6.1. Define a wave.

If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is

reproduced at other places at later times, the time delay being
proportional to the space separation from the first location, then the
group of phenomena constitutes a wave.

6.2. Mention the properties of uniform plane wave. '

The properties of uniform plano wave are as follows

1. At every point in field E and Magnetic fietd H

space, the electric
are perpendicular to each other and to the direction ofthe travel.

2. The fields vary harmonically with time and at the szune frequency,
everywhere in space.

3. Each field has the same directioq magnitude and phase at wery
point in any plane perpendiculai to the direction ofuave travel.

6.3. Write down the wave equations for E and H in a non-dissipative

(free space) medium.
f,2Er
V2E- poeo ii:0
dtL
l2H
V2H-prro
ffi:0
6.4. Write down the wave equations for E and H in a conducting
medium.
. )2E "- :0 aE
' a-" -Uo
V2E-pe
dt2 Et

VzH-pt
)2H
v rr "-- :o
AH
' dt2-uo dt
6.5. Define intrinsic impedance or characteristic impedance.
It is the ratio of electric field to magnetic field. or It is the ratio of
square root of permeability to permittivity of the medium.
 E
1l=
.'H --:

6.6. Calculate the ciiai.actiristic iiripeOante i,f fn:le space.

E ltL
n:7= J ",
4fi':i< l0-7
I = l20rc = 377ohnis.

36" -10,
.t ,--

6.7. De{ine propagation constant. :;

The propagation constant (y) is a complexnumber,anditis given.by

.::.

'. ]j
,T,=a+1p '; i.:1 ' :

S&erecr is attemratior conitant

B is phase constant

y=Jjary@+jm)
6.8. Define skin depth or depth of pene{ration;"
, ,: : ,. : , i
Skin depth or depth ofpenetration (5) is defrned as that oidepth in
which the waye has been attenuded'to,l/e or appruiimately:liyo of
its original vahre; : , l :'
':
6- I
fl - v.l(q
l-+= for eood conductor.

6.9. Define polarization.

Polarization of a unifonn plane wave refers to the time varying nature

of the electric field vector at sorrtqfxed,p6frrt in space.
6. 1 0. Define linear polariz.ation.

Ifx andy component ofelectric field E, and E, are present and are in
' E*
phase, the resultant electric field has a direction at an angle of tan-l --l-
EI
and if this angle is constant with time, the wave is said to be linearly
polarized.

Ev
tanO = :L
ET

Er

6. I 1.' Defirre circular pdlarization

Ifx andy componenl of electric field E, and E, have equal amplitude

and 90o phase difference, the locus of the resultant electric field E is a
circle and the wave is said to be circularly polarized.

6.12. Define Elliptical polariation.

Ifx andy component of electric field E, and E, have different amplitude

and 90o phase differencq,the.[ogus of,the rc$ultant elbctric fieli* E is a
elliple and the wave is said to be elhptically polarizqd
. . :

6.13, Find the velocity of a ,plane wave, ia ailos#s ,urdium having a

relatiye permittivity of 5 and relative permeabilityef unitp
ll
,-- --
t/ Pe y'FoFrege,

I
,/wo ,/w,
-1# =t'34x 108 m./sec.
6.1.4; Fin-d. the skin *pth
o = 38.2M,9/BSd,ttr,
o = 38.2 x 105 Vm

trr= I
at:2nf=2nx2x
For good conductor,

= 5.75g x lS-5 6 :- :

6.15. At wt*t fiequt*cies.may eirth be considered a perfect, if

o= 6 x 10-3s/m, F1 =I and G. = 10,
, .,t:..,:.
o :r
AEI

This is the boundary line between dielectric andeoiiductor + CIE

<I

o _ 6, l0-3 _ 6 x 36n x [iD.x [0-3_= lOE x 105

(te Znf :, 'f
36n x 109

q 108 x 106
..i..,:"i: ,i
6:r, f ={: !

If frequency is greater than 108 MHz, it ag[1 p,$!9!e9$c, , .: i

:
,
;,, ::..
6. l6.A'an-iform:plane:wave
-\*uJt
JaalA\
in free'.spaee is dxcribed
by :100e a* Determine the frequency and wdvElength.

E = looe *73) ax

p=
l"=6m
+:+
- .n8
^ e 3xlrv
f:+--r =50MHz
L6

6"17. The velocity of uniform plane wave in a loss-less dielectric is

I x 10E m/sec. Find the dielectric coil3totrt. : i l

1fit" ,t+t"r.

- - i'"t los::3 x 1o$:

J",
,[er: 3

er: 9
t:
6.I8. Write Helmholtz's equafion.
vzp,-fr,: o
where y : ,/ jql (a + jcr-)
-.rr- j / :,:r:r '. :
6.19. Define Poynting vector.

The Poynting vector is defured as rate offlow ofenergy ofa wave as

it propagates. Itis the vector product of elecffic field and magnetic field.

P=P><ft
6.20. Write down the expression for instantaneons power flow in
electromagnetic field and instantaneous poynting vector.

Instantaneous power

1r: I V | | I I cos (ol+ ev) cos (alt+ ei)

Instantaneous Poynting vector

P:E x H.

6.21. Write down the expressions for ,average power flow in

Average power :

tv ltI
Way: ---l-i
I

coSg
n

Average Poynting vector

P*: %Realpartof IE xH*]

6.22.What is complex Poynting vector?
l

The complex Poyntingvector is

P:Y2ExH*
Where, H* complex conjucate
6.23. Write down the complex Poynting vector in rectangular co-
ordinates.

P*:%IE,jJi.:r* - EZHII
6.24. State Slepian vector.
:''l -

Slepian vector is a vector which defined at every point such that its
:
flux coming out of any volume is zero. (V.S 0). Slepian vector is given
oy
g:Ix(V}I)
Where, V is electric potential

H is magnetic field intensity.

6.25. State Poynting theorem.
The vector product of electric field intensity and magnetic field
intensity at any polnt is a measure of the rate of enerry flow per unit area
at that point.
P=E x H.
6.26. State Snell's law.
When a wave is travellingfrom one medium to another medium, the
angle of incidence is related to angle of reflection as follows.

where, 0i is angle of incidence

01 is angle of refraction
q is dielectric constant of mec-,'.m 2

e, is dielectric constant of medium 1

6.27. Whatis Brewster angle?

Brenrter angle is an incident angle at which there is no reflected

g:r^-, [ 2 -
Ver
where,
e, is dielectric constant of medium I
q is dielectri".onrt"rlt of medium 2.

6.28. Define surface impedance.

Surface impedance is defined as the ratio of tangential component of
electric fietd at the surface of a conductor to the linear current density

ry- %" Y

"ra:o
where, 1 is propagation constant
o is conductivity medium.
'- 6-29. lYrite the exprgssign fo1 phqq sectrpmagnqtig vsvgq pr.opqgating
in a dielectric media in a direction x with respeetiqogigi.4i(0r,0,0).

The equation for plane electromagnetic wat e$,BrgpAgatisg in a

dielechic medium is given by
&Er_t&Ey :.

aP pe axz
or
_ t *H,
&m,
aP pr a*
6.30. Define skin depth and its significance at low frequency and
at very high frequency applications to conductors.
I

Skin depth is defined as that depth in which the wave has been
attenuated to l/" or approximately 37%of its original value.
,

For good conductor l

t
c _ _fr ,)
" - .' -/otlo
-- l"fto
/--T--

Oc, -.!_
.tr
For low frequency, the skin depth 6 is larye.
For very high frequency, the skin depth 6 is very small.

6.31. Can a magnetic field exist in a good conductor if it is static or

time varying? Explain.
Yes, magnetic field exist in a good conductor if the field is static or
time varying.
For good conductor, conductivity o is high and current exists.
ButV x H =J (FrolnAmperes law)
Static magnetic field and time varying magnetic field are exist.
6slsffi ,{rytrf snmmpwm*a*m
1ir'- ' r::
w*mmnryffiffi
";:1ito
ffi
"odtotisfhft]8tffi6|:*En''-r
r, l,,MiBqil* g*t *-Yant:u::i?i:i ::!{i's}r'':: :*i ::*i:*1,:ps **F
(08
'l.:j rj'-' 'rr.. j: lAif,'tE':.ili:Slliii
c-p=f *::i i ., -.t,=
::alr rii.
i----=- "'.:i
='l7r'ilL6 ?,*
c and p arr large i.e. ths laave is attermsd greatly as it progresses
through the conductor. 1,,..,- ,,,;
--:-;.. "

:r:i ij :::.;: -1il::,.rt

il'j'''i ::i,.ar :'rY::

r, ';;*'1: :,.;I:f*+$:: 1.,,,:i.,:; i:

1.?i,1i.:.s; r;;1':-';1r1: i,;.S d$id t.i * 1:iVi;-:::

I *.u*i :+;*q:lis: r:,.,t:i;