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Chapter 5 Network Fundamentals

The document discusses the fundamentals of network diagrams used in PERT and CPM analysis. It describes the key elements of a network including activities, events, dummies, durations and paths. It provides examples to illustrate dependency relationships and discusses conventions for numbering events and arrows. Rules are outlined for drawing clear network diagrams to represent project schedules and determine the critical path and expected duration.

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277 views

Chapter 5 Network Fundamentals

The document discusses the fundamentals of network diagrams used in PERT and CPM analysis. It describes the key elements of a network including activities, events, dummies, durations and paths. It provides examples to illustrate dependency relationships and discusses conventions for numbering events and arrows. Rules are outlined for drawing clear network diagrams to represent project schedules and determine the critical path and expected duration.

Uploaded by

AD Starlight
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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13/11/2019

Chapter 5
THE NETWORK
FUNDAMENTALS

Network Conventions
The making and reading of a network requires some familiarity of
the network conventions. One of the main features of PERT and
CPM is their use of a network or precedence diagram which is the
key in solving typical problems. The precedence diagram, clearly
indicate which of the activities must be performed in the
sequence and which can be performed independently with each
number.

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Network Conventions
Two conventions for making network diagram:
1. Activity on Arrow (AOA) – that is using arrows to
designate activities.
2. Activity on Node (AON) – using nodes to designate
activities

The Elements of Network Diagramming


Work B cannot start until after work A is
completed
C cannot start until both A and B are
completed
A must be completed before either B or C
can start
Both A and C must be completed before
either B or D can start
Both A and B must be completed before C can start. D
depends only on B and A, X is called dummy

D depends on B and A, C depends on A only, Y is a dummy

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Principles in Networking or Arrow Diagram


Principle no. 1
That everything in the network or arrow diagram must have a meaning

a. Every arrow represents an item of work


and is called ACTIVITY
b. An EVENT is the starting point of an
activity represented by a circle, square or
any geometrical form
b. An activity is dependent upon and cannot
begin until after the completion of all
preceding Activities
b. All activities that start with the same event
cannot begin until after the completion of all
activities that enters the event.

Principles in Networking or Arrow Diagram (cont’d)


Principle no. 2
That an activity has a single definite starting point and single definite ending point.

Principle no. 3
The network (arrow diagram) does not describe time relationships but rather
dependency relationships.

Principle no. 4
That the network (arrow diagram) is hardly ever done by a single person.

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Fundamental Elements of PERT/CPM Networking

Activity – is the work operations required to complete a task or in some


cases, a segment of that task. In short, it is the actual work between
events.
Events – is a point in time signifying the beginning or end of one or more
activities. It denotes the completion of all preceding or predecessor
activities and the beginning of one or more succeeding activities.
Activities can either be:
 by their end points such as 1-2; 2-4 etc.
 by letter assigned to an arrow such as; a,b,c, etc.

Fundamental Elements of PERT/CPM Networking

Dummy activity - is an arrow on a network showing the dependent


relationship between two activities. Dummy activity does not represent
actual work efforts, and do not consume time. Dummy activity may be
used in the network to distinguish between two or more parallel
activities.
Duration of an Activity – is the time it takes an activity to be finished
this the normal time duration of a task

Path – a path is a sequence of activities that leads from the starting node
to the finishing node

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Fundamental Elements of PERT/CPM Networking

Illustration 5-1
Activity A must be completed first before activity
B can be started. Likewise, activity B must be
completed first before starting activity C.
Illustration 5-2
Both activity a and b has to be completed first
before activity c can begin
Illustration 5-3
If activity must precede b and c, the network will
be as follows
Illustration 5-4
Activity a and b must be finished first before
either activity c or activity d can start.

Fundamental Elements of PERT/CPM Networking (cont’d)


Illustration 5-5
When two activities have the same start and
ending nodes, a dummy node and activity is used
to preserve the different identity of each activity
Illustration 5-6
The primary function of dummy is to clarify relationships.
A dummy activity has an activity time equals to zero
Illustration 5-7
Activities a and b both precede activity c, but d’s
start is dependent only on completion of activity
b, and not on activity a.
Illustration 5-8
Starting and ending arrows are sometimes used during
development of a network diagram for more clarity.

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Rules for Numbering Events in a Network Diagram

1. All events should be numbered starting from left


to right
2. No event number should be lower than the
number of event preceding it (left to right
direction)
3. Event number shall increase from left to right
4. Events should be numbered from top to bottom.
Similarly, increasing should be consistent from
top to bottom or from bottom to top.

Illustration 5-9
1. Draw precedence diagram
2. Find the critical path
3. Determine the expected duration
of the project

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Illustration 5-10
1. Construct a Network Diagram from
the following information
2. Find the critical path
3. Determine the expected duration
of the project

THANK YOU!

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