.32 and 3.23 described as both Very Effective. It implies that the

respondents believed as to safety in very effective during curfew hours, minors

are protected from illegal acts and avoid the influence of friends.

Table 8
Effects of Curfew hours among minors as to Health
N=200

Health 4 3 2 1 MEAN DE

Minors could avoid drugs and 112 55 27 0 3.34 VE

alcohol.

Primary prevention strategy and 89 73 36 1 3.24 VE

protection to youth’s accidents.

Can reduced the number of 89 73 36 1 3.40 VE

juvenile traffic injuries and
fatalities, the number of
pediatric transports, and the
number of juvenile trauma
cases.

Can reduced both violent and 114 57 25 3 3.40 VE

property crimes committed

41
by minors.

Can reduced staying out of trouble. 97 59 31 10 3.19 VE

Can reduced lacking in time 102 62 31 5 3.31 VE

management for minors.
Can reduced sleep deprivation 112 55 27 0 3.34 VE
and increased focus in school.

Curfew can helps minors to get 89 73 36 1 3.24 VE

involved in healthy habits.

Improves parents health by having 89 73 36 1 3.40 VE

peace of mind.

Enhance positive youth development. 114 57 25 3 3.40 VE

Weighted Mean: 3.22 Descriptive Equivalence: Very Effective

LEGEND: 3.01 – 4.00 Very Effective (VE)

2.01 – 3.00 Slightly Effective (SE)

1.01 – 2.00 Effective (E)

0.01 – 1.00 Not Effective (NE)

For the Table 8 presents the effects of Curfew hours among minors of

Dagupan City as to Health. Based on the weighted mean score of 3.22 describe

as Very Effective. The third statement has the highest mean score of 3.40

describes as Very Effective followed by the first statement that has a mean

score 3.34 describes as Very effective too. The fifth statement has 3.31, second

statement has 3.24 and fourth statement has the lowest 3.29 and describes as

Very Effective for the last three statements. It implies that curfew hours has

effects and very effective in health based from the respondents.

42
Problems Encountered in Implementing Curfew hours among Minors in

Dagupan City

The fourth research problem seeks for the Problems encountered in

Implementing Curfew hours among Minors in Dagupan City. The results of the

evaluation of this factor are shown in a tabular form.

Table 9
Problems Encountered by Law Enforcers in the Implementation
Implementing Curfew hours among Minors in Dagupan City
N=200

Problems Encountered 4 3 2 1 MEAN DE

Traveling in the rush hour. 94 62 40 4 3.23 AE

Teenagers are afraid to go outside 79 65 45 13 3.10 AE

at night.

Curfews can be easily abused by a 50 76 51 23 2.77 ME

teenaged negotiator.

Others feel that it is a violation of 56 74 49 21 2.83 ME

teenagers' civil rights to impose a
curfew.

Curfew-raised kids may get culture 61 71 46 19 3.70 AE

shock and become less adaptable
when released from the curfew law.

Curfew is unconstitutional that it gives 56 75 53 16 2.90 ME

the government right to interfere with
the family’s privacy and chosen
methodologies for parenting.

Because of the curfew limitations, 74 70 46 17 3.00 ME

some teenagers can’t hold down
grave yard jobs.

Curfews have a negligible effect 57 74 51 18 2.90 ME

on crime in a community.

Teens become a scapegoat for 74 70 46 15 3.10 AE

43
everything wrong that happens
in a community.

It can create a false sense of security. 70 71 43 16 3.00 ME

Weighted Mean: 3.05 Descriptive Equivalence: Always Experienced

LEGEND: 3.01 – 4.00 Always Experienced (AE)

2.01 – 3.00 Moderately Experienced (ME)

1.01 – 2.00 Experienced (E)

0.01 – 1.00 Never Experienced (NE)

Table 9 show the Problems Encountered in Implementing Curfew hours

among Minors in Dagupan City. Based on the weighted mean score of 3.05

describe as Always Experienced. The first statement has mean score of 3.23

describe as strongly agree. The second statement where teenagers are afraid to

go outside has mean score 3.10 describe as Always Experienced. Third

statement has a mean score of 2. 77 describe as Moderately Experienced. In

fourth statement where others feel that it is a violation of teenagers' civil rights

to impose a curfew has a mean score of 2.83 described as Moderately

Experienced. Fifth statement has a mean score of 3.70 described as Always

Experienced. Followed by sixth statements that curfew is unconstitutional that

it gives the government right to interfere with the family’s privacy and chosen

methodologies for parenting has a mean score of 2.90 and describe as

Moderately Experienced. In the seventh statement where some teenagers can’t

hold down graveyard jobs because of the curfew limitations has mean score of

3.00 described as Moderately Experienced. In number eighth statements has

44
mean score of 2.90 described as Moderately Experienced. From ninth

statements where Teens become a scapegoat for everything wrong that happens

in a community has mean score of 3.10 described as Always Experienced.

Followed by tenth statements where Curfew can create false security has a

mean score of 3.00 described as Moderately Experience. From the said results

it implies that most of the encountered problems by law enforcers during the

implementation of curfew hours in Dagupan City like rushing in going home,

afraid to go outside and use their freedom. Results can be seen that the

respondents agreed that curfews can be easily abused bylaw enforcements and

negotiator, curfew as unconstitutional that it gives right to the government to

interfere and may culture shocked the minors and have negligible effect on

crime in a community. It implies too that curfew can create false sense of

security and invites the law enforcement to target the minors and use them as

a scapegoat.

45
 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusions and

recommendation of the study entitled “The Implementation of Curfew hours

among Minors in Dagupan City”. Its purpose is to know the success of the

Implementation of Curfew Hours among Minors.

The problems dealt on the following:

0. How are minors of Dagupan City characterized in terms of:

A. Sex

B. Age

C. Educational Attainment

D. Level of Residency

1. 2. What is the level of awareness of the curfew hours implemented in the

City of Dagupan among minors along the following factors:

A. Safety

B. Health

2. How does Curfew hours affect minors in terms of the following factors:

A. Safety

B. Health

46
3. What are the problems encountered by the minors on the curfew

implemented in Dagupan City?

4. What are proposed measures to reduce problems encountered by

minors in the implementation of Curfew hours in Dagupan City?

Summary of Findings

The researchers aimed to study how curfew hours was being

implemented in four barangays in Dagupan City. Further it is hoped to make a

significant contribution to the understanding of Curfew practices by identifying

what are being implemented and as well as look deeper what needs to be done

to ensure effective implementation of Curfew hours among minors. Moreover,

the study will show if in Dagupan City are ready to comply with the

implementation of Curfew hours in the case of Minors. The problems were

answered and were summarized narratively as follows:

1. Profile of the Respondents

A. Majority of one hundred fourteen or (57%) of the respondents were on

age 15 to 18 years old.

B. As of sex distribution, male responds one hundred eighteen or (59%)

while female have eighty two or (41%).

C. For the educational attainment of the respondents, the data revealed

that majority of one hundred thirty nine or (69.5%) of the

respondents are in High School Level.

47
 D. As of the Respondent’s Lengths of Residency, majority revealed that

those 16 years and above of residency in Dagupan City has one

hundred of frequency or (50%).

2. Awareness of the Respondents on the current Ordinance of Curfew in

Dagupan City as to Safety and Health

A. Based on the weighted mean score of 3.63 describe as Highly Aware,

it implies that respondents are highly aware in all given statements as

to safety for the awareness of the current ordinance of Curfew in

Dagupan City. It implies that the minors are aware that during curfew

hours, they are protected from illegal acts and influences of criminal

activities, that curfew should be followed and reasonable guidelines

that can leads to false security for the minors.

B. For the respondents perspectives while as to health, based on the

weighted mean score of 3.22 describe as Highly Aware. It implies that

the respondents are aware that as to health during curfew hours, it

could avoid the minors from drug and alcohol, having enough time to

sleep and studying, involving in health habits, can reduced the

number of juvenile traffic injuries and fatalities, the number of

pediatric transports, and the number of juvenile trauma cases

3. Effects of Curfew hours among minors of Dagupan City

A. Based on the weighted mean score of 3.47 and describe as Very

Effective, it implies that the implementation of curfew is very effective

based from the respondents as to safety for the effects of curfew hours

48
 among minors in in Dagupan City. It implies that the respondents

believed as to safety it is very effective in curfew hours, minors are

protected from illegal acts and avoid the influence of friends.

B. While as to health, based on the weighted mean score of 3.22 describe

as Very Effective. It implies that based from the respondents that all

in the statements about curfew hours is very effective in Health.

4. Problems Encountered in Implementing Curfew hours among Minors in

Dagupan City

Based on the weighted mean score of 3.05 describe as Strongly Agree.

From the said results it implies that most of the respondents encountered

problems during the implementation of curfew hours in Dagupan City like

rushing to go home, afraid to go outside and use their freedom. Results can be

seen that the respondents agreed that curfews can be easily abused bylaw that

the enforcements and negotiator that the curfew as unconstitutional that it

gives right to the government to interfere and may culture shocked the minors

and become less adaptable for the minors. By implementing curfew it can

create false sense of security and invites the law enforcement to target the

minors and use them as a scapegoat.

5. Proposed measures to reduce problems encountered by minors in the

implementation of Curfew hours in Dagupan City.

1. It would be better to remind minors 30 to 40 minutes before the exact

curfew time to avoid traveling in rush hour.

49
2. Teenagers should do the things or schedules they have to face in

daytime to avoid going at night but if needed, ask parents to

accompany you or a guardian.

3. Typically to avoid the abuse or any kind of abuse, teenagers or

minors would be better off at home doing schoolwork and

interacting with the rest of their families. If cannot avoid the

situation, always carry mobiles to contact their parents or

guardians first hand.

4. For some people or minors understanding it’s a violation, but there’s

a few evidence showing it. To ensure fair treatment, municipal

leaders have to work with their police department to develop

alternatives to arrest system for minors.

5. To avoid culture shocked and less adaptability before release, the

municipal leaders should provide a safe place for police to bring

minors picked up for curfew violations.

6. To hinder unconstitutional movements from the government, expect

not all minors are the same and families have to observe curfew.

Government officials should assist not interfere with the parent

methodologies.

7. For the minors to have opportunity to work and hold a job,

municipal leaders should expand the curfew hours for them And as

much as possible, parents or guardians should accompany the

minors in going home or fetched the minors from work.

50
 8. To hinder any negligible effect on crime in a community, parents and

law enforcers and the whole community should be prepared and

knowledgeable to any situation occur during curfew hours.

9. To avoid treating the minors as a scapegoat for any violations or wrong

doings in a community, local lawmakers have to ensure that the

ordinance does not inappropriately refer minors to the juvenile

justice system by developing or build exceptions or defenses into

the law. A proposal orientation for law enforcers in acknowledging

them what are the consequences when they treated the minors as

scapegoat.

10. Curfew is not a cure-all for the problems that are happening in a

community. To see things start to change, it is necessary to solve

the root cause of the behavior and look beyond the short term

decision to determine the effectively of the implementation.

Conclusions

In consideration of the significant findings of the study, the following

conclusions were drawn:

1. During the implementation of curfew, ages 15 to 18 years old and

mostly are males are interested in the implementation of curfew hours in

Dagupan City. The data revealed that majority of the respondents are in High

School Level and 16 years and above of residency.

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 2. It implies that the minors and respondents are aware that the

current Ordinance during curfew hours as to safety and in health.

3. It implies that respondents strongly agree and accept in all given

statements as to safety and health for the effects of curfew hours among

minors in in Dagupan City.

4. It implies that most of the problems are encountered by the law

enforcers during the implementation of curfew hours in Dagupan City.

5. By all means of serious unintended consequences present during

curfew laws, local decision makers should consider taking actions to ensure

that the curfews implemented should protect rather than harm young people

and minors in the city. As for parent, teenagers will always behave like

teenagers however they are not all the same so communication, flexibility and

unending support is necessary. Setting realistic expectations from both parties

can adhere for a more effective implementation of curfew hours in Dagupan

City. For imposing discipline and boundaries among minors, Curfew is a good

parenting tool but definitely the only tool.

Recommendations

Implementing Curfew has both benefits for minors and parents. The

effective implementation of Curfew hours can provide insights on how

government officials and policy makers might improve the policies for minors

and parents. Thus it serves an eye-opener for some families without enough

52
knowledge with Curfew. Implementing Curfew entails additional resources over

and above those provided to community.

The following are recommended in view of the findings and conclusions

derived from the study:

1. To strictly implement the curfew hours for minors, the Dagupan City

Police Office encouraged and urged other municipals and barangays

officials to address the continuing and growing problem of the city so as

to eliminate if not to minimize incidents which the victims are also the

minors.

2. The implementation of Curfew should also include the private or

business sector and Non-government Organization to know the

similarities and differences on how they effectively implement Curfew

policies.

3. Further studies should include the viewpoints of minors and their

parents who experienced the implementation of Curfew hours.

4. Increase public awareness and encourage better community attitudes

and behaviors towards litter.

5. Authorities should not have an attitude of “ningas cogon”.

53
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 Appendices

A. Letter of Request

______________, 2019

____________________________________
Barangay ___________, Dagupan City

Dear Madam/Sir:

Greetings!

We, the Bachelor of Science in Criminology from University of Luzon.who

are currently in the subject Criminological Research and Statistics (LEA20) . In
this regard, we would like to conduct a survey in relation to our current study
“Implementation of Curfew Hours for Minors in Dagupan City: An
Assesssment.”

Rest assured that all the data that will impart to us will be kept
confidential and will be utilized for research purposes only. Thank you very
much.

Very truly yours,

Bautista, Clarissa Mae D.
Balanza, Kenneth
Bigay, Jann Gaile
Calzo, Eljim
Layno, Ginalyn
Juguilon, John
Lopez, R-jay
Teneros, Josephine
Domondon, Aldrin
Aurora, Jordan
(Researchers)

Noted by:

Salvador G. Samson
Adviser
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59