Research Las 1

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: ______________________________ Section: Score: ________________

Subject: English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher: Ms. Lore
Activity Title
Nature of inquiry and Research
Learning Targets
 Share research experiences and knowledge;

 Explain the importance of research in daily life;
 Describes characteristics, process, and ethics of research;
 Differentiates quantitative from qualitative research;
 Provide examples of the types of research and areas of interest.
Learning
Concepts
INQUIRY a seeking for truth, information or knowledge. The information is sought through
questioning. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
The role of Research
1. It is inquiry process.
2. It is formal process of problem solving.
3. It is a set of procedures and stages.
4. It originates with a question or problem.
5. Often it is an iterative process.
Lastly, research is important in providing a solid foundation for the
 Discovery and creation of knowledge, theory-building.

 Testing, confirmation, revision, and refutation of knowledge as theory.
 Advancements and improvements in various aspects of life.
 Promotion and tenure of individuals.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
1. To gather necessary information
2. To improve standard of living
3. To have a safer life
4. To know the truth
5. To explore our history
6. To understand arts
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical- research is based on observations and experimentation of theories. Most
researches are based on real-life situations.
2. Systematic- research follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid
procedures and principles.
3. Controlled- in research, all variables, except those that are tested/ experimented on,
are kept constant.
4. Employs hypothesis- guides the investigation process.
5. 5. Analytical- there is a critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in the
researcher’s interpretation.
6. 6. Objective- the term also refers to the research as unbiased and logical.
7. 7. Original work- requires effort to get at the researcher’s own investigation and
produce the data needed to complete the study.
ETHICS AND RESEARCH

ETHICS- To refer to it as norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior. These are the direct networks among people because they
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recognize some common ethical norms but interpret, apply and balance them in
different ways in the light of their own values and experiences (Resmik,2015)
To consider it as a method, procedure or perspective for deciding how to act

and for analyzing complex problems and issues.
To be ethical, a research project needs to be designed to create valid
outcomes if it is believed to be pursuing the truth.
Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do not deliberately mislead
participants as to the nature of research.
Researchers’ ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles
to a variety of topics involving research.
FUNCTIONS OF ETHICS
1. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and evidence of error.
2. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect and fairness.
Ethical Principles
Honesty confidentiality openness
Respect for Intellectual Property Respect for colleagues Legality
Responsible PublicationIntegrity objectivity
Social responsibility Non – discrimination Competence
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. Concern for context and meaning 1. Library Research
2. Naturally occurring settings 2. Field Research
3. Humans as Instruments 3. Laboratory Research
4. Descriptive Data
5. Emergent Design
The human element of qualitative inquiry is both strength and weakness- its strength is fully using
human insight and experience; its weakness is being so heavily on the dependent on the researcher’s
skill, training, intellect, discipline and creativity.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
DEFINE RESEARCH PR
DEFINE
RESEARCH
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

BROAD CATEGORIES OF RESEARCH
Research can be divided into broad categories of qualitative and quantitative research and a
number of approaches can be identified, some of which are action, ethnographic study, case study,
experimental research and participatory research.
Qualitative research is based on an approach which sees the individual and the world around
him/her as interconnected.
In addition, quantitative research has its roots in positivism (Walker,2010), a philosophic view
formulated in Europe in the 19th century.
 Two beliefs held by positivism are:
1. General principles or laws govern the social world and
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2. Observation is the primary source of dependent knowledge.
As used in research, positivism is considered as a traditional scientific method which involves

hypothesis testing and objective data gathering. Findings are open to replication by other
researchers. Quantitative research is generally associated with research in the natural science.
(Walker,2010)
SIMILARITIES OF QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Bachman (2009) identifies the ff. commonalities:
1. Empirical research is aimed at creating new knowledge.
2. Research creates knowledge by observing phenomena
3. All the entities of interest like attitudes, motives and learning can be inferred from observing
what people do or say in a given setting.
4. All researchers are concerned about the universality of ideas or expressing an idea in a
general statement; that is, they desire to fine meaning for the research results beyond a
particular study.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
-Primarily an exploratory research. It is used to give an understanding of underlying
reasons opinions and motivations. The investigation provides insights, into the problem or helps to
develop ideas or hypothesis for potential qualitative research.
In the 2000’s also has been characterized by concern with everyday categorization
and ordinary storytelling. The “narrative term” is producing an enormous literature as researchers
present sensitivity concepts and perspectives that have been focused on opinions and motivations.
The aims vary the disciplinary background such as psychologist seeking to gather the reasons
that govern a particular behavior. It examines the why,where,when or who of a given study.
Qualitative research has a strong basis in the fields of sociology, political science, social work and
special education. A particular method utilized in this kind of research is the case study. (Gubrium, J.F.
and Holstein, J. A., 2009)
Qualitative research deals with designs, techniques, and measures that do not
produced discrete numerical data. It involves extensive narrative data in order to gain insights into
phenomena. On the other hand, quantitative research includes designs, techniques and measures
that produce numerical or quantitative data the analysis of which, is mainly statistical.
Instead of giving a singular definition of qualitative research, you might consider five features
according to (Yin, 2011), namely:
1. Studying the meaning of people’s lives, under real world conditions; people will not
limited by the confines of a laboratory.
2. Representing the views and perspective of the people or participants of the study in
the results of the research mirror the values and meanings of the people who live
them, not by the researcher.
3. Covering the contextual condition within which people live the social institutions and
environmental conditions within which live. They may influence all human events.
4. Contributing insights into existing or emerging concepts may help or explain human
social behavior. Research can be instances for developing new concepts.
5. Striving to use multiple sources or evidence is better than relying on a single source
alone.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
-is more often associated with hard data. This research is used to quantify- that is to put
numerical equivalents to findings. This type of research is not limited to mathematics. Although math
and statistics are just the means used, attitudes, opinions and behaviors, even when they are
subjective in nature, can be compared quantitatively in order to produce results.
-is used to quantify the problem by way of generating mathematical data that can be
transformed into usable statistics. It quantifies altitudes, opinions, behaviors and other defined
variables and generalize results from a large sample of populations. It discusses the quantitative
relation between the participant/s and the researcher.
TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH IN DIFFERENT AREAS/FIELDS

1. Applied Research designed to solve the practical problems of the modern world, rather than
to acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake; its goal is to improve human condition. It is used
to find solutions to everyday problems, current illness and develop technologies. Some aims
of this research are to improve agricultural crop production, treat or cure a specific disease
and to improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation.
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2. Basic Research also referred to as fundamental or pure research, is driven by a scientist’s

curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to extend man’s
knowledge, not to create or invent things.
For example, basic science investigation probes for answers to questions, like the following:
• What is the possible cure for HIV?
• What is the genetic code of the fruit fly?
• How do mushrooms reproduce?
3. Correlational Research refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study of relationships
among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect.
4. Descriptive Research refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of a class or a
particular individual situation or group.
5. Ethnographic Research refers to the investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the
members of the culture; it involves the systematic collection, description , and analysis of data for
development of theories of cultural behavior
6. Experimental Research an objective, systematic, controlled investigation, for the purpose of
predicting and controlling phenomena and examining probability and causality among selected
variables. It best establishes cause and effect relationship. This type of research studies the effects of
the variables on each other.
7. Exploratory Research a type conducted for a problem that has been clearly defined. It helps
determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
8. Historical Research is one involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent
past.
9. Phenomenological Research is an inductive descriptive research developed from
phenomenological philosophy. Its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person.
It is concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the individual.
10. Action Research involves the application of the steps of the scientific method in the classroom
problems. This type of research is done on a very limited scope. The population to be studied is not so
big. This type of research is helpful to beginning researchers.
Two approaches of ethnography

1. Realist – researcher provides an objective account of the situation.
2. Critical – researcher shows his advocacy for a marginalized group or attempts to empower
the group by giving it voice.
Ethnographic research has for its advantage the observation of behavior in real-life setting while its
limitation is that the findings depend mainly on the researcher’s observations and interpretation of
the data.
Types of Case Studies
1. Intrinsic case study is conducted to understand a particular case that may be unusual or
unique.
2. Instrumental case study represents some other issues under study and the researcher
believes that this particular case can provide additional insights into that issue.
3. Multiple or collective case study uses several cases selected to further understand and
investigate a phenomenon, population or general condition.
Exercises: Answer the following: 5 points each
1. Is the observance of ethics important in research?

2. Based on your own field of study, which type of research is most appropriate?
3. Explain the differences between qualitative and quantitative researches.

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Computer College

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ______________________________ Section: Score: ________________

Nature of inquiry and Research

 Share research experiences and knowledge;

Lastly, research is important in providing a solid foundation for the

 Discovery and creation of knowledge, theory-building.

ETHICS AND RESEARCH

To consider it as a method, procedure or perspective for deciding how to act

OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

2. Observation is the primary source of dependent knowledge.

As used in research, positivism is considered as a traditional scientific method which involves

TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH IN DIFFERENT AREAS/FIELDS

2. Basic Research also referred to as fundamental or pure research, is driven by a scientist’s

Two approaches of ethnography

Exercises: Answer the following: 5 points each

1. Is the observance of ethics important in research?

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