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On Turnouts in Railway Engineering

Points and crossings provide flexibility of movement by connecting parallel or diverging railway tracks. They consist of turnouts, switches, stock rails, crossings, and other parts. Turnouts contain a pair of switches that connect one track to another and enable trains to move in either direction. Switches are made up of a tongue rail and stock rail, with the tongue rail able to move to divert trains left or right. Crossings allow two rails to cross over each other safely. Points and crossings are crucial but susceptible components that require precise engineering to ensure safe train operations.

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monika chauhan
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693 views

On Turnouts in Railway Engineering

Points and crossings provide flexibility of movement by connecting parallel or diverging railway tracks. They consist of turnouts, switches, stock rails, crossings, and other parts. Turnouts contain a pair of switches that connect one track to another and enable trains to move in either direction. Switches are made up of a tongue rail and stock rail, with the tongue rail able to move to divert trains left or right. Crossings allow two rails to cross over each other safely. Points and crossings are crucial but susceptible components that require precise engineering to ensure safe train operations.

Uploaded by

monika chauhan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 POINTS & CROSSINGS

 An arrangement to connect parallel or diverging routes


 NECESSITY OF POINTS & CROSSINGS
• Diversion of train from one track to another is controlled automatically by
wheel flanges, unlike steering the wheels of roadway vehicles.
• Points and crossings are special arrangement for this diversion
• Provide flexibility of movement by connecting one line to another
• Helps to impose restrictions over turnouts to retard movement
• Weak kinks or points in the track and are susceptible to derailment
 TURNOUTS
• Simplest combination of points and crossings.
• Enable one track either a branch line or a sliding, to take off from
another track.
 Objective;
• To provide facility for safe movement of trains in either direction on
both tracks.
 PARTS OF A TURNOUT

 A pair of points or switches (ABCD  Switch tie-plate/Gauge tie-


& EFPQ) chair/crossing tie-plate
 A pair of stock rails  Bearing plates, slide chairs,
stretcher bars
 A Vee crossing (GHIJ)
 Rods, cranks, levers etc.(for
 Two check rails
operating the points)
 Four lead rails
 Locking box, lock bar, plunger bar
 Two wing rails (locking system)
 Studs or stops
 Facing direction
• One standing at the toe of switch and looks towards the crossing

 Trailing Direction
• One standing at crossing and looks towards the switches

 Facing point of turnouts


• Train passes over switch first & then over the switch
• Point may be ‘facing’ or ‘trailing’ depending on direction of
movement of train
 RIGHT HAND & LEFT HAND TURNOUT

• RIGHT HAND TURNOUT


 Train from main track is diverted to the right of the main route in the
facing direction
 LEFT HAND TURNOUT
• Train from main track is diverted to the left of the main route in the
facing direction
 STRECHER BAR

• used to connect the toe of the tongue rails so that both the tongues
moves through the same distance or gap
• Generally 2 or 3 bars are used near and behind the toe
 A PAIR OF SWITCHES

 Consists of a tongue rail & stock rail

 Tongue rail
• Tapered with toe at one end & heel at other end
• Fixed at heel & move about this point
• In one position (F), it leaves a gap with alignment & in other position(L) toe fits
closely against alignment

 Stock rail
• Position of straight alignment against which the tongue rail fits
 A CROSSING

 Connected with ordinary rails to permit the two rails to cross each other
 Check rails
• Provided on opposite side of crossing
• To guide the wheel & to check the tendency of other wheel to climb over the
crossing
 Wing rails
• Help in channelizing the wheels in proper routes
 Point Rail – GO, Splice Rail-IO
 Nose of crossing
• Point where the splice and point rails meet
 POINTS OR SWITCHES
• Switch consists of a stock rail & a tongue rail
• Set of switches or points consists of a left hand switch & a right hand
switch
• Heel – thicker end of tapered rail fixed to main track
• Toe – thinner end which is movable, to divert train from one route to
another .
 HEEL CLEARANCE OR HEEL DIVERGENCE
• Distance between running faces of stock rail & gauge face of
tongue rail, measured at the heel of the switch.

Heel Clearance = Flange way clearance + tolerance for wear +


width of head of rail
 FLANGEWAY CLEARANCE

• Distance between adjacent faces of stock rail (running rail) &


check rail (guard rail)
• Provided as a clearance for free movement of wheel flanges

CROSSING FLANGEWAY CLEARANCE

1 in 12 crossing 6.3cm

1 in 8.5 crossing 6.6cm


 FLANGEWAY DEPTH
• Vertical distance between the top surface of running rail to that of
heel-block used between stock rail & check rail
 SWITCH ANGLE

• Also known as Angle of Switch Divergence


• Angle between running faces of stock rail & tongue rail
• For fast moving train, small switch angle is desirable
• Depend on
a. Heel Divergence
b. Length of tongue rail
 THROW OF SWITCH

• Distance through which toe of tongue rail moves sideways


• In India, generally 11.4cm is provided.

Type of Track Throw of Switch

B.G 9.5cm

M.G & N.G 8.9cm


 TYPES OF SWITCHES

Switches

Stub Split
Switches Switches

 No separate tongue rail  Tongue rail is combined with the


 Some portion of track is moved from stock rail
side to side
 Not used
STUB SWITCH

SPLIT SWITCH
 CLASSIFICATION OF SPLIT SWITCH

1. Based on fixation at heel


• Loose heel type or articulated type
• Fixed heel type or spring type or flexible type

2. Based on cut provided


• Under cut switches
• Over riding switches
• Straight cut switches
 Loose Heel Type
• Tongue rails are jointed to lead rails by fish plates
• 2 front bolts are kept loose to allow throw of switch
• Bolts are kept tight when the tongue is open
• Suitable for short length switch

 Fixed Heel Type


• Improvement of loose heel type
• All 4 bolts are tight when the tongue is closed
• Suitable for long tongue rails
 Under Cut Switches
• Portion of flange at the foot of stock rail is cut out, so that toe of
the tongue rail is housed under the head of stock rail
• Used on narrow gauge lines
• Disadvantage :- become weak due to cutting of flange portion

 Straight Cut Switches


• Tongue rail is cut straight in line with stock rail
• Increases thickness of toe of tongue rail – increases strength
• Suitable for BH rails
 Over riding switches

 Separate rail sections for stock rails & tongue rails


Stock Rail – Heavy section
Tongue Rail –Light section
 Tongue rail rides over the flange of stock rail
 Compound fish plate at heel is required to connect it to lead rail
 Used for BG & MG tracks
Undercut
switch
SUBMITTED BY –

RENU RAWAT
RADHIKA MAHAR
ARJU RAWAT
SUSHMITA UNIYAL

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