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LOOPS

REPETITION OR LOOP CONTROL INSTRUCTION

Introduction
If you have to perform an action over and over, often

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with variations in the details each time, the

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mechanism which meets this need is the ‘loop’.
The versatility of the computer lies in its ability to

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perform a set of instructions repeatedly. This

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involves repeating some portion of the program
either specified number of times or until a particular condition is being

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satisfied. This repetitive operation is done through a loop control
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instruction.
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To repeat a part of program there are three methods,

a. Using WHILE loop.
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b. Using FOR loop.

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c. Using DO-WHILE loop.

While Loop
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The while loop can be used if you don’t know how many times a loop must
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run. Here is an example:

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#include <stdio.h>
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int main()
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{
int counter, howmuch;
scanf (“%d”,&howmuch);
counter = 0;
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while(counter<howmuch)
{
counter++;
printf(“%d\n”,counter);
}
return 0 ;

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}

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Let’s take a look at the example: First you must always initialize the

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counter before the while loop starts (counter = 1). Then the while loop
will run if the variable counter is smaller then the variable “howmuch”.

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If the input is ten, then 1 through 10 will be printed on the screen. A last
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thing you have to remember is to increment the counter inside the loop
(counter++). If you forget this the loop becomes infinitive.
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As said before (after the for loop example) it makes a difference if prefix
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incrementing (++i) or postfix incrementing (i++) is used with while

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loop. Take a look at the following postfix and prefix increment while loop
example:
a
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int main()
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{
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Int I;
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I = 0;
while(i++<5)
{

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printf(“%d\n”,i);
}
printf(“\n”);
I = 0;
while(++i<5)
{

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printf(“%d\n”,i);

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}

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return 0;

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}
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Output :-
1
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2
3
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4
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5
a

1
.s

2
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3
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4
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• i++ will increment the value of i, but is using the pre-incremented

value to test against < 5. That’s why we get 5 numbers.

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++i will increment the value of i, but is using the incremented value
to test against < 5. That’s why we get 4 numbers.

Example 2
Calculation of simple interest:-

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main ()

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{

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int p,n,count;
float r,si;

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count = 1;

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while (count <=3)
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{
printf (“\n enter values of p,n,r”);
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scanf(“%d%d%f”,&p,&n,&r);
si = p*n*r;
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prinf (“simple interest is =%f”,si);

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count = count+1;
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}
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}
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Output:-
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Enter values of p,n,r 1000,5,13.5

Simple interest is = 675.000000.
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Flow chart

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at
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ed
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Figure 4.4.2:-Flow chart for the Example 2

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Do –While
The “do while loop” is almost the same as the while loop. The “do while
loop” has the following form:
Syntax:-
do

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{
Do something;

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}

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while (expression);
Do something first and then test if we have to continue. The result is that

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the loop always runs once.

Example:-
at
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main()
{
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int counter, howmuch;

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scanf (“%d”,&howmuch);
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counter = 0;
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do
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{
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counter++;
printf(“%d\n”,counter);
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}
while(counter<howmuch);

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return 0 ;
}

“for” Loop

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The “for loop” loops from one number to another number and increases

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by a specified value each time. The “for loop” uses the following
structure:

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Syntax:-

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for(initialize counter ; test counter ; increment counter)
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{
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Do this;

Do this;
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Do this;
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}
a
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Example:-
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The program for calculating simple interest,

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main ( )
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{
int p, n, count ;
float r, si ;

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for ( count = 1 ; count <= 3 ; count = count + 1 )

{
printf ( "Enter values of p, n, and r " ) ;
scanf ( "%d %d %f", &p, &n, &r ) ;
si = p * n * r / 100 ;
printf ( "Simple Interest = Rs.%f\n", si ) ;

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}

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}

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Flow chart:-

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at
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ed
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a ks
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Figure 4.4.4:- Flow chart for the above example

If this program is compared with the one written using while, it can be
seen that the three steps—initialization, testing and incrementation
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required for the loop construct have now been incorporated in the for
statement.

Let us now examine how the for statement gets executed:

• When for statement is executed for the first time, the value of count
is set to an initial value 1.

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• Now the condition count <= 3 is tested. Since count is 1 the
condition is satisfied and the body of the loop is executed for the first

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time.

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• Upon reaching the closing brace of for, control is sent back to the for

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statement, where the value of count gets incremented by 1.
• Again the test is performed to check whether the new value of count
exceeds 3.
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• If the value of count is still within the range 1 to 3, the statements
within the braces of for are executed again.
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• The body of the for loop continues to get executed till count doesn’t
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exceed the final value 3.

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• When count reaches the value 4 the control exits from the loop and
is transferred to the statement (if any) immediately after the body of
a

for.
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Note
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Difference between for loop and while loop

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While loop
Used for looping until a condition is satisfied and when it is unsure how
many times the code should be in loop.

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For loop
Used for looping until a condition is satisfied but it is used when you
know how many times the code needs to be in loop.

TEST

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1. What will be output when you will execute following c code?

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#define PRINT printf("Siddhartha");printf(" Singh");

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#include<stdio.h>

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void main(){

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int x=1;
if(x--)
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PRINT
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else
printf("welcome");
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}
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a. siddhartha Singh
b. siddhartha
a

c. welcome
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d. compilation error.
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2. What will be output when you will execute following c code?

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#define True 5==5

#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
if(.001-0.1f)
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printf("Hello");
else if(True)
printf("IIIT");
else
printf("HYDERABAD");
}

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OPTIONS

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A. Hello
B. IIIT

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C. Hyderabad

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D. warning: condition is always true

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E. warning :unreachable code
3. What is the output of the following code?
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#include<stdio.h>
void main()
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{
if(sizeof(void))
printf ("Hello");
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else
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printf("IIIT");
}
OPTIONS:-
a
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a) Hello
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b) IIIT
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c) Warning, condition is always false.

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d) Compilation error

3. Find the output of the given program below ?

#include <stdio.h>
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void main()
{
int ch;
printf("enter a value btw 1 to 2:");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch (ch, ch + 1,ch+3,ch+5)
{
case 1:

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printf("1\n");
break;

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case 2:
printf("2");

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break;
case 6:

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printf("6");
break;

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default:
printf("choice not valid");
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}
}
Options :-
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(a) 1
(b) 2
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(c) 1 2
(d) 6
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(e) Compilation error

a

4.
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4 What will be output when you will execute following c code?

#include<stdio.h>
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void main(){
int check=2;
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switch(check){
case 1: printf("A");
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case 2: printf(" B");

case 3: printf(" C");
default: printf(" c");
}
}
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Options:
a. A
b. B
c. ABC
d. none of these
5. What will be output when you will execute following c code?

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#include<stdio.h>
void main(){

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int const X=0;
switch(5/4/3){

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case X: printf("Clinton");
break;

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case X+1:printf("Gandhi");
break;

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case X+2:printf("Gates");
break;
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default: printf("Brown");
}
}
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a. Clinton
b. Gandhi
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c. Gates
d. compilation error
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6 What will be output of following c code?

a
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#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
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int x=011,i;
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for(i=0;i<x;i+=3){
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printf("Start ");
continue;
printf("End");

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}
return 0;
}

OPTIONS:-

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a. start

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b. start end
c. startstartend

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d. startstartstart

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7. What will be output of following c code?

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#include<stdio.h>
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int i=40;
extern int i;
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int main(){
do{
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printf("%d",i++);
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}
a

while(5,4,3,2,1,0);
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return 0;
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}
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Answer ?
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8.Write a program to print the following below pattern

1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
9. Write a program to find whether the given number is
Armstrong or not?

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10. Write a program to find whether a given number is

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palindrome or not.?

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at
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ed
hi
a ks
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w
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