MATHEMATICS

Part -
STANDARD X
 1 Similarity

Let’s study.

• Ratio of areas of two triangles • Basic proportionality theorem

• Converse of basic proportionality theorem • Tests of similarity of triangles
• Property of an angle bisector of a triangle • Property of areas of similar triangles
• The ratio of the intercepts made on the transversals by three parallel lines

Let’s recall.

We have studied Ratio and Proportion. The statement, ‘the numbers a and b are in
the ratio m ’ is also written as, ‘the numbers a and b are in proportion m:n.’
n
For this concept we consider positive real numbers. We know that the lengths of
line segments and area of any figure are positive real numbers.
We know the formula of area of a triangle.
1
Area of a triangle = 2 Base ´ Height

Let’s learn.

Ratio of areas of two triangles

Let’s find the ratio of areas of any two triangles.
Ex. In D ABC, AD is the height and BC
is the base. P
In D PQR, PS is the height and
A
QR is the base
1
´ BC ´ AD S
A( D ABC) 2 B D C Q R
=
A( D PQR) 1
´ QR ´ PS Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2
2
1
 A(D ABC) BC ´ AD
\ =
A(D PQR) QR ´ PS
Hence the ratio of the areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of the
products of their bases and corrosponding heights.
Base of a triangle is b1 and height is h1. Base of another triangle is b2 and
b1 ´ h1
height is h2 . Then the ratio of their areas =
b2 ´ h2
Suppose some conditions are imposed on these two triangles,
Condition 1 ः If the heights of both triangles are equal then-

A P

h h

B D C Q S R
Fig. 1.3 Fig. 1.4
A(D ABC) BC ´ h BC
= =
A(D PQR) QR ´ h QR
A(D ABC) b1
\ =
A(D PQR) b2
Propertyः The ratio of the areas of two triangles with equal heights is equal
to the ratio of their corresponding bases.

Condition 2 ः If the bases of both triangles are equal then -

C A(D ABC) AB ´ h1
=
A(D APB) AB ´ h2
h1 P
A(D ABC) h1
h2 =
A(D APB) h2
A D Q B
Fig. 1.5
Propertyः The ratio of the areas of two triangles with equal bases is equal to the ratio
of their corresponding heights.

2
 Activity :
Fill in the blanks properly.
L
(i) A (ii)

B P R Q C M N
P Q
Fig. 1.6
Fig.1.7
A( D ABC) ´ A(D LMN) ´
= = = =
A( D APQ) ´ A(D DMN) ´
(iii)
M is the midpoint of C
seg AB and seg CM is a median
of D ABC
\ A(D AMC) =
A(D BMC)
A M B
= =
Fig. 1.8
State the reason.
˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) D
A In adjoining figure
AE ^ seg BC, seg DF ^ line BC,
A( D ABC)
AE = 4, DF = 6 , then find A( D DBC) .
B E C F
Fig.1.9
A( D ABC) AE
Solution ः = .......... bases are equal, hence areas proportional to
A( D DBC) DF
heights.
4 2
= 6
= 3

3
Ex. (2) In D ABC point D on side BC is such that DC = 6, BC = 15.
Find A(D ABD) : A(D ABC) and A(D ABD) : A(D ADC) .

Solution ः Point A is common vertex of

A
D ABD, D ADC and D ABC
and their bases are collinear.
Hence, heights of these three B C
P D
triangles are equal Fig. 1.10
BC = 15, DC = 6 \ BD = BC - DC = 15 - 6 = 9
A( D ABD) BD
= .......... heights equal, hence areas proportional to
A( D ABC) BC
bases.
9 3
= 15 = 5

A( D ABD) = BD .......... heights equal, hence areas proportional to

A( D ADC) DC
bases.
9 3
= 6 = 2

Ex. (3)
A D
c ABCD is a parallelogram. P is any
point on side BC. Find two pairs of
triangles with equal areas.
B P C
Fig. 1.11
Solution ः c  ABCD is a parallelogram.
\ AD || BC and AB || DC
Consider D ABC and D BDC.
Both the triangles are drawn in two parallel lines. Hence the distance
between the two parallel lines is the height of both triangles.
In D ABC and D BDC, common base is BC and heights are equal.
Hence, A(D ABC) = A(D BDC)
In D ABC and D ABD, AB is common base and and heights are equal.
\ A(D ABC) = A(D ABD)
4
Ex.(4)
A In adjoining figure in D ABC, point D is
P on side AC. If AC = 16, DC = 9 and
D BP ^ AC, then find the following ratios.
B A( D ABD) A( D BDC)
(i) (ii)
A( D ABC) A( D ABC)
A( D ABD)
C (iii)
A( D BDC)
Fig. 1.12

Solution ः In D ABC point P and D are on side AC, hence B is common vertex of
D ABD, D BDC, D ABC and D APB and their sides AD, DC, AC and AP are
collinear. Heights of all the triangles are equal. Hence, areas of these triangles
are proportinal to their bases. AC = 16, DC = 9
\ AD = 16 - 9 = 7
A( D ABD) AD 7
\ = = . . . . . . . . triangles having equal heights
A( D ABC) AC 16
A( D BDC) DC 9
= = . . . . . . . . triangles having equal heights
A( D ABC) AC 16
A( D ABD) AD 7
= = . . . . . . . . triangles having equal heights
A( D BDC) DC 9

Remember this !

• Ratio of areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of the products of their
bases and corresponding heights.
• Areas of triangles with equal heights are proportional to their
corresponding bases.
• Areas of triangles with equal bases are proportional to their
corresponding heights.

Practice set 1.1

1. Base of a triangle is 9 and height is 5. Base of another triangle is 10 and height

is 6. Find the ratio of areas of these triangles.

5
 C

2. In figure 1.13 BC ^ AB, AD ^ AB,

A B
A( D ABC)
BC = 4, AD = 8, then find .
A( D ADB)

D
Fig. 1.13
P

T 3. In adjoining figure 1.14

seg PS ^ seg RQ seg QT ^ seg PR.
If RQ = 6, PS = 6 and PR = 12,
R Q S then find QT.
Fig. 1.14
A D
4. In adjoining figure, AP ^ BC,
AD || BC, then find
A(D ABC) ः A(D BCD).
B P C
Fig. 1.15

A 5. In adjoining figure PQ ^ BC,

AD ^ BC then find following ratios.
P
A( D PBC)
(i) A( D PQB) (ii)
A( D PBC) A( D ABC)

B Q D C A( D ABC) A( D ADC)
(iii) A( D ADC) (iv) A( D PQC)
Fig. 1.16

6
 Let’s learn.

Basic proportionality theorem

Theorem : If a line parallel to a side of a triangle intersects the remaining sides in

two distinct points, then the line divides the sides in the same
proportion.
A
Given ः In D ABC line l || line BC
and line l intersects AB and P Q
l
AC in point P and Q respectively
AP AQ
To prove ः =
PB QC
Construction: Draw seg PC and seg BQ B C
Fig. 1.17
Proof ः D APQ and D PQB have equal heights.
A(D APQ) AP
\ = .......... (I) (areas proportionate to bases)
A(D PQB) PB
A(D APQ) AQ
and = .......... (II) (areas proportionate to bases)
A(D PQC) QC
seg PQ is common base of D PQB and D PQC. seg PQ || seg BC,
hence D PQB and D PQC have equal heights.
A(D PQB) = A(D PQC) .......... (III)
A(D APQ) A(D APQ)
= .......... [from (I), (II) and (III)]
A(D PQB) A(D PQC)
\ AP = AQ
.......... [from (I) and (II)]
PB QC

Converse of basic proportionality theorem

Theorem : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line
is parallel to the third side.
In figure 1.18, line l interesects the side AB and side AC of D ABC in the
AP AQ
points P and Q respectively and = , hence line l || seg BC.
PB QC

7
 A

This theorem can be proved by

indirect method. Q
P l

B C
Fig. 1.18
Activity :
• Draw a D ABC.
• Bisect Ð B and name the point A
of intersection of AC and the
angle bisector as D. D
• Measure the sides.
AB = cm BC = cm
AD = cm DC = cm B C
AB AD
• Find ratios and . Fig. 1.19
BC DC
• You will find that both the ratios are almost equal.
• Bisect remaining angles of the triangle and find the ratios as above. You
can verify that the ratios are equal.
Let’s learn.

Property of an angle bisector of a triangle

Theorem : The bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the side opposite to the
angle in the ratio of the remaining sides.

Given : In D ABC, bisector of Ð C interesects

D
seg AB in the point E.
AE CA
To prove : =
EB CB C
Construction : Draw a line parallel to ray CE,
passing through the point B. Extend Fig. 1.20
AC so as to intersect it at point D. A E B

8
Proof : ray CE || ray BD and AD is transversal,
\ Ð ACE = Ð CDB .......... (corresponding angles) ...(I)
Now taking BC as transversal
Ð ECB = Ð CBD .......... (alternate angle) ...(II)
But Ð ACE @ Ð ECB .......... (given) ...(III)
\ Ð CBD @ Ð CDB .......... [from (I), (II) and (III)]
In D CBD, side CB @ side CD .......(sides opposite to congruent angles)
\ CB = CD ...(IV)
Now in D ABD, seg EC || seg BD .......... (construction)
AE AC
\ = ....(Basic proportionality theorem)..(V)
EB CD
AE AC
\ = .......... [from (IV) and (V)]
EB CB

For more information :

Write another proof of the theorem yourself.
Draw DM ^ AB and DN ^ AC. Use the following properties and write the proof.
A
(1) The areas of two triangles
of equal heights are M
proportional to their bases. N
B D C
Fig. 1.21
(2) Every point on the bisector A
of an angle is equidistant M
from the sides of the angle.
B P

N
C
Fig. 1.22

9
Converse of angle bisector theorem
AB BD
If in D ABC, point D on side BC such that = , then ray AD bisects
AC DC
Ð BAC.
Property of three parallel lines and their transversals
Activity: t1 t2
• Draw three parallel lines.
• Label them as l, m, n. A P l
• Draw transversals t1 and t2. B Q
m
• AB and BC are intercepts on transversal t1.
C R n
• PQ and QR are intercepts on transversal t2.
Fig. 1.23
AB PQ
• Find ratios and . You will find that they are almost equal.
BC QR
Theorem ः The ratio of the intercepts made on a transversal by three parallel lines is
equal to the ratio of the corrosponding intercepts made on any other
transversal by the same parallel lines.
Given : line l || line m || line n t1
t2
t1 and t2 are transversals.
Transversal t1 intersects the A P
l
lines in points A, B, C and t2
intersects the lines in points P,
B Q m
D
Q, R. C R n
AB PQ
To prove : =
BC QR Fig. 1.24

Proof : Draw seg PC , which intersects line m at point D.

In D ACP, BD || AP
AB PD
\ = . . . . . (I) (Basic proportionality theorem)
BC DC
In D CPR, DQ || CR
PD PQ
\ = . . . . . (II) (Basic proportionality theorem)
DC QR
AB PD PQ AB PQ
\ = = .. . . . . from (I) and (II). \ =
BC DC QR BC QR
10
 Remember this !

A
(1) Basic proportionality theorem.
P
In D ABC, if seg PQ || seg AC
AP QC
then =
BP BQ
B Q C
Fig. 1.25

(2) Converse of basic proportionality P

theorem.
PS PT
In DPQR, if = S T
SQ TR
then seg ST || seg QR.

Q R
Fig. 1.26

A
(3) Theorem of bisector of an angle of
a triangle.
D
If in D ABC, BD is bisector of Ð ABC,
AB AD
then =
BC DC
B C
Fig. 1.27

(4) Property of three parallel lines and

their transversals. B C l
A
If line AX || line BY || line CZ
and line l and line m are their X Y Z m
AB XY
transversals then =
BC YZ
Fig. 1.28

11
 ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) In D ABC, DE || BC A
If DB = 5.4 cm, AD = 1.8 cm
D E
EC = 7.2 cm then find AE.
Solution : In D ABC, DE || BC
AD AE B C
\ = ..... Basic proportionality theorem Fig. 1.29
DB EC
1.8 AE
\ 54 =
. 7.2
\ AE ´ 5.4 = 1.8 ´ 7.2
1.8 ´ 7.2
\ AE =
5.4
= 2.4
AE = 2.4 cm
Ex. (2) In D PQR, seg RS bisects Ð R. R
If PR = 15, RQ = 20 PS = 12 O
O

then find SQ. P

Solution : In D PRQ, seg RS bisects Ð R.
PR PS S
= . . . . . . property of angle bisector
RQ SQ
15 12
= Q
20 SQ
12 ´ 20 Fig. 1.30
SQ =
15
\ SQ = 16
Activity :
In the figure 1.31, AB || CD || EF
A B If AC = 5.4, CE = 9, BD = 7.5
then find DF
C D Solution : AB || CD || EF
AC
= .....( )
E F DF
5.4
Fig. 1.31 = \ DF =
9 DF
12
 Activity : A

In D ABC, ray BD bisects Ð ABC.

D A-D-C, side DE || side BC, A-E-B then
E
AB AE
prove that, =
BC EB
B C
Fig. 1.32
Proof : In D ABC, ray BD bisects Ð B.

\ AB = AD . . (I)(Angle bisector theorem)

BC DC
In D ABC, DE || BC

AE = AD . . . . . (II) (. . . . . . . . . . . )

EB DC
AB
= . . . . . . from (I) and (II)
EB
Practice set 1.2

1. Given below are some triangles and lengths of line segments. Identify
in which figures, ray PM is the bisector of Ð QPR.
(1) (2) (3)
R Q
Q 3.5 M 1.5 R 6
3.6

M M 9
8
7 3 7
Q 4
10 R P
P P 10
Fig. 1.33 Fig. 1.34 Fig. 1.35
P

2. In D PQR, PM = 15, PQ = 25
PR = 20, NR = 8. State whether line
N M
NM is parallel to side RQ. Give
reason. R Fig. 1.36
Q

13
 M
5
2.5
3. In D MNP, NQ is a bisector of Ð N.
Q
If MN = 5, PN = 7 MQ = 2.5 then N
find QP .
7
P
Fig. 1.37

4. Measures of some angles in the figure

60°
P Q are given. Prove that
AP AQ
=
60° PB QC
B C
Fig. 1.38
A B
5. In trapezium ABCD,
side AB || side PQ || side DC, AP = 15,
P Q
PD = 12, QC = 14, find BQ.
D C
Fig. 1.39
M
14
Q 6. Find QP using given information
25
in the figure.
N 40 P
Fig. 1.40
B 8 D 4 F
7. In figure 1.41, if AB || CD || FE
then find x and AE. x E
A 12 C
Fig. 1.41
14
 L
8. In D LMN, ray MT bisects Ð LMN
6 T 8 If LM = 6, MN = 10, TN = 8,
N then find LT.
M 10
Fig. 1.42
A
x-2
9. In D ABC, seg BD bisects Ð ABC.
D
x
If AB = x, BC = x + 5, x+2
AD = x – 2, DC = x + 2, then find
B x+5 C
the value of x.
Fig. 1.43
D 10. In the figure 1.44, X is any point
in the interior of triangle. Point X is
P joined to vertices of triangle.
X Seg PQ || seg DE, seg QR || seg EF.
Fill in the blanks to prove that,
Q R
E F seg PR || seg DF.
Fig. 1.44

Proof : In D XDE, PQ || DE ..........

XP
\ = .......... (I) (Basic proportionality theorem)
QE
In D XEF, QR || EF ..........

\ = ..........(II)

\ = .......... from (I) and (II)

\ seg PR || seg DE .......... (converse of basic proportionality

theorem)
11«. In D  ABC, ray BD bisects Ð  ABC and ray CE bisects Ð  ACB.
If seg AB @ seg AC then prove that ED || BC.

15
 Let’s recall.

Similar triangles

A In D ABC and D DEF, if Ð A @ Ð D,

Ð B @ Ð E, Ð C @ Ð F
D
AB BC AC
and = =
DE EF DF
B C E F
then D ABC and D DEF are similar
Fig. 1.45
triangles.
‘D ABC and D DEF are similar’ is expressed as ‘D ABC ~ D DEF’

Let’s learn.

Tests of similarity of triangles

For similarity of two triangles, the necessary conditions are that their corresponding
sides are in same proportion and their corresponding angles are congruent. Out of
these conditions; when three specifc conditions are fulfilled, the remaining conditions
are automatically fulfilled. This means for similarity of two triangles, only three
specific conditions are sufficient. Similarity of two triangles can be confirmed by
testing these three conditions. The groups of such sufficient conditions are called tests
of similarity, which we shall use.

AAA test for similarity of triangles

For a given correspondence of P

vertices, when corresponding angles of A
two triangles are congruent, then the two
triangles are similar.
In D ABC and D PQR, in the B C Q R
correspondence ABC « PQR if Fig. 1.46
Ð A @ Ð P, Ð B @ Ð Q and Ð C @ Ð R
then D ABC ~ D PQR.
16
 For more information ः
Proof of AAA test

A Given : In D ABC and D PQR,

P Ð A @ Ð P, Ð B @ Ð Q,
M N Ð C @ Ð R.
Q R To prove ः D ABC ~ D PQR
B C Let us assume that D ABC is bigger
Fig. 1.47
than D PQR. Mark point M on AB, and point N on AC such that AM = PQ
and AN = PR.
Show that D AMN @ D PQR. Hence show that MN || BC.
Now using basic proportionality theorem, AM = AN
MB NC
MB NC

That is = ........... (by invertendo)
AM AN
MB+AM NC + AN
AM
= ........... (by componendo)
AN
AB AC
\ =
AM AN
AB AC
\ =
PQ PR AB BC
Similarly it can be shown that =
PQ QR
AB BC AC
\ = = \ D ABC ~ D PQR
PQ QR PR

A A test for similarity of triangles:

We know that for a given correspondence of vertices, when two angles of a triangle
are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then remaining angle
of first triangle is congruent to the remaining angle of the second triangle.
This means, when two angles of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding
angles of another triangle then this condition is sufficient for similarity of two triangles.
This condition is called AA test of similarity.

17
SAS test of similarity of triangles
For a given correspondence of vertices of two triangles, if two pairs of
corresponding sides are in the same proportion and the angles between them are
congruent, then the two triangles are similar.
For example, if in D KLM and D RST,
R
K
Ð KLM @ Ð RST
1 1.5
KL LM 2
L 2 M S 3 T = = 3
RS ST
Fig. 1.48
Therefore, D KLM ~ D RST
SSS test for similarity of triangles
For a given correspondence of vertices of two triangles, when three sides of a
triangle are in proportion to corresponding three sides of another triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.

X For example, if in D PQR and D XYZ,

P Q
PQ QR PR
If = =
R YZ XY XZ
Y Z then D PQR ~ D ZYX
Fig. 1.49
Properties of similar triangles ः
(1) D ABC ~ D ABC - Reflexivity
(2) If D ABC ~ D DEF then D DEF ~ D ABC - Symmetry
(3) If D ABC ~ D DEF and D DEF ~ D GHI, then D ABC ~ D GHI - Transitivity

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) In D XYZ,
Ð Y = 100°, Ð Z = 30°,
In D LMN, X
Ð M = 100°, Ð N = 30°, L
Are D XYZ and D LMN
similar? If yes, by which test? Y Z M N
Fig. 1.50

18
Solution : In D XYZ and D LMN,
Ð Y = 100°, Ð M = 100°, \ Ð Y @ Ð M
ÐZ = 30°, Ð N = 30°, \ Ð Z @ Ð N
\ D XYZ ~ D LMN ..... by AA test.

Ex. (2) Are two triangles in figure 1.51

similar, according to the P
information given? If yes, by 6 U
3
which test?
M 10 N V 5 W
Solution : In D PMN and D UVW
Fig. 1.51
PM 6 2 MN 10 2
= = , = = 1
UV 3 1 VW 5
PM MN
\
=
UV VW
and Ð M @ Ð V ......... Given
DPMN ~ DUVW ......... SAS test of similarity
Ex. (3) Can we say that the two triangles
in figure 1.52 similar, according
to information given? If yes, by
M
which test ? X
21
Solution : D XYZ and D MNP, 14
XY 14 2
MN = 21 = 3 , Y 20 Z N 30 P
YZ 20 2 Fig. 1.52
NP = 30 = 3
It is given that Ð Z @ Ð P.
But Ð Z and Ð P are not
included angles by sides
which are in proportion.
\ D XYZ and D MNP can not be said to be similar.

19
Ex. (4) In the adjoining figure BP ^ AC, CQ ^ AB,
A A – P- C, A- Q- B , then prove that
P D APB and D AQC are similar.
Solution : In D APB and D AQC
Q ° (I)
Ð APB =
Ð AQC = ° (II)
\ Ð APB @ Ð AQC ....from(I) and (II)
B C
Ð PAB @ Ð QAC .... ( )
Fig. 1.53
\ D APB ~ D AQC ..... AA test
Ex. (5) Diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect in point Q. If 2QA = QC ,
2QB = QD, then prove that DC = 2AB.
B A
Given : 2QA = QC
2QB = QD
Q
To prove : CD = 2AB

C D
Fig. 1.54
QA 1
Proof : 2QA = QC \ = .......... (I)
QC 2
QB 1
2QB = QD \ = .......... (II)
QD 2
QA QB
\ = ..........from (I) and (II)
QC QD
In D AQB and D CQD,
QA QB
= .......... proved
QC QD
Ð AQB @ Ð DQC .......... opposite angles
\ D AQB ~D CQD .......... (SAS test of similarity)

AQ QB AB
\
= = .......... correponding sides are
CQ QD CD
proportional
AQ AB 1 1
But = \ = 2 2

CQ CD
\ 2AB = CD

20
 Practice set 1.3
A
1. In figure1.55, Ð ABC=75°,
Ð EDC=75° state which two triangles D
are similar and by which test? Also 75°
write the similarity of these two C
triangles by a proper one to one 75° E
correspondence. B Fig. 1.55
P

2. Are the triangles in figure 1.56

10 L
6 similar? If yes, by which test ?
3 5

Q 8 R M 4 N
Fig. 1.56

3. As shown in figure 1.57, two poles of A

P
height 8 m and 4 m are perpendicular
to the ground. If the length of shadow
8
4
of smaller pole due to sunlight is Q R B x C
6
6 m then how long will be the shadow Fig. 1.57
of the bigger pole at the same time ?
A
Q 4. In D ABC, AP ^ BC, BQ ^ AC
B- P-C, A-Q - C then prove that,
D CPA ~ D CQB.
If AP = 7, BQ=8, BC=12
B P C then find AC.
Fig. 1.58

21
 P Q
5. Given : In PQRS,
trapezium
side PQ || side SR, AR = 5AP, A
AS = 5AQ then prove that,
SR = 5PQ
S R
Fig. 1.59
C D
6. In trapezium ABCD, (Figure 1.60)
O side AB || side DC, diagonals AC and
BD intersect in point O. If AB = 20,
A
DC = 6, OB = 15 then find OD.
B
Fig. 1.60
A D
7. c ABCD is a parallelogram point E
is on side BC. Line DE intersects ray B
E C
AB in point T. Prove that
DE ´ BE = CE ´ TE.
Fig. 1.61
T
D

A 8. In the figure, seg AC and seg BD

intersect each other in point P and

P AP BP
= . Prove that,
CP DP
C D ABP ~ D CDP

B Fig. 1.62
A
9. In the figure, in D ABC, point D on
Fig. 1.63
side BC is such that,
Ð BAC = Ð ADC.
B D C
Prove that, CA2 = CB ´ CD
22
 Let’s learn.

Theorem of areas of similar triangles

Theorem : When two triangles are similar, the ratio of areas of those triangles is
equal to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding sides.
A

B C Q R
D S

Fig. 1.64
Given : D ABC ~ D PQR, AD ^ BC, PS ^ QR
A(D ABC) AB2 BC2 AC2
To prove: = = =
A(D PQR) PQ2 QR2 PR2
A(D ABC) BC ´ AD BC AD
Proof : = = ´ .......... (I)
A(D PQR) QR ´ PS QR PS
In D ABD and D PQS,
Ð B = Ð Q .......... given
Ð ADB = Ð PSQ = 90°

\ According to AA test D ABD ~ D PQS

AD AB
\
= .......... (II)
PS PQ
But D ABC ~ D PQR

AB BC
\
= .......... (III)
PQ QR

From (I), (II) and (III)
A(D ABC) BC AD BC BC BC2 AB2 AC2
= ´ = ´ = = =
A(D PQR) QR PS QR QR QR2 PQ2 PR2

23
 ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) ः DABC ~ D PQR , A (DABC) = 16 , A (DPQP) = 25, then find the value
of ratio AB .
PQ
Solution ः DABC ~ D PQR
A(D ABC) AB2
\
= .......... theorem of areas of similar triangles
A(D PQR) PQ2

16 AB2 AB 4
\ 25 =
\ = .......... taking square roots
PQ2 PQ 5

Ex. (2) Ratio of corresponging sides of two similar triangles is 2ः5, If the area of
the small triangle is 64 sq.cm. then what is the area of the bigger triangle ?
Solution ः Assume that D ABC ~ D PQR.
D ABC is smaller and D PQR is bigger triangle.

A(D ABC) (2)2 4
\ = 2 = .......... ratio of areas of similar triangles
A(D PQR) (5) 25

64 4
\ =
A(D PQR) 25
4 ´ A(D PQR) = 64 ´ 25
64 ´ 25
A(D PQR) = 4 = 400
\ area of bigger triangle = 400 sq.cm.

Ex. (3) In trapezium ABCD, side AB || side CD, diagonal AC and BD intersect
A(D ABP) AB2
each other at point P. Then prove that = .
A(D CPD) CD2
B A
Solution ः In trapezium ABCD side AB || side CD
In D APB and DCPD P
ÐPAB @ ÐPCD ...... alternate angles
ÐAPB @ ÐCPD ....... opposite angles
C D
\ DAPB ~ DCPD ....... AA test of similarity Fig. 1.65
A(D APB) AB2
= . . . . . . theorem of areas of similar triangles
A(D CPD) CD2
24
 Practice set 1.4

1. The ratio of corresponding sides of similar triangles is 3 ः 5; then find the ratio
of their areas .
2. If DABC ~ DPQR and AB: PQ = 2:3, then fill in the blanks.
A(D ABC) AB2 22
= = 2 =
A(D PQR) 3
3. If D ABC ~ D PQR, A (D ABC) = 80, A (D PQR) = 125, then fill in the blanks.
A(D ABC) 80 AB
= 125
\ =
A(D . . . . ) PQ
4. D LMN ~ D PQR, 9 ´ A (DPQR ) = 16 ´ A (DLMN). If QR = 20 then find MN.
5. Areas of two similar triangles are 225 sq.cm. 81 sq.cm. If a side of the smaller
triangle is 12 cm, then find corresponding side of the bigger triangle .
6. DABC and D DEF are equilateral triangles. If A(DABC) ः A (D DEF) = 1 ः 2
and AB = 4, find DE.
7. In figure 1.66, seg PQ || seg DE, A(D PQF) = 20 units, PF = 2 DP, then
find A( c DPQE) by completing the following activity.
A(D PQF) = 20 units, PF = 2 DP, Let us assume DP = x. \ PF = 2x
D
DF = DP + = + = 3x
In D FDE and D FPQ, P
Ð FDE @ Ð .......... corresponding angles
Ð FED @ Ð .......... corresponding angles
\ D FDE ~ D FPQ .......... AA test
E Q F
(3 x) 2 9
\ A(D FDE) = = (2 x) 2 = 4
Fig. 1.66
A(D FPQ )
9 9
A(D FDE) = 4
A( D FPQ ) = 4
´ =
A(c DPQE) = A( D FDE) - A( D FPQ)
= -
=
25
 Problem set 1

1. Select the appropriate alternative.

(1) In D ABC and D PQR, in a one
to one correspondence A
Q
AB BC CA
= = then
QR PR PQ
D PQR ~ D ABC
(A)
D PQR ~ D CAB
(B) B C R P
D CBA ~ D PQR
(C)
Fig. 1.67
D BCA ~ D PQR
(D)
(2) If in D DEF and D PQR,
Q
Ð D @ Ð Q, Ð R @ Ð E
then which of the following D
statements is false ?
EF DF DE EF
(A) = (B) =
PR PQ PQ RP R
DE DF EF DE E F P
(C) = (D) =
QR PQ RP QR Fig. 1.68
(3) In D ABC and D DEF Ð B = Ð E,
Ð F = ÐC and AB = 3DE then

which of the statements regarding
A

the two triangles is true ?
(A)The triangles are not congruent D
and not similar
(B) The triangles are similar but B C E F
not congruent. Fig. 1.69
(C) The triangles are congruent
and similar.
(D) None of the statements above is D
true.
D ABC and D DEF are equilateral
(4) A
triangles, A (DABC) ः A (DDEF) = 1 ः 2
If AB = 4 then what is length of DE?
B C E F
(A) 2 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 4 2 Fig. 1.70
26
 (5) In figure 1.71, seg XY || seg BC, then which of the following statements is true?
AB AX AX AY A
(A) AC = AY (B) XB = AC
X Y
AX AY AB AC
(C) YC = XB (D) YC = XB B C
2. In D ABC, B - D – C and BD = 7, Fig. 1.71
BC = 20 then find following ratios. A
(1) A(D ABD)
A(D ADC)
(2) A(D ABD)
A(D ABC)
B C
(3) A(D ADC) D
A(D ABC) Fig. 1.72

3. Ratio of areas of two triangles with equal heights is 2 ः 3. If base of the smaller
triangle is 6 cm then what is the corresponding base of the bigger triangle ?

D
4. In figure 1.73, ÐABC = ÐDCB = 90°
A
AB = 6, DC = 8
8
6 A( D ABC)
then A( D DCB) = ?
B C
Fig. 1.73 P

5. In figure 1.74, PM = 10 cm N
Q S
A(DPQS) = 100 sq.cm M
A(DQRS) = 110 sq.cm
then find NR. R
Fig. 1.74

6. D MNT ~ D QRS. Length of altitude drawn from point T is 5 and length of altitude
A( D MNT)
drawn from point S is 9. Find the ratio .
A( D QRS)

27
 A
5
7. In figure 1.75, A – D – C and B – E – C
D
seg DE || side AB If AD = 5,
3
DC = 3, BC = 6.4 then find BE.
B x E 6.4 - x C
Fig. 1.75

S D 8. In the figure 1.76, seg PA, seg QB,

seg RC and seg SD are perpendicular
R C
to line AD.
Q B
AB = 60, BC = 70, CD = 80, PS = 280
P A
then find PQ, QR and RS.

Fig. 1.76
P
9. In D PQR seg PM is a median. Angle
bisectors of ÐPMQ and ÐPMR intersect
side PQ and side PR in points X and Y X Y
respectively. Prove that XY || QR.
O x
O x
Q M R
Complete the proof by filling in the boxes. Fig. 1.77
In D PMQ, ray MX is bisector of ÐPMQ.

\ = .......... (I) theorem of angle bisector.

In D PMR, ray MY is bisector of ÐPMR.

\ = .......... (II) theorem of angle bisector.

MP MP
But MQ = MR .......... M is the midpoint QR, hence MQ = MR.
PX PY
\ XQ = YR
\ XY || QR .......... converse of basic proportionality theorem.

28
 A
10. In fig 1.78, bisectors of Ð B and Ð C
of D ABC intersect each other in
point X. Line AX intersects side BC in X
point Y. AB = 5, AC = 4, BC = 6 then
AX B C
find XY . Y
Fig. 1.78
A D 11. In c ABCD, seg AD || seg BC.
P Diagonal AC and diagonal BD
intersect each other in point P. Then
B C AP PC
Fig. 1.79 show that =
PD BP
12. In fig 1.80, XY || seg AC. A

If 2AX = 3BX and XY = 9. Complete

the activity to find the value of AC. X
AX
Activity : 2AX = 3BX \ = B C
BX Y
Fig. 1.80
AX +BX +
= .......... by componendo.
BX
AB
= .......... (I)
BX
D BCA ~ D BYX .......... test of similarity.
BA AC
\ = .......... corresponding sides of similar triangles.
BX XY
A
AC
\ = \ AC = ...from (I)
9 G F
13«. In figure1.81, the vertices of
square DEFG are on the sides of
D ABC. Ð A = 90°. Then prove that B D E C
DE2 = BD ´ EC Fig. 1.81
(Hint ः Show that D GBD is similar
to D CFE. Use GD = FE = DE.)
rrr
29
 2 Pythagoras Theorem

Let’s study.

· Pythagorean triplet · Similarity and right angled triangles

· Theorem of geometric mean · Pythagoras theorem
· Application of Pythagoras theorem · Apollonius theorem

Let’s recall.
Pythagoras theorem :
In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of remaning two sides.
R In D PQR Ð PQR = 90°
l(PR)2 = l(PQ)2 + l(QR)2
We will write this as,
P Q
Fig. 2.1 PR = PQ + QR
2 2 2

The lengths PQ, QR and PR of D PQR can also be shown by letters r, p and q. With
this convention, refering to figure 2.1, Pythagoras theorem can also be stated as
q2 = p2 + r2.
Pythagorean Triplet :
In a triplet of natural numbers, if the square of the largest number is equal to the
sum of the squares of the remaining two numbers then the triplet is called Pythagorean
triplet.
For Example: In the triplet ( 11, 60, 61 ) ,
112 = 121, 602 = 3600, 612 = 3721 and 121 + 3600 = 3721
The square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two numbers.
\ 11, 60, 61 is a Pythagorean triplet.
Verify that (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (8, 15, 17), (24, 25, 7) are Pythagorean
triplets.

Numbers in Pythagorean triplet can be written in any order.
30
 For more information
Formula for Pythagorean triplet:

If a, b, c are natural numbers and a > b, then [(a2 + b2),(a2 - b2),(2ab)] is
Pythagorean triplet.
(a2 + b2)2 = a4 + 2a2b2 + b4 .......... (I)
\

(a2 - b2) = a4 - 2a2b2 + b4 .......... (II)

(2ab)2 = 4a2b2 .......... (III)
\by (I), (II) and (III) , (a2 + b2)2 = (a2 - b2)2 + (2ab)2
\[(a2 + b2), (a2 - b2), (2ab)] is Pythagorean Triplet.
This formula can be used to get various Pythagorean triplets.
For example, if we take a = 5 and b = 3,
a2 + b2 = 34, a2 - b2 = 16 , 2ab = 30.
Check that (34, 16, 30) is a Pythagorean triplet.
Assign different values to a and b and obtain 5 Pythagorean triplet.

Last year we have studied the properties of right angled triangle with the angles
30° - 60° - 90° and 45° - 45° - 90°.
(I)Property of 30°-60°-90° triangle.
If acute angles of a right angled triangle are 30° and 60°, then the side opposite
3
30°angle is half of the hypotenuse and the side opposite to 60° angle is times the
2
hypotenuse.
See figure 2.2. In D LMN, Ð L = 30°, Ð N = 60°, Ð M = 90°

L 1
\side opposite 30°angle = MN = ´ LN
2

30°
side opposite 60°angle = LM = 3 ´ LN
2
If LN = 6 cm, we will find MN and LM.
1 3
MN = ´ LN LM = ´ LN
2 2
1 3
= ´ 6 = ´6
90° 60° 2 2
M N
Fig. 2.2 = 3 cm =3 3 cm

31
(II ) Property of 45°-45°-90°
If the acute angles of a right angled triangle are 45° and 45°, then each of the
1
perpendicular sides is times the hypotenuse.
2
See Figure 2.3. In D XYZ,
1
Z XY = ´ ZY
2
45° 1
XZ = ´ ZY
2
1
\ XY = XZ = ´ ZY
2

If ZY = 3 2 cm then we will find XY and

45°
X Y
ZX
1
Fig. 2.3 XY = XZ = ´ 3 2
2
XY = XZ = 3cm
In 7th standard we have studied theorem of Pythagoras using areas of four
right angled triangles and a square. We can prove the theorem by an alternative
method.

Activity:
Take two congruent right angled triangles. Take another isosceles right angled
triangle whose congruent sides are equal to the hypotenuse of the two congruent right
angled triangles. Join these triangles to form a trapezium
1
Area of the trapezium = ´ (sum of the lengths of parallel sides) ´ height
2
Using this formula, equating the area of trapezium with the sum of areas of the
three right angled triangles we can prove the theorem of Pythagoras.

z
x z y

y x
Fig. 2.4
32
 Let’s learn.

Now we will give the proof of Pythagoras theorem based on properties of similar
triangles. For this, we will study right angled similar triangles.

Similarity and right angled triangle

Theorem : In a right angled triangle, if the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse, then
the two triangles formed are similar to the original triangle and to each
other. A
´
Given : In D ABC, Ð ABC = 90°,
seg BD ^ seg AC, A-D-C
To prove : D ADB ~ D ABC D
D BDC ~ D ABC
D ADB ~ D BDC B
´
C
Fig. 2.5

Proof : In D ADB and D ABC In D BDC and D ABC

Ð DAB @ Ð BAC ...(common angle) Ð BCD @ Ð ACB .....(common angle)
Ð ADB @ Ð ABC ... (each 90°) Ð BDC @ Ð ABC ..... (each 90°)
D ADB ~ D ABC ... (AA test)... (I) D BDC ~ D ABC ..... (AA test) ... (II)
\ D ADB ~ D BDC from (I) and (II) ........(III)
\ from (I), (II) and (III), D ADB ~ D BDC ~ D ABC ....(transitivity)

Theorem of geometric mean

In a right angled triangle, the perpendicular segment to the hypotenuse
from the opposite vertex, is the geometric mean of the segments into
which the hypotenuse is divided. R
Proof ः In right angled triangle PQR, seg QS ^ hypotenuse PR
D QSR ~ D PSQ .......... ( similarity of right triangles )

QS SR S
=
PS SQ
QS SR
= P Q
PS QS Fig. 2.6
QS2 = PS ´ SR
\ seg QS is the ‘geometric mean’ of seg PS and SR.

33
 Pythagoras Theorem
In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
A
the squares of remaining two sides.
Given : In D ABC, ÐABC = 90°
Fig. 2.7
To prove : AC2 = AB2 + BC2
D
Construction :Draw perpendicular seg BD on side AC.
A-D-C. B C
Proof : In right angled D ABC, seg BD ^ hypotenuse AC ..... (construction)
\ D ABC ~ D ADB ~ D BDC ..... (similarity of right angled triangles)
D ABC ~ D ADB
Similarly, D ABC ~ D BDC
AB BC AC AB BC AC
= = - corresponding BD
= = -corresponding
AD DB AB DC BC
sides sides
AB AC AC
= BC =
AD AB DC BC
AB2 = AD ´ AC .......... (I) BC2 = DC ´ AC .......... (II)
Adding (I) and (II)
AB2 + BC2 = AD ´ AC + DC ´ AC
= AC (AD + DC)
= AC ´ AC .......... (A-D-C)
\ AB2 + BC2 = AC2
\ AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Converse of Pythagoras theorem

In a triangle if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
remaining two sides, then the triangle is a right angled triangle.
Given ः In D ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
To prove ः Ð ABC = 90°
A P

B C Q R
Fig. 2.8 Fig. 2.9
34
Construction : Draw D PQR such that, AB = PQ, BC = QR , Ð PQR = 90°.
Proof : In D PQR, Ð Q = 90°
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 .......... (Pythagoras theorem)
= AB2 + BC2 .......... (construction) ......(I)
= AC2 .......... (given) ......(II)
\ PR2 = AC2
\ PR = AC .......... (III)
\ D ABC @ D PQR .......... (SSS test)
\ Ð ABC = Ð PQR = 90°

Remember this !

(1) (a) Similarity and right angled triangle

P
In DPQR Ð Q = 90° , seg QS ^ seg PR,
S
DPQR ~ DPSQ ~ DQSR. Thus all the
right angled triangles in the figure are
similar to one another.
Q R
Fig. 2.10
(b) Theorem of geometric mean
In the above figure, DPSQ ~ DQSR
\ QS2 = PS ´ SR
\ seg QS is the geometric mean of seg PS and seg SR
(2) Pythagoras Theorem:
In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of remaining two sides.
(3) Converse of Pythagoras Theorem:
In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
remaining two sides, then the triangle is a right angled triangle
(4) Let us remember one more very useful property.
In a right angled triangle, if one side is half of the hypotenuse then the angle
opposite to that side is 30°.
This property is the converse of 30°-60°-90° theorem.

35
 ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™

Ex. (1) See fig 2.11. In D ABC, Ð B= 90°, Ð A= 30°, AC=14, then find AB and BC
Solution : In D ABC,
A
ÐB = 90°, ÐA = 30°, \ ÐC = 60°
30°
By 30°- 60°- 90° theorem,
14 BC = 1 ´ AC AB = 3 ´ AC
2 2
1 3
BC = ´ 14 AB = ´ 14
2 2
60° BC = 7 AB = 7 3
B C
Fig. 2.11
Ex. (2) See fig 2.12, In D ABC, seg AD ^ seg BC, ÐC = 45°, BD = 5 and AC = 8 2
then find AD and BC.
Solution : In D ADC
A ÐADC = 90°, ÐC = 45°, \ ÐDAC = 45°
1
8 AD = DC = ´ 8 2 ... by 45°-45°-90° theorem
2 2
DC = 8 \ AD = 8
BC = BD + DC
B 5 D C
8 = 5 + 8
Fig. 2.12
BC = 13

Ex. (3) In fig 2.13, Ð PQR = 90°,seg QN ^ seg PR, PN = 9, NR = 16. Find QN.
Solution : In D PQR, seg QN ^ seg PR
NQ2 = PN ´ NR ... theorem of geometric P
9
mean N
\NQ = PN ´ NR 16
= 9 ´16
=3´4 Q R
= 12 Fig. 2.13

36
Ex. (4) See figure 2.14.In D PQR, Ð PQR = 90°, seg QS ^ seg PR then find x, y, z.
Solution : In D PQR, Ð PQR = 90°, seg QS ^ seg PR P

QS = PS ´ SR .......... (theorem of geometric mean)

= 10 ´ 8
10
= 5´ 2´8 z

= 5 ´16 S
x
= 4 5 8
\ x = 4 5 Q y R
Fig. 2.14
In D QSR, by Pythagoras theorem In D PSQ, by Pythagoras theorem
QR2 = QS2 + SR2 PQ2 = QS2 + PS2
= ( 4 5 ) + 102
2

= ( 4 5 ) + 82
2

= 16 ´ 5 + 100
= 16 ´ 5 + 64
= 80 + 100
= 80 + 64
= 180
= 144 = 36 ´ 5
\ QR = 12 \ PQ = 6 5
Hence x =
4 5, y = 12, z = 6 5

Ex. (5) In the right angled triangle, sides making right angle are 9 cm and 12 cm.
Find the length of the hypotenuse
Solution: In D PQR ,Ð Q = 90°
P PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 (Pythagoras theorem)
= 92 + 122
9 = 81 + 144
PR2 = 225
Q R PR = 15
12
Hypotenuse= 15 cm
Fig. 2.15

37
Ex. (6) In D LMN ,l = 5, m = 13, n = 12. State whether D LMN is a right angled
triangle or not.
Solution : l = 5, m = 13, n = 12
l2= 25, m2 = 169, n2 = 144

\ m2 = l2 + n2

\ by converse of Pythagoras theorem D LMN is a right angled triangle.

Ex. (7) See fig 2.16. In D ABC, seg AD ^ seg BC. Prove that:
AB2 + CD2 = BD2 + AC2 C
Solution : According to Pythagoras theorem, in D ADC
AC2 = AD2 + CD2
\ AD2 = AC2 - CD2 ... (I)
In D ADB D
AB2 = AD2 + BD2
\ AD2 = AB2 - BD2 ... (II) B A
\ AB2 - BD2 = AC2 - CD2 ..........from I and II Fig. 2.16
\ AB2 + CD2 = AC2 + BD2

Practice set 2.1

1. Identify, with reason, which of the following are Pythagorean triplets.

(i)(3, 5, 4) (ii)(4, 9, 12) (iii)(5, 12, 13)
(iv) (24, 70, 74) (v)(10, 24, 27) (vi)(11, 60, 61)

2. In figure 2.17, Ð MNP = 90°,

seg NQ ^seg MP, MQ = 9, Q
QP = 4, find NQ.
P N P
Fig. 2.17

10 3. In figure 2.18, Ð QPR = 90°,

seg PM ^ seg QR and Q-M-R,
Q M R
8 PM = 10, QM = 8, find QR.
Fig. 2.18
38
 S 30° P
4. See figure 2.19. Find RP and PS
using the information given in 6
Fig. 2.19
D PSR. R

5. For finding AB and BC with the

A
help of information given in figure
2.20, complete following activity.
8
AB = BC ..........
\ Ð BAC =
B C \ AB = BC = ´ AC
Fig. 2.20 = ´ 8

= ´ 2 2

=
6. Find the side and perimeter of a square whose diagonal is 10 cm.
8 D
G
7. In figure 2.21, Ð DFE = 90°,
12
FG ^ ED, If GD = 8, FG = 12,
find (1) EG (2) FD and (3) EF E F
Fig. 2.21
8. Find the diagonal of a rectangle whose length is 35 cm and breadth is 12 cm.
P
«
9 . In the figure 2.22, M is the
midpoint of QR. Ð PRQ = 90°.
Prove that, PQ2 = 4PM2 - 3PR2 Q
R M
Fig. 2.22
10«. Walls of two buildings on either side of a street are parellel to each other.
A ladder 5.8 m long is placed on the street such that its top just reaches the
window of a building at the height of 4 m. On turning the ladder over to the other
side of the street , its top touches the window of the other building at a height 4.2 m.
Find the width of the street.

39
 Let’s learn.

Application of Pythagoras theorem

In Pythagoras theorem, the relation between hypotenuse and sides making

right angle i.e. the relation between side opposite to right angle and the remaining two
sides is given.
In a triangle, relation between the side opposite to acute angle and remaining two
sides and relation of the side opposite to obtuse angle with remaining two sides can
be determined with the help of Pythagoras theorem. Study these relations from the
following examples.
Ex. (1) In D ABC, Ð C is an acute angle, seg AD ^ seg BC. Prove that:
AB2 = BC2 + AC2 - 2BC ´ DC
In the given figure let AB = c, AC = b, AD = p, BC = a, DC = x,
A \ BD = a - x
In D ADB , by Pythagoras theorem
c b c2 = (a-x)2 +
p c2 = a2 - 2ax + x2 + .......... (I)
In D ADC, by Pythagoras theorem
B a-x D x C b2 = p2 +
Fig. 2.23 p2 = b2 - .......... (II)
Substituting value of p2 from (II) in (I),
c2 = a2 - 2ax + x2 + b2 - x2
\ c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ax
\ AB2 = BC2+ AC2 - 2BC ´ DC

Ex. (2) In D ABC, Ð ACB is obtuse angle, seg AD ^ seg BC. Prove that:
AB2 = BC2 + AC2 + 2BC ´ CD A
In the figure seg AD ^ seg BC
Let AD = p, AC = b, AB = c, c
p b
BC = a and DC = x.
DB = a + x
D x C a B
In D ADB, by Pythagoras theorem,
c2 = (a + x)2 + p2 Fig. 2.24
c2 = a2 + 2ax + x2 + p2 .......... (I)
40
 Similarly, in D ADC
b2 = x2 + p2
\ p2 = b2 - x2 .......... (II)
\ substituting the value of p2 from (II) in (I)
\ c2 = a2 + 2ax + b2
\ AB2 = BC2+ AC2 + 2BC ´ CD

Apollonius theorem

In D ABC, if M is the midpoint of side BC, then AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2BM2

A
Given ःIn D ABC, M is the midpoint of
side BC.
To prove ः AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2BM2
B M D C Constructionः Draw seg AD ^ seg BC
Fig. 2.25
Proof ः If seg AM is not perpendicular to seg BC then out of Ð AMB and Ð AMC
one is obtuse angle and the other is acute angle
In the figure, Ð AMB is obtuse angle and Ð AMC is acute angle.
From examples (1) and (2) above,
AB2 = AM2 + MB2 + 2BM ´ MD ..... (I)
and AC2 = AM2 + MC2 - 2MC ´ MD
\ AC2 = AM2 + MB2 - 2BM ´ MD ( BM = MC) ..........(II)
\

\ adding (I) and (II)

AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2BM2

Write the proof yourself if seg AM ^ seg BC.
From this example we can see the relation among the sides and medians
of a triangle.
This is known as Apollonius theorem.
˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™

Ex. (1) In the figure 2.26, seg PM is a median of D PQR. PM = 9 and PQ2 + PR2 = 290,
then find QR.
Solution ः In D PQR , seg PM is a median.
M is the midpoint of seg QR .
41
 P 1
QM = MR = QR
2
PQ + PR = 2PM + 2QM2 (by Apollonius
2 2 2

theorem)
290 = 2 ´ 92 + 2QM2
9 290 = 2 ´ 81 + 2QM2
290 = 162 + 2QM2
2QM2 = 290 - 162
Q M R 2QM2 = 128
Fig. 2.26 QM2 = 64
QM = 8
\ QR = 2 ´ QM
= 2 ´ 8
= 16

Ex. (2) Prove that, the sum of the squares of the diagonals of a rhombus is equal
to the sum of the squares of the sides.
P S
Given : c PQRS is a rhombus. Diagonals PR
and SQ intersect each other at
T point T
To prove : PS2 + SR2 + QR2 + PQ2 = PR2 + QS2
Q R
Fig. 2.27
Proof : Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other .
\ by Apollonius’ theorem,
PQ2 + PS2 = 2PT2 + 2QT2 .......... (I)
QR2 + SR2 = 2RT2 + 2QT2 .......... (II)
\ adding (I) and (II) ,
PQ2 + PS2+ QR2 + SR2 = 2(PT2 + RT2) + 4QT2
= 2(PT2 + PT2) + 4QT2 .......... (RT = PT)
= 4PT2 + 4QT2

= (2PT)2 + (2QT)2
= PR2 + QS2
(The above proof can be written using Pythagoras theorem also.)
42
 Practice set 2.2

1. In D PQR, point S is the midpoint of side QR.If PQ = 11,PR = 17, PS =13,

find QR.
2. In D ABC, AB = 10, AC = 7, BC = 9 then find the length of the median drawn
from point C to side AB
P
3. In the figure 2.28 seg PS is the
median of D PQR and PT ^ QR.
Prove that,
2
 QR 
(1) PR = PS + QR ´ ST +
2 2
 2 
 

 QR 
2
Q T S R
ii) PQ = PS - QR ´ ST +
2 2
 2 
Fig. 2.28
 
A 4. In D ABC, point M is the midpoint
of side BC.
If, AB2 + AC2 = 290 cm2,
AM = 8 cm, find BC.
B M C
Fig. 2.29 P Q
«
5 . In figure 2.30, point T is in the
interior of rectangle PQRS, B
A
Prove that, TS + TQ = TP + TR
2 2 2 2 T
(As shown in the figure, draw S R
seg AB || side SR and A-T-B) Fig. 2.30

Problem set 2
1. Some questions and their alternative answers are given. Select the correct
alternative.
(1) Out of the following which is the Pythagorean triplet?
(A) (1, 5, 10) (B) (3, 4, 5) (C) (2, 2, 2) (D) (5, 5, 2)
(2) In a right angled triangle, if sum of the squares of the sides making right
angle is 169 then what is the length of the hypotenuse?
(A) 15 (B) 13 (C) 5 (D) 12
43
 (3) Out of the dates given below which date constitutes a Pythagorean triplet ?
(A) 15/08/17 (B) 16/08/16 (C) 3/5/17 (D) 4/9/15
(4) If a, b, c are sides of a triangle and a2 + b2 = c2, name the type of triangle.
(A) Obtuse angled triangle (B) Acute angled triangle
(C) Right angled triangle (D) Equilateral triangle
(5) Find perimeter of a square if its diagonal is 10 2 cm.
(A)10 cm (B) 40 2 cm (C) 20 cm (D) 40 cm
(6) Altitude on the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle divides it in two parts
of lengths 4 cm and 9 cm. Find the length of the altitude.
(A) 9 cm (B) 4 cm (C) 6 cm (D) 2 6 cm
(7) Height and base of a right angled triangle are 24 cm and 18 cm find the length
of its hypotenus
(A) 24 cm (B) 30 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 18 cm
(8) In D ABC, AB = 6 3 cm, AC = 12 cm, BC = 6 cm. Find measure of Ð A.
(A) 30° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 45°
2. Solve the following examples.
(1) Find the height of an equilateral triangle having side 2a.
(2) Do sides 7 cm , 24 cm, 25 cm form a right angled triangle ? Give reason.
(3) Find the length a diagonal of a rectangle having sides 11 cm and 60cm.
(4) Find the length of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle if remaining
sides are 9 cm and 12 cm.
(5) A side of an isosceles right angled triangle is x.Find its hypotenuse.
(6) In D PQR; PQ = 8 , QR = 5 , PR = 3 . Is D PQR a right angled triangle ?
If yes, which angle is of 90° ?
3. In D RST, Ð S = 90°, Ð T = 30°, RT = 12 cm then find RS and ST.
4. Find the diagonal of a rectangle whose length is 16 cm and area is 192 sq.cm.
5«. Find the length of the side and perimeter of an equilateral triangle whose height
is 3 cm.
6. In D ABC seg AP is a median. If BC = 18, AB2 + AC2 = 260 Find AP.

44
 1
7«. D ABC is an equilateral triangle. Point P is on base BC such that PC = BC,
3
if AB = 6 cm find AP.

P
8. From the information given in the
figure 2.31, prove that a a
PM = PN = 3 ´a M N
a Q S R a
a
Fig. 2.31
9. Prove that the sum of the squares of the diagonals of a parallelogram is equal to
the sum of the squares of its sides.
10. Pranali and Prasad started walking to the East and to the North respectively,
from the same point and at the same speed. After 2 hours distance between them
was 15 2 km. Find their speed per hour.
B
11«. In D ABC, Ð BAC = 90°,
seg BL and seg CM are medians
M
of D ABC. Then prove thatः
4(BL2 + CM2) = 5 BC2
C L A
Fig. 2.32
12. Sum of the squares of adjacent sides of a parallelogram is 130 sq.cm and length
of one of its diagonals is14 cm. Find the length of the other diagonal.
A
13. In D ABC, seg AD ^ seg BC
DB = 3CD. Prove that ः
2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2

C B
D
Fig. 2.33
14«. In an isosceles triangle, length of the congruent sides is 13 cm and its base is
10 cm. Find the distance between the vertex opposite the base and the centroid.

45
15. In a trapezium ABCD, D C
seg AB || seg DC
seg BD ^ seg AD, 15 15
seg AC ^ seg BC,
If AD = 15, BC = 15
and AB = 25. Find A(c ABCD)
A B
25
Fig. 2.34

P
16«. In the figure 2.35, D PQR is an
equilatral triangle. Point S is on
seg QR such that
1
QS = QR.
3
Prove that : 9 PS2 = 7 PQ2 60° 60°
Q S T R
Fig. 2.35
17«. Seg PM is a median of D PQR. If PQ = 40, PR = 42 and PM = 29, find QR.
18. Seg AM is a median of D ABC. If AB = 22, AC = 34, BC = 24, find AM

ICT Tools or Links

Obtain information on ‘the life of Pythagoras’ from the internet. Prepare a

slide show.

rrr

46
 3 Circle

Let’s study.

· Circles passing through one, two,three points · Secant and tangent

· Circles touching each other · Arc of a circle
· Inscribed angle and intercepted arc · Cyclic quadrilateral
· Secant tangent angle theorem · Theorem of intersecting chords

Let’s recall.

You are familiar with the concepts regarding circle, like - centre, radius, diameter,
chord, interior and exterior of a circle. Also recall the meanings of - congruent circles,
concentric circles and intersecting circles.

congruent circles concentric circles intersecting circles

Recall the properties of chord studied in previous standard and perform the activity
below.
Activity I : In the adjoining figure, seg DE is
a chord of a circle with centre C. C
seg CF ^ seg DE. If diameter of the D E
F
circle is 20 cm, DE =16 cm
find CF. Fig. 3.1
Recall and write theorems and properties which are useful to find the solution
of the above problem.
(1) The perpendicular drawn from centre to a chord
(2)
(3)
Using these properties, solve the above problem.
47
 Activity II : In the adjoining figure,
seg QR is a chord of the circle with
O
centre O. P is the midpoint of the
chord QR. If QR = 24, OP = 10 ,
Q P R
find radius of the circle.
Fig. 3.2
To find solution of the problem, write the theorems that are useful.
(1)
(2)
Using these theorems solve the problems.
Activity III : In the adjoining figure, M D
is the centre of the circle and S
seg AB is a diameter. M
A B
seg MS ^ chord AD
seg MT ^ chord AC T
C
ÐDAB @ ÐCAB.
Prove that : chord AD @ chord AC. Fig. 3.3
To solve this problem which of the following theorems will you use ?
(1) The chords which are equidistant from the centre are equal in length.
(2) Congruent chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
Which of the following tests of congruence of triangles will be useful?
(1) SAS, (2) ASA, (3) SSS, (4) AAS, (5) hypotenuse-side test.
Using appropriate test and theorem write the proof of the above example.
Let’s learn.

Circles passing through one, two, three points

In the adjoining figure, point A lies in a plane.
All the three circles with centres P, Q, R pass P
through point A. How many more such circles may R
pass through point A? A
If your answer is many or innumerable, it is
correct. Q
Infinite number of circles pass through a point.
Fig. 3.4

48
 C In the adjoining figure, how many circles
pass through points A and B?
How many circles contain all the three points
B
A, B, C?
A Perform the activity given below and try to
Fig. 3.5 find the answer.
ActivityI: Draw segment AB. Draw
perpendicular bisector l of the l
segment AB. Take point P on
Q
the line l as centre, PA as radius P
and draw a circle. Observe that A B
the circle passes through point B
also. Find the reason. (Recall
the property of perpendicular Fig. 3.6
bisector of a segment.)
Taking any other point Q on the line l, if a circle is drawn with centre Q and radius
QA, will it pass through B ? Think.
How many such circles can be drawn, passing through A and B ? Where will their
centres lie?
Activity II : Take any three non-collinear
C
points. What should be done to
draw a circle passing through all
these points ? Draw a circle
passing through these points.
Is it possible to draw one more A B
circle passing through these three Fig. 3.7
points ? Think of it.
Activity III : Take 3 collinear points D, E, F. Try to draw a circle passing through
these points. If you are not able to draw a circle, think of the reason.
Let’s recall.

(1) Infinite circles pass through one point.

(2) Infinite circles pass through two distinct points.
(3) There is a unique circle passing through three non-collinear points.
(4) No circle can pass through 3 collinear points.

49
 Let’s learn.

Secant and tangent

l m n
Q
P
A B C
R
Fig. 3.8
In the figure above, not a single point is common in line l and circle with centre A.
Point P is common to both, line m and circle with centre B. Here, line m is called a
tangent of the circle and point P is called the point of contact.
Two points Q and R are common to both, the line n and the circle with centre C.
Q and R are intersecting points of line n and the circle. Line n is called a secant of
the circle .
Let us understand an important property of a tangent from the following activity.

Activity :
Draw a sufficiently large circle with
centre O. Draw radius OP. Draw a line
AB ^ seg OP. It intersects the circle at O
A B
points A, B. Imagine the line slides
towards point P such that all the time it
remains parallel to its original position.
Obviously, while the line slides, points P
A and B approach each other along the Fig. 3.9
circle. At the end, they get merged in point P, but the angle between the radius OP and
line AB will remain a right angle.
At this stage the line AB becomes a tangent of the circle at P.
So it is clear that, the tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
at that point.
This property is known as ‘tangent theorem’.

50
Tangent theorem

Theorem : A tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius at

the point of contact.
There is an indirect proof of this theorem.
For more information

Given : Line l is a tangent to the circle with centre O at the point of contact A.
To prove : line l ^ radius OA.
Proof : Assume that, line l is not l
perpendicular to seg OA.
Suppose, seg OB is drawn
O A
perpendicular to line l.
Of course B is not same as A.
Now take a point C on line l
such that A-B-C and Fig. 3.10

BA = BC .
Now in, D OBC and D OBA
seg BC @ seg BA ........ (construction) l
Ð OBC @ Ð OBA ....... (each right angle)
seg OB @ seg OB
C
\ D OBC @ D OBA .......... (SAS test)
O B
\ OC = OA
A
But seg OA is a radius.
\seg OC must also be radius.
\ C lies on the circle.
That means line l intersects the circle in two
Fig. 3.11
distinct points A and C.
But line l is a tangent. ........... (given)
\ it intersects the circle in only one point.
Our assumption that line l is not perpendicular to radius OA is wrong.
\ line l ^ radius OA.

51
 Let’s recall. C

Which theorems do we use in proving that hypotenuse

A B
is the longest side of a right angled triangle? Fig. 3.12

Let’s learn.

Converse of tangent theorem

Theorem: A line perpendicular to a radius at its point on the circle is a tangent to the
circle.
Given : M is the centre of a circle
M seg MN is a radius.
Line l ^ seg MN at N.
To prove : Line l is a tangent to the circle.
Proof : Take any point P, other that N,
N P l
Fig. 3.13
on the line l. Draw seg MP.
Now in D MNP, Ð N is a right angle.

\ seg MP is the hypotenuse.

\ seg MP > seg MN.


As seg MN is radius, point P can’t be on the circle.
\ no other point, except point N, of line l is on the circle.

\ line l intersects the circle in only one point N.

\ line l is a tangent to the circle.

Let’s discuss.

In figure 3.14 , B is a point on the circle with

centre A. The tangent of the circle passing through B is A
to be drawn. There are infinite lines passing through the C
point B. Which of them will be the tangent ? Can the B
number of tangents through B be more than one ? D
Fig. 3.14
52
 Point C lies in the interior of the circle. Can you draw tangents to the circle
through C ?
Point D is in the exterior of the circle. Can
P you draw a tangent to the circle through
D? If yes, how many such tangents are
possible ? From the discussion you must
A have understood that two tangents can be
D
drawn to a circle from the point outside
the circle as shown in the figure.
Q
In the adjoing figure line DP and line DQ.
touch the circle at points P and Q. Seg DP
Fig. 3.15
and seg DQ are called tangent segments.
Tangent segment theorem
Theorem ः Tangent segments drawn from an external point to a circle are
congruent.
Observe the adjoining figure. Write ‘given’ and ‘to prove.’
Draw radius AP and radius AQ and complete the following proof of the
theorem. P
Proof : In D PAD and D QAD,
seg PA @ radii of the same circle.
seg AD @ seg AD A D
ÐAPD = ÐAQD = 90° ...... tangent theorem
\ D PAD @ D QAD Q
\ seg DP @ seg DQ Fig. 3.16
˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) In the adjoining figure circle A
with centre D touches the sides
of Ð ACB at A and B. If
C D
Ð ACB = 52°, find measure
of Ð ADB.
Solution : The sum of all angles of a B
quadrilateral is 360°.
Fig. 3.17
\ Ð ACB + Ð CAD + Ð CBD + Ð ADB = 360°
\ 52° + 90° + 90° + Ð ADB = 360° ............. Tangent theorem
\ Ð ADB + 232° = 360°
\ Ð ADB = 360° - 232° = 128°
53
Eg. (2) Point O is the centre of a circle. Line a and line b are parallel tangents to the
circle at P and Q. Prove that segment PQ is a diameter of the circle.
Solution ः Draw a line c through O which is parallel P T a
to line a. Draw radii OQ and OP.
Now, Ð OPT = 90° ..... Tangent theorem
c
\ÐSOP = 90°... Int. angle property ... (I) O S
line a || line c ..... construction
line a || line b ..... given b
Q R
\ line b || line c Fig. 3.18
\ÐSOQ = 90°... Int. angle property ...(II)
\ From (I) and (II),
Ð SOP + Ð SOQ = 90° + 90° = 180°
\ ray OP and ray OQ are opposite rays.
\ P, O, Q are collinear points.
\ seg PQ is a diameter of the circle.
When a motor cycle runs on a wet road in rainy
season, you may have seen water splashing from its
wheels. Those splashes are like tangents of the circle of
the wheel. Find out the reason from your science teacher.
Observe the splinters escaping from a splintering
wheel in Diwali fire works and while sharpning a knife. Direction of running wheel
Do they also look like tangents ?

Remember this !

(1) Tangent theorem : The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the
radius through the point of contact.
(2) A line perpendicular to a radius at its point on the circle, is a tangent to the
circle.
(3) Tangent segments drawn from an external point to a circle are congruent.

54
 Practice set 3.1
1.
In the adjoining figure the radius of a circle with centre C is 6 cm, line AB is a
tangent at A. Answer the following questions.
(1) What is the measure of ÐCAB ? Why ?
(2) What is the distance of point C from
C
line AB? Why ?
(3) d(A,B)= 6 cm, find d(B,C).
(4) What is the measure of ÐABC ? Why ? A B
Fig. 3.19
M
2. In the adjoining figure, O is the centre
of the circle. From point R,
O R seg RM and seg RN are tangent
segments touching the circle at
N M and N. If (OR) = 10 cm and
Fig. 3.20 radius of the circle = 5 cm, then

(1) What is the length of each tangent segment ?

(2) What is the measure of ÐMRO ? (3) What is the measure of Ð MRN ?
M
3. Seg RM and seg RN are tangent
segments of a circle with centre O.
O R
Prove that seg OR bisects ÐMRN
as well as ÐMON.
N
Fig. 3.21
4. What is the distance between two parallel tangents of a circle having radius
4.5 cm ? Justify your answer.

ICT Tools or Links

With the help of Geogebra software, draw a circle and its tangents from a
point in its exterior. Check that the tangent segments are congrurent.

55
 Let’s learn.

Touching circles

Activity I :
Take three collinear points X-Y-Z
as shown in figure 3.22. Draw a
circle with centre X and radius XY.
Draw another circle with centre Z X Y Z
and radius YZ.
Note that both the circles intersect
each other at the single point Y.
Draw a line through point Y and
Fig. 3.22
perpendicular to seg XZ.
Note that this line is a common
tangent of the two circles.
Activity II :
Take points Y-X-Z as shown in the
figure 3.23.
Draw a circle with centre Z and Y
radius ZY. X Z
Also draw a circle with centre X
and radius XY.
Note that both the circles intersect
Fig. 3.23
each other at the point Y.
Draw a line perpendicular to
seg YZ through point Y, that is the
common tangent for the circles.
You must have understood, the circles in both the figures are coplaner and intersect
at one point only. Such circles are said to be circles touching each other.

Touching circles can be defined as follows.

If two circles in the same plane intersect with a line in the plain in only one point,
they are said to be touching circles and the line is their common tangent. The point
common to the circles and the line is called their common point of contact.

56
 l p

T K
R S NM

Fig. 3.24 Fig. 3.25

In figure 3.24, the circles with centres R and S touch the line l in point T. So they
are two touching circles with l as common tangent. They are touching externally.
In figure 3.25 the circles with centres M, N touch each other internally and line p
is their common tangent.

Let’s think.

(1) The circles shown in figure 3.24 are called externally touching circles. why ?
(2) The circles shown in figure 3.25 are called internally touching circles. why ?
(3) In figure 3.26, the radii of the circles with centers A and B are 3 cm and 4 cm
respectively. Find -
(i) d(A,B) in figure 3.26 (a) (ii) d(A,B) in figure 3.26 (b)

Theorem of touching circles

Theorem : If two circles touch each other, their point of contact lies on the line
joining their centres.
l l

C
A C B
A B

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.26
57
Given : C is the point of contact of the two circles with centers A, B.
To prove : Point C lies on the line AB.
Proof : Let line l be the common tangent passing through C, of the two touching
circles. line l ^ seg AC, line l ^ seg BC. \ seg AC ^ line l and seg BC ^ line l.
Through C, only one line perpendicular to line l can be drawn.
\ points C, A, B are collinear.

Remember this !

(1) The point of contact of the touching circles lies on the line joining their
centres.
(2) If the circles touch each other externally, distance between their centres is
equal to the sum of their radii.
(3) The distance between the centres of the circles touching internally is equal
to the difference of their radii.

Practice set 3.2

1.
Two circles having radii 3.5 cm and 4.8 cm touch each other internally. Find
the distance between their centres.
2.
Two circles of radii 5.5 cm and 4.2 cm touch each other externally. Find the
distance between their centres.
If radii of two circles are 4 cm and 2.8 cm. Draw figure of these circles
3.
touching each other - (i) externally (ii) internally.
4.
In fig 3.27, the circles with centres P
and Q touch each other at R. A
A line passing through R meets the
circles at A and B respectively. Prove P R Q Fig. 3.27
that -
(1) seg AP || seg BQ,
(2) D APR ~ D RQB, and B
(3) Find Ð RQB if Ð PAR = 35°
D l 5«. In fig 3.28 the circles with centres
C
A and B touch each other at E. Line l
is a common tangent which touches
A E B the circles at C and D respectively.
Find the length of seg CD if the radii
Fig. 3.28 of the circles are 4 cm, 6 cm.
58
 Let’s recall.

Arc of a circle

Y A secant divides a circle in two

parts. Any one of these two parts and

C the common points of the circle and the

k secant constitute an arc of the circle.
A B
The points of intersection of circle
X
Fig. 3.29 and secant are called the end points of
the arcs.
In figure 3.29, due to secant k we get two arcs of the circle with centre C-
arc AYB, arc AXB.
If the centre of a circle is on one side of the secant then the arc on the side of the
centre is called ‘major arc’ and the arc which is on the other side of the centre is called
‘minor arc’. In the figure 3.29 arc AYB is a major arc and arc AXB is a minor arc. If
there is no confusion then the name of a minor arc is written using its end points only.
For example, the arc AXB in figure 3.29, is written as arc AB.
Here after, we are going to use the same convention for writing the names of arcs.

Central angle
Q
When the vertex of an angle is the
Major arc centre of a circle, it is called a central
O
q angle. In the figure 3.30, O is the centre
B
of a circle and Ð AOB is a central angle.
P
Minor arc
A Like secant, a central angle also
divides a circle into two arcs.
Fig. 3.30

Measure of an arc
To compare two arcs, we need to know their measures. Measure of an arc is
defined as follows.

59
 (1) Measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of its corresponding central
angle. In figure 3.30 measure of central Ð AOB is q.
\ measure of minor arc APB is also q.
(2) Measure of major arc = 360° - measure of corresponding minor arc.
In figure 3.30 measure of major arc AQB = 360° - measure of minor arc APB
= 360° - q
(3) Measure of a semi circular arc, that is of a semi circle is 180°.
(4) Measure of a complete circle is 360°.

Let’s learn.

Congruence of arcs

When two coplanar figures coincide with each other, they are called congruent
figures. We know that two angles of equal measure are congruent.

Similarily, are two arcs of the same measure congruent ?

Find the answer of the question by doing the following activity.
Activity :
Draw two circles with centre C, as shown in the figure. Draw Ð DCE, Ð FCG of
G the same measure and Ð ICJ of different
measure.
I Arms of Ð DCE intersect inner circle
C 70° F at A and B.
40°
Do you notice that the measures of
J 70°
A B arcs AB and DE are the same ? Do they
E coincide ? No, definitely not.
D
Now cut and seperate the sectors
Fig. 3.31 C-DE; C-FG and C-IJ. Check whether
the arc DE, arc FG and arc IJ coincide with each other.
Did you notice that equality of measures of two arcs is not enough to make the two
arcs congruent ? Which additional condition do you think is neccessary to make
the two arcs congruent ?
From the above activity -
Two arcs are congruent if their measures and radii are equal.
‘Arc DE and arc GF are congruent’ is written in symbol as arc DE @ arc GF.

60
 Property of sum of measures of arcs
C In figure 3.32, the points A, B, C, D, E
B
are concyclic. With these points many
arcs are formed. There is one and only
D one common point C to arc ABC and
arc CDE. So measure of arc ACE is the
A sum of measures of arc ABC and arc CDE.
E m(arc ABC) + m(arc CDE) = m(arc ACE)
Fig. 3.32
But arc ABC and arc BCE have many points in common. [All points on arc BC.]
So m(arc ABE) ¹  m(arc ABC) + m(arc BCE).
Theorem : The chords corresponding to congruent arcs of a circle ( or congruent
circles) are congruent.
Given : In a circle with centre B arc APC @ arc DQE
To Prove : Chord AC @ chord DE
E Proof : (Fill in the blanks and complete the
proof.)
B Q In D ABC and D DBE,
D
side AB @ side DB (........)
A C
side .... @ side ........ (........)
P Ð ABC @ Ð DBE  measures of congruent
Fig. 3.33 arcs
\ D ABC @ D DBE (.......)
\ chord AC @ chord DE (......)
Theorem : Corresponding arcs of congruent chords of a circle (or congruent
circles) are congruent.
Given : O is the centre of a circle
chord PQ @ chord RS.
S
To prove : Arc PMQ @ arc RNS
O
N Proof : Consider the following statements and write
the proof.
P
R Two arcs are congruent if their measures
M Q and radii are equal. Arc PMQ and
arc RNS are arcs of the same circle, hence
Fig. 3.34
have equal radii.
61
 Their measures are same as the measures of their central angles. To obtain central
angles we have to draw radii OP, OQ, OR, OS.
Can you show that D OPQ and D ORS are congruent ?
Prove the above two theorems for congruent circles.

Let’s think.

· While proving the first theorem of the two, we assume that the minor arc APC
and minor arc DQE are congruent. Can you prove the same theorem by
assuming that corresponding major arcs congruent ?
· In the second theorem, are the major arcs corresponding to congruent chords
congruent ? Is the theorem true, when the chord PQ and chord RS are diameters of
the circle ?

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™

Ex. (1) A, B, C are any points on the A

circle with centre O.
(i) Write the names of all arcs
O
formed due to these points.
B
(ii) If m arc (BC) = 110° and
m arc (AB) = 125°, find C
measures of all remaining arcs. Fig. 3.35
Solution ः (i) Names of arcs -
arc AB, arc BC, arc AC, arc ABC, arc ACB, arc BAC
(ii)
m(arc ABC) = m(arc AB) + m(arc BC)
= 125° + 110° = 235°
m (arc AC) = 360° - m (arc ACB)
= 360° - 235° = 125°
Similarly, m(arc ACB) = 360° - 125° = 235°
and m(arc BAC) = 360° - 110° = 250°

62
Ex. (2) In the figure 3.36 a rectangle PQRS is inscribed in a circle with centre T.
Prove that, (i) arc PQ @ arc SR
(ii) arc SPQ @ arc PQR P
Solution : (i) c PQRS in a rectangle. Q
\ chord PQ @ chord SR ....... opposite sides T
of a rectangle S
\ arc PQ @ arc SR ...... arcs corresponding R
to congruent chords.
(ii) chord PS @ chord QR ..... Opposite sides of Fig. 3.36
a rectangle
\ arc SP @ arc QR ..... arcs corresponding to congruent chords.
\ measures of arcs SP and QR are equal
Now, m(arc SP) + m(arc PQ) = m(arc PQ) + m(arc QR)
\ m(arc SPQ) = m(arc PQR)
\ arc SPQ @ arc PQR

Remember this !

(1) An angle whose vertex is the centre of a circle is called a central angle.
(2) Definition of measure of an arc - (i) The measure of a minor arc is the measure of its
central angle. (ii) Measure of a major arc = 360°- measure of its corresponding
minor arc. (iii) measure of a semicircle is 180°.
(3) When two arcs are of the same radius and same measure, they are congruent.
(4) When only one point C is common to arc ABC, and arc CDE of the same circle,
m(arc ABC) + m(arc CDE) = m(arc ACE)
(5) Chords of the same or congruent circles are equal if the related arcs are congruent.
(6) Arcs of the same or congruent circles are equal if the related chords are congruent.

Practice set 3.3

1. In figure 3.37, points G, D, E, F

are concyclic points of a circle with D G
centre C. C
Ð ECF = 70°, m(arc DGF) = 200°
F Fig. 3.37
find m(arc DE) and m(arc DEF). E
63
 Q 2«. In fig 3.38 D QRS is an equilateral
triangle. Prove that,
(1) arc RS @ arc QS @ arc QR
(2) m(arc QRS) = 240°.
R S

Fig. 3.38

3. In fig 3.39 chord AB @ chord CD,

A D
Prove that,
arc AC @ arc BD
C B
Fig. 3.39

Let’s learn.

We have learnt some properties relating to a circle and points as well as lines
(tangents). Now let us learn some properties regarding circle and angles with the help
of some activities.

Activity I :
Draw a sufficiently large circle of any radius as shown in the figure 3.40. Draw

a chord AB and central Ð ACB. Take any point

D D on the major arc and point E on the minor arc.
F (1) Measure Ð ADB and Ð ACB and compare
H G the measures.
C (2) Measure Ð ADB and Ð AEB. Add
the measures.
A B
I
E
Fig. 3.40

64
(3) Take points F, G, H on the arc ADB. Measure Ð AFB, Ð AGB, Ð AHB.
Compare these measures with each other as well as with measure of Ð ADB.
(4) Take any point I on the arc AEB. Measure Ð AIB and compare it with Ð AEB.
From the activity you must have noticed-
(1) The measure Ð ACB is twice the measure of Ð ADB.
(2) The sum of the measures of Ð ADB and Ð AEB is180°.
(3) The angles Ð AHB, Ð ADB, Ð AFB and Ð AGB are of equal measure.
(4) The measure of Ð AEB and Ð AIB are equal.
Activity II : R
Draw a sufficiently large circle with centre C as S
shown in the figure 3.41. Draw any diameter PQ. Now
P Q
take points R,S,T on both the semicircles. Measure C
Ð PRQ, Ð PSQ, Ð PTQ. Note that each is a right
angle. T
Fig. 3.41
The properties you saw in the above activities are theorems that give relations
between circle and angles.
Let us learn some definitions required to prove the theorems.

Inscribed angle

In figure 3.42, C is the centre of a D

circle. The vertex D, of Ð PDQ lies on the
circle. The arms of Ð PDQ intersect the
circle at A and B. Such an angle is called C
an angle inscribed in the circle or in the A B
Q
arc. P
In figure 3.42, Ð ADB is inscribed in the Fig. 3.42
arc ADB.

65
 Intercepted arc
Observe all figures (i) to (vi) in the following figure 3.43.
B
B
A
B B C
C
A C

A
B
A A C
C B
C A

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Fig. 3.43
In each figure, the arc of a circle that lies in the interior of the Ð ABC is an arc
intercepted by the Ð ABC. The points of intersection of the circle and the angle are
end points of that intercepted arc. Each side of the angle has to contain an end point
of the arc.
In figures 3.43 (i), (ii) and (iii) only one arc is intercepted by that angle; and in
(iv), (v) and (vi), two arcs are intercepted by the angle.
Also note that, only one side of the angle touches the circle in (ii) and (v), but in
(vi) both sides of the angle touch the circle.
B
In figure 3.44, the arc is not
intercepted arc, as arm BC does not
C Fig. 3.44
contain any end point of the arc.
A

Inscribed angle theorem

The measure of an inscribed angle is half of the measure of the arc intercepted
by it.
A Given ः In a circle with centre O,
x Ð BAC is inscribed in arc BAC.
Arc BDC is intercepted by the
O angle.
2x x To prove
ः ÐBAC =
1
m(arc BDC)
B C 2
2x Construction ः Draw ray AO. It
D E intersects the circle at E.
Fig. 3.45 Draw radius OC.
66
Proof ः In D AOC,
side OA @ side OC ...... radii of the same circle.
\ Ð OAC = Ð OCA ..... theorem of isosceles triangle.
Let Ð OAC = Ð OCA = x ...... (I)
Now, Ð EOC = Ð OAC + Ð OCA .... exterior angle theorem of a triangle.
= x° + x° = 2x°
But Ð EOC is a central angle.
\ m(arc EC) = 2x° .... definition of measure of an arc ..... (II)
\ from (I) and (II).
Ð OAC = Ð EAC = 1 m(arc EC) ..... (III)
2
1
Similarly, drawing seg OB, we can prove Ð EAB =
m(arc BE)...... (IV)
2
1 1
\Ð EAC + Ð EAB = m(arc EC) + m(arc BE).... from (III) and (IV)
2 2
1
\ Ð BAC = [m(arc EC) + m(arc BE)]
2
=1 [m(arc BEC)] = 1
[m(arc BDC)] ..... (V)
2 2
Note that we have to consider three cases regarding the position of the centre of
the circle and the inscribed angle. The centre of the circle lies (i) on one of the arms of
the angle (ii) in the interior of the angle (iii) in the exterior of the angle. Out of these,
first two are proved in (III) and (V). We will prove now the third one.
In figure 3.46,
Ð BAC = Ð BAE - Ð CAE E
O
1 1
= m(arc BCE) - m(arc CE) A
2 2
...... from (III) C
1
B
= [m(arc BCE) - m(arc CE)]
2 Fig. 3.46
1
= [m(arc BC)] ...... (VI)
2
The above theorem can also be stated as follows.
The measure of an angle subtended by an arc at a point on the circle is half of
the measure of the angle subtended by the arc at the centre.
The corollaries of the above theorem can also be stated in similar language.

67
 Corollaries of inscribed angle theorem
1. Angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
Q Write ‘given’ and ‘to prove’ with the help
of the figure 3.47.
S
Think of the answers of the following
questions and write the proof.
C (1) Which arc is intercepted by Ð PQR ?
P R (2) Which arc is intercepted by Ð PSR ?
T (3) What is the relation between an
Fig. 3.47 inscribed angle and the arc intersepted
by it ?
B
2. Angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

With the help of figure 3.48 write A C

M
‘given’, ‘to prove’ and ‘the proof’.

X
Fig. 3.48
Cyclic quadrilateral
If all vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the same circle then it is called a cyclic
quadrilateral.
Theorem of cyclic quadrilateral

Theorem: Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementry.

Fill in the blanks and complete the following proof.
D
Given ः c is cyclic.
To prove ः Ð B + Ð D =
C + Ð C = 180°
A
B Fig. 3.49
Proof ः Arc ABC is intercepted by the inscribed angle Ð ADC.
1
\ ÐADC = .......... (I)
2

Similarly, is an inscribed angle. It intercepts arc ADC.
68
 1
\ = m(arc ADC) ..... (II)
2
\ mÐADC + =1 + 1
m(arc ADC) ..... from (I) & (II)
2 2

1
= [ + m(arc ADC)]
2
1
= ´ 360° ........ arc ABC and arc ADC constitute
2
a complete circle.
=
Similarly we can prove, ÐA + ÐC =
.

Corollary of cyclic quadrilateral theorem

An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is congruent to the angle opposite
to its adjacent interior angle.
Write the proof of the theorem yourself.

Let’s think.

In the above theorem, after proving Ð B + Ð D = 180°, can you use another
way to prove Ð A + Ð C = 180°?

Converse of cyclic quadrilateral theorem

Theorem : If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is supplementary, the
quadrilateral is cyclic.
Try to prove this theorem by ‘indirect method’. From the above converse, we know
that if opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then there is a circumcircle
for the quadrilateral.
For every triangle there exists a circumcircle but there may not be a circumcircle
for every quadrilateral.
The above converse gives us the condition to ensure the existence of circumcircle
of a quadrilateral.
With one more condition four non-collinear points are concyclic. It is stated in the
following theorem.

69
Theorem : If two points on a given line subtend equal angles at two distinct
points which lie on the same side of the line, then the four
points are concyclic.
Given : Points B and C lie on the same side
B
x C of the line AD. Ð ABD @ Ð ACD
x
To prove : Points A, B, C, D are concyclic.
(That is, c ABCD is cyclic.)
A D This theorem can be proved by
Fig. 3.50 ‘indirect method’.

Let’s think.
The above theorem is converse of a certain theorem. State it.

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) In figure 3.51, chord LM @ chord LN L
Ð L = 35° find
(i) m(arc MN) 35°
(ii) m(arc LN)
1
Solution ः (i) Ð L = m(arc MN) ......inscribed angle theorem.
2
1 M N
\ 35 =
2
m(arc MN)
Fig. 3.51
\ 2 ´ 35 = m(arc MN) = 70°
(ii) m(arc MLN) = 360° - m(arc MN) ...... definition of measure of arc
= 360° - 70° = 290°
Now, chord LM @ chord LN
\ arc LM @ arc LN
but m(arc LM) + m(arc LN) = m(arc MLN) = 290° ..... arc addition property
290°
m(arc LM) = m(arc LN) = = 145°
2
or, (ii) chord LM @ chord LN
\ Ð M = Ð N ...... isosceles trinangle theorem.
\ 2 Ð M = 180° - 35° = 145°
145°
\ÐM=
2
70
 Now, m(arc LN) = 2 ´ Ð M
145°
=2´ = 145°
2

Ex. (2) In figure 3.52, chords PQ and RS intersect at T.

(i) Find m(arc SQ) if mÐ STQ = 58°, mÐ PSR = 24°.
(ii) Verify,
S 1
P 24° Ð STQ = [m(arc PR) + m(arc SQ)]
2
T
58° (iii) Prove that :
R 1
Q
ÐSTQ = 2
[m(arc PR) + m(arc SQ)]
for any measure of Ð STQ.
Fig. 3.52
(iv) Write in words the property in (iii).

Solution ः (i) ÐSPQ = ÐSPT = 58° - 24° = 34° ....... exterior angle theorem.
m(arc QS) = 2 ÐSPQ = 2 ´ 34° = 68°
(ii) m(arc PR) = 2 ÐPSR = 2 ´ 24° = 48°
1 1
Now, [m(arc PR) + m(arc SQ)] = [48 + 68]
2 2
1
= 2
´ 116 = 58°
= Ð STQ
(iii) Fill in the blanks and complete the proof of the above property.
ÐSTQ = ÐSPQ + ....... exterior angle theorem of a triangle
1
= m(arc SQ) + ....... inscribed angle theorem
2
1
= 2
[  +  ]
(iv) If two chords of a circle intersect each other in the interior of a circle then
the measure of the angle between them is half the sum of measures of arcs
intercepted by the angle and its opposite angle.

71
Ex. (3) Prove that, if two lines containing chords of a circle intersect each other
outside the circle, then the measure of angle between them is half the
difference in measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle.
Given : Chords AB and CD intersect at E in
A
the exterior of the circle.
B 1
To prove : Ð AEC =  [m(arc AC)-m(arc BD)]
2
E
D Construction: Draw seg AD.
Consider angles of D AED
C and its exterior angle and write
Fig. 3.53 the proof.

Remember this !

(1) The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the arc intercepted by
it.
(2) Angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
(3) Angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
(4) If all vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the same circle then the quadrilateral is
called a cyclic quadrilateral.
(5) Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
(6) An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is congruent to the angle opposite to
its adjacent interior angle.
(7) If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is supplementary, then the
quadrilateral is cyclic.
(8) If two points on a given line subtend equal angles at two different points which lie
on the same side of the line, then those four points are concyclic.
A D
(9) In figure 3.54,
1 E
(i) Ð AEC = [m(arc AC) + m(arc DB)] C B
2
1
(ii) Ð CEB= 2
[m(arc AD) + m(arc CB)]
Fig. 3.54

72
 E
A C
(10) In figure 3.55,
1
Ð BED = [m(arc BD) - m(arc AC)]
2 D

B
Fig. 3.55

Practice set 3.4

1. In figure 3.56, in a circle with centre O, C

length of chord AB is equal to the radius
O
of the circle. Find measure of each of the
following.
(1) Ð AOB (2)Ð ACB B
A
(3) arc AB (4) arc ACB. Fig. 3.56
P 2. In figure 3.57, c PQRS is cyclic.
side PQ @ side RQ. Ð PSR = 110°, Find-
S
Q (1) measure of Ð PQR
(2) m(arc PQR)
R (3) m(arc QR)
Fig. 3.57 (4) measure of Ð PRQ

3. c MRPN is cyclic, Ð R = (5x - 13)°, Ð N = (4x + 4)°. Find measures of Ð R and

Ð N.
T
4. In figure 3.58, seg RS is a diameter of the
circle with centre O. Point T lies in
the exterior of the circle. Prove that R S
O
Ð RTS is an acute angle.

Fig. 3.58
5. Prove that, any rectangle is a cyclic quadrilateral.

73
 W
6. In figure 3.59, altitudes YZ and XT of
T
D WXY intersect at P. Prove that,
Z
(1) c WZPT is cyclic.
P
(2) Points X, Z, T, Y are concyclic.
X Y
Fig. 3.59

N
7. In figure 3.60, m(arc NS) = 125°,
E
m(arc EF) = 37°, find the measure Ð NMS. M
F S

Fig. 3.60
A E
8. In figure 3.61, chords AC and DE
B
intersect at B. If Ð ABE = 108°,
C m(arc AE) = 95°, find m(arc DC) .
D

Fig. 3.61

Let’s learn.

Activity :
Draw a circle as shown in figure 3.62. Draw a chord AC. Take any point B on the
B circle. Draw inscribed Ð ABC, measure
it and note the measure.

C B
A
Fig. 3.62
Now as shown in figure 3.63, draw C
a tangent CD of the same circle, measure A
angle Ð ACD and note the measure. D
Fig. 3.63
74
 You will find that Ð ACD = ÐABC.
1
You know that Ð ABC = m(arc AC)
2
1
From this we get Ð ACD = m(arc AC).
2
Now we will prove this property.
Theorem of angle between tangent and secant

If an angle has its vertex on the circle, its one side touches the circle and the
other intersects the circle in one more point, then the measure of the angle is half
the measure of its intercepted arc.
A

A A
M x
M M
F D
D x D
y
B C B C E B C
(i) (ii) (iii)
Fig. 3.64
Given ः Let Ð ABC be an angle, where vertex B lies on a circle with centre M.
Its side BC touches the circle at B and side BA intersects the circle
at A. Arc ADB is intercepted by Ð ABC.
1
To prove ः Ð ABC = m(arc ADB)
2
Proof ः Consider three cases.
(1) In figure 3.64 (i), the centre M lies on the arm BA of Ð ABC, A
Ð ABC = Ð MBC = 90° ..... tangent theorem (I)
arc ADB is a semicircle. M
\ m(arc ADB) = 180° ..... definition of measure of arc (II) D
From (I) and (II)
1 B C
Ð ABC = m(arc ADB) Fig. 3.64(i)
2
(2) In figure 3.64 (ii) centre M lies in the exterior of Ð ABC,
Draw radii MA and MB.
Now, Ð MBA = Ð MAB ..... isosceles triangle theorem

Ð MBC = 90° ..... tangent theorem..... (I)

75
 let Ð MBA = Ð MAB = x and Ð ABC = y.
Ð AMB = 180 - (x + x) = 180 - 2x A
x
Ð MBC = Ð MBA + Ð ABC = x + y M
\ x + y = 90° \ 2x + 2y = 180° x D
y
In D AMB, 2x + Ð AMB = 180° B C
\ 2x + 2y = 2x + Ð AMB Fig. 3.64(ii)
\ 2y = Ð AMB
1 1
\ y = Ð ABC = Ð AMB = m(arc ADB)
2 2
(3) With the help of fig 3.64 (iii),
Fill in the blanks and write proof.
Ray is the opposite ray of ray BC.
1
Now, ÐABE =
m( ) ...... proved in (ii).
2
1
\ 180 - =
2
m(arc AFB) ..... linear pair
1
= [360 - m(   )]
2
1
\ 180 - ÐABC = 180 - 2
m(arc ADB)
A
1 M
\ - ÐABC = - m(   ) D
2 F
1
\ ÐABC = m(arc ADB)
2 E B C
Alternative statement of the above theorem. Fig. 3.64(iii)
In the figure 3.65, line AB is a secant and line BC is a tangent. The arc ADB is
intercepted by Ð ABC. Chord AB divides the circle in two parts. These are opposite
A
arcs of each other.
Now take any point T on the arc opposite
D
to arc ADB .
T From the above theorem,
1
Ð ABC = m (arc ADB) = Ð ATB.
B C 2
Fig. 3.65
\ the angle between a tangent of a circle and a chord drawn from the point of
contact is congruent to the angle inscribed in the arc opposite to the arc intercepted
by that angle.
76
 Converse of theorem of the angle between tangent and secant
A line is drawn from one end point of a chord of a circle and if the angle between
the chord and the line is half the measure of the arc intercepted by that angle then that
line is a tangent to the circle. P
In figure 3.66,
1
U O S
If Ð PQR = m(arc PSQ),
2
1
[or Ð PQT = 2
m(arc PUQ)] T Q R
Fig. 3.66
then line TR is a tangent to the circle.
This property is used in constructing a tangent to the given circle.
An indirect proof of this converse can be given.

Theorem of internal division of chords

Suppose two chords of a circle intersect each other in the interior of the circle, then
the product of the lengths of the two segments of one chord is equal to the product
of the lengths of the two segments of the
other chord. A
Given ः Chords AB and CD of a circle P
with centre P intersect at point E. D
C E
To prove ः AE ´ EB = CE ´ ED B
Construction ः Draw seg AC and seg DB. Fig. 3.67
Proof ः In D CAE and D BDE,
Ð AEC @ Ð DEB ..... opposite angles
Ð CAE @ Ð BDE ..... angles inscribed in the same arc
\ D CAE ~ D BDE ..... AA test
AE CE
\ = ..... corresponding sides of similar triangles
DE BE
\ AE ´ EB = CE ´ ED

Let’s think.
We proved the theorem by drawing seg AC and seg DB in figure 3.67, Can the
theorem be proved by drawing seg AD and segCB, instead of seg AC and seg DB?

77
 For more information
In figure 3.67 point E divides the chord AB into segments AE and EB.
AE ´ EB is the area of a rectangle having sides AE and EB. Similarly E divides CD
into segments CE and ED. CE ´ ED is the area of a rectangle of sides CE and ED. We
have proved that AE ´ EB = CE ´ ED.
So the above theorem can be stated as, ‘If two chords of a circle intersect in the
interior of a circle then the area of the rectangle formed by the segments of one chord
is equal to the area of similar rectangle formed by the other chord.’

Theorem of external division of chords

If secants containing chords AB and CD of a circle intersect outside the circle in
point E, then AE ´ EB = CE ´ ED.
Write ‘given’ and ‘to prove’ with the help of the statement of the theorem and
figure 3.68.
A
B Construction ः Draw seg AD and
seg BC.
D E
C
Fig. 3.68

Fill in the blanks and complete the proof.

Proof ः In D ADE and D CBE,
Ð AED @ .......... common angle
Ð DAE @ Ð BCE
..........( )
\D ADE ~ ..........( )

(AE)
\ = .......... corresponding sides of similar triangles

\ = CE ´ ED

78
Tangent secant segments theorem

Point E is in the exterior of a circle. A secant through E intersects the

circle at points A and B, and a tangent through E touches the circle at point T,
then EA ´ EB = ET2.
Write ‘given’ and ‘to prove’ with reference to
B
the statement of the theorem.
A Construction ः Draw seg TA and seg TB.
E Proof ः In D EAT and D ETB,
T Ð AET @ Ð TEB .... common angle
Ð ETA @ Ð EBT... tangent secant theorem
Fig. 3.69 \ D EAT ~ D ETB ..... AA similarity
ET EA
\ = ..... corresponding sides
EB ET
\ EA ´ EB = ET2
Remember this !

(1) In figure 3.70, D

AE ´ EB = CE ´ ED A
This property is known as theorem of
C E
chords intersecting inside the
circle. B
Fig. 3.70
A
(2) In figure 3.71,
B AE ´ EB = CE ´ ED
C E This property is known as
D
theorem of chords intersecting
Fig. 3.71 outside the circle.
B
(3) In figure 3.72,
EA ´ EB = ET2 A
This property is known as tangent E
secant segments theorem. T
Fig. 3.72
79
 ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™

Ex. (1) In figure 3.73, seg PS is a tangent segment.

P
Line PR is a secant.
Q
If PQ = 3.6,
QR = 6.4, find PS.
S
Solution ः PS = PQ ´ PR .... tangent secant segments
2

theorem
= PQ ´ (PQ + QR) R
= 3.6 ´ [3.6 + 6.4]
Fig. 3.73
= 3.6 ´ 10
= 36
\PS = 6
Ex. (2) In figure 3.74, chord MN and chord
M RS intersect each other at point P.
S If PR = 6, PS = 4, MN = 11
find PN.
P
Solution ः By theorem on interesecting chords,
N
PN  ´ PM = PR ´ PS... (I)
let PN = x. \PM = 11 - x
R
substituting the values in (I),
Fig. 3.74
x (11 - x) = 6 ´ 4
\ 11x - x2 - 24 = 0
\ x2 - 11x + 24 = 0
\ (x - 3) (x - 8) = 0
\ x - 3 = 0 or x - 8 = 0
\ x = 3 or x = 8
\ PN = 3 or PN = 8

80
Ex. (3) In figure 3.75, two circles X
intersect each other in points X
and Y.Tangents drawn from a
point M on line XY touch
the circles at P and Q. P Y Q
Prove that, seg PM @ seg QM. M
Solution ः Fill in the blanks and write proof.
Fig. 3.75
Line MX is a common ........ of the two circles.
\PM2 = MY ´ MX ..... (I)
Similarly ....... = ....... ´ ....... , tangent secant segment theorem ......(II)
\From (I) and (II) ...... = QM2
\ PM = QM
seg PM @ seg QM
Ex. (4) In figure 3.76, seg PQ is a diameter of a
R
P circle with centre O. R is any point on the
circle.
S
seg RS ^ seg PQ.
T O Prove that, SR is the geometric mean
of PS and SQ.
Q
[That is, SR2 = PS ´ SQ]
Fig. 3.76
Solution ः Write the proof with the help of the following steps.
(1) Draw ray RS. It intersects the circle at T.
(2) Show that RS = TS.
(3) Write a result using theorem of intersection of chords inside the circle.
(4) Using RS = TS complete the proof.

Let’s think.

(1) In figure 3.76, if seg PR and seg RQ are drawn, what is the nature of D PRQ?
(2) Have you previously proved the property proved in example (4) ?

81
 Practice set 3.5
1. In figure 3.77, ray PQ touches the S
circle at point Q. PQ = 12, PR = 8, R
find PS and RS. P Fig. 3.77

2. In figure 3.78, chord MN and chord

M
S RS intersect at point D.
D N
(1) If RD = 15, DS = 4,
Fig. 3.78
R
MD = 8 find DN
(2) If RS = 18, MD = 9,
DN = 8 find DS

3. In figure 3.79, O is the centre of the

circle and B is a point of contact. B
seg OE ^ seg AD, AB = 12, O
A Fig. 3.79
AC = 8, find C
(1) AD (2) DC (3) DE. E
D

T
S 4. In figure 3.80, if PQ = 6,
P Fig. 3.80 QR = 10, PS = 8
Q find TS.
R

D
5. In figure 3.81, seg EF is a diameter
and seg DF is a tangent segment. G
The radius of the circle is r. Fig. 3.81
Prove that, DE ´ GE = 4r2 E F
H

82
 Problem set 3
1.
Four alternative answers for each of the following questions are given. Choose
the correct alternative.
(1) Two circles of radii 5.5 cm and 3.3 cm respectively touch each other. What is
the distance between their centers ?
(A) 4.4 cm (B) 8.8 cm (C) 2.2 cm (D) 8.8 or 2.2 cm
(2)
Two circles intersect each other such that each circle passes through the centre
of the other. If the distance between their centres is 12, what is the radius of
each circle ?
(A) 6 cm (B) 12 cm (C) 24 cm (D) can’t say
(3)
A circle touches all sides of a parallelogram. So the parallelogram must be a,
................... .
(A) rectangle (B) rhombus (C) square (D) trapezium
(4)
Length of a tangent segment drawn from a point which is at a distance 12.5 cm
from the centre of a circle is 12 cm, find the diameter of the circle.
(A) 25 cm (B) 24 cm (C) 7 cm (D) 14 cm
(5)
If two circles are touching externally, how many common tangents of them
can be drawn?
(A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four
Ð ACB is inscribed in arc ACB of a circle with centre O. If Ð ACB = 65°,
(6)
find m(arc ACB).
(A) 65° (B) 130° (C) 295° (D) 230°
(7) Chords AB and CD of a circle intersect inside the circle at point E. If AE = 5.6,
EB = 10, CE = 8, find ED.
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 11.2 (D) 9
(8) In a cyclic c ABCD, twice the measure of Ð A is thrice the measure of ÐC.
Find the measure of ÐC?
(A) 36 (B) 72 (C) 90 (D) 108
9)« Points A, B, C are on a circle, such that m(arc AB) = m(arc BC) = 120°. No
point, except point B, is common to the arcs. Which is the type of D ABC?
(A) Equilateral triangle (B) Scalene triangle
(C) Right angled triangle (D) Isosceles triangle
83
 (10) Seg XZ is a diameter of a circle. Point Y lies in its interior. How many of
the following statements are true ?
(i) It is not possible that Ð XYZ is an acute angle.
(ii) Ð XYZ can’t be a right angle.
(iii) Ð XYZ is an obtuse angle.
(iv) Can’t make a definite statement for measure of Ð XYZ.
(A) Only one (B) Only two (C) Only three (D) All
2. Line l touches a circle with centre O
at point P. If radius of the circle is 9 cm,
answer the following. o
(1) What is d(O, P) = ? Why ?
(2) If d(O, Q) = 8 cm, where does the
point Q lie ? P l
(3) If d(PQ) = 15 cm, How many Fig. 3.82
locations of point R are line on
line l ? At what distance will each
of them be from point P ?
3. In figure 3.83, M is the centre
of the circle and seg KL is a tangent
M K segment.
If MK = 12, KL = 6 3 then find -
L
(1) Radius of the circle.
Fig. 3.83 (2) Measures of Ð K and Ð M.

4. In figure 3.84, O is the centre of the B

circle. Seg AB, seg AC are tangent
segments. Radius of the circle is A O
r and l(AB) = r , Prove that, c ABOC C
is a square.
Fig. 3.84

84
 A E B
5. In figure 3.85, c ABCD is a
parallelogram. It circumscribes the
H circle with cnetre T. Point E,
T F
F, G, H are touching points. If AE = 4.5,
D
EB = 5.5, find AD.
G C
Fig. 3.85
6.
In figure 3.86, circle with centre M
touches the circle with centre N at R
point T. Radius RM touches the T S
smaller circle at S. Radii of circles N
M
are 9 cm and 2.5 cm. Find the answers
to the following questions hence find
the ratio MS:SR.
(1) Find the length of segment MT Fig. 3.86
(2) Find the length of seg MN
(3) Find the measure of Ð NSM.
B 7. In the adjoining figure circles with
centres X and Y touch each other
at point Z. A secant passing through
X Y Z intersects the circles at points A and
Z B respectively. Prove that,
radius XA || radius YB.
A
Fill in the blanks and complete the
Fig. 3.87 proof.
Construction ः Draw segments XZ and .......... .
Proof ःBy theorem of touching circles, points X, Z, Y are .......... .
\ Ð XZA @ .......... opposite angles

Let Ð XZA = Ð BZY = a
..... (I)
Now, seg XA @ seg XZ
........ (..........)
\ Ð XAZ = .......... = a
........ (isosceles triangle theorem) (II)
similarly, seg YB @ ..........
........ (..........)
\ Ð BZY = .......... = a
........ (..........) (III)
85
 \ from (I), (II), (III),

Ð XAZ = ..........

\ radius XA || radius YB .......... (..........)

8. In figure 3.88, circles with centres X and B

Y touch internally at point Z . Seg BZ A
is a chord of bigger circle and it Y
X
itersects smaller circle at point A.
Prove that, seg AX || seg BY. Z
Fig. 3.88

9. In figure 3.89, line l touches the

circle with centre O at point P. Q is
O
the mid point of radius OP. RS is a chord
Q
R S through Q such that chords RS || line l.
If RS = 12 find the radius of the circle.
l P
Fig. 3.89

10«. In figure 3.90, seg AB is a diameter of a

circle with centre C. Line PQ is a B
C
tangent, which touches the circle at
point T. A
seg AP ^ line PQ and seg BQ ^ line PQ.
P T Q
Prove that, seg CP @ seg CQ.
Fig. 3.90

11«. Draw circles with centres A, B and C each of radius 3 cm, such that each circle
touches the other two circles.
12«. Prove that any three points on a circle cannot be collinear.

86
 T 13.
In figure 3.91, line PR touches the
circle at point Q. Answer the
A following questions with the help of
the figure.
(1) What is the sum of Ð TAQ and
P S Ð TSQ ?
Q (2) Find the angles which are
R congruent to Ð AQP.
Fig. 3.91 (3) Which angles are congruent to
Ð QTS ?
(4) ÐTAS = 65°, find the measure of ÐTQS and arc TS.
(5) If ÐAQP = 42°and ÐSQR = 58° find measure of ÐATS.

14. In figure 3.92, O is the centre of a R

P
circle, chord PQ @ chord RS
If Ð POR = 70°
and (arc RS) = 80°, find - O
S
(1) m(arc PR)
Q
(2) m(arc QS)
(3) m(arc QSR) Fig. 3.92

W 15. In figure 3.93, m(arc WY) = 44°,

Y Z m(arc ZX) = 68°, then

T (1) Find the measure of Ð ZTX.
X (2) If WT = 4.8, TX = 8.0,
YT = 6.4, find TZ.
(3) If WX = 25, YT = 8,
YZ = 26, find WT.
Fig. 3.93

87
16. In figure 3.94,
C
(1) m(arc CE) = 54°,
m(arc BD) = 23°, find measure of ÐCAE. B
(2) If AB = 4.2, BC = 5.4, A
E D
AE = 12.0, find AD
(3) If AB = 3.6, AC = 9.0,
Fig. 3.94
AD = 5.4, find AE

17. In figure 3.95, chord EF || chord GH. Prove that, chord EG @ chord FH.
Fill in the blanks and write the proof. E F
Proof : Draw seg GF.
Ð EFG = Ð FGH .......... (I)
Ð EFG = ....... inscribed angle theorem (II) G H
Ð FGH = ....... inscribed angle theorem (III)
\ m(arc EG) = from (I), (II), (III).
chord EG @ chord FH .......... Fig. 3.95

R 18. In figure 3.96 P is the point of contact.

If m(arc PR) = 140°,
(1)
Q Ð POR = 36°,
O
find m(arc PQ)
(2)
If OP = 7.2, OQ = 3.2,
P
find OR and QR
(3)
If OP = 7.2, OR = 16.2,
Fig. 3.96
find QR.

19. In figure 3.97, circles with B

centres C and D touch internally
A
at point E. D lies on the inner
circle. Chord EB of the outer E D
C
circle intersects inner circle at point A.
Prove that, seg EA @ seg AB.
Fig. 3.97
88
20. In figure 3.98, seg AB is a diameter of C
a circle with centre O . The bisector
of Ð ACB intersects the circle at point D. A O B
Prove that, seg AD @ seg BD.
Complete the following proof by filling
in the blanks. D
Proof ः Draw seg OD. Fig. 3.98
Ð ACB = .......... angle inscribed in semicircle
Ð DCB = .......... CD is the bisector of Ð C
m(arc DB) = .......... inscribed angle theorem
Ð DOB = .......... definition of measure of an arc (I)
seg OA @ seg OB .......... (II)
\ line OD is of seg AB .......... From (I) and (II)
\ seg AD @ seg BD

21. In figure 3.99, seg MN is a chord of a M

circle with centre O. MN = 25,
L is a point on chord MN such that L O
ML = 9 and d(O,L) = 5.
Find the radius of the circle.

N
Fig. 3.99

22«. In figure 3.100, two circles intersect

S each other at points S and R. Their
common tangent PQ touches the
circle at points P, Q.
R Prove that, Ð PRQ + Ð PSQ = 180°
P
Q
Fig. 3.100

89
 S 23«. In figure 3.101, two circles intersect
M
R at points M and N. Secants
drawn through M and N intersect
the circles at points R, S and
P
N P, Q respectively.
Q
Fig. 3.101 Prove that : seg SQ || seg RP.
A
24«. In figure 3.102, two circles intersect
each other at points A and E. Their
B
common secant through E intersects
E
the circles at points B and D. The D
tangents of the circles at points B
and D intersect each other at point C.
Prove that c ABCD is cyclic. C
Fig. 3.102
A
E 25«. In figure 3.103, seg AD ^ side BC,
F seg BE ^ side AC, seg CF ^ side
O
AB. Ponit O is the orthocentre. Prove
that , point O is the incentre of
B C D DEF.
D
Fig. 3.103

ICT Tools or Links

Use the geogebra to verify the properties of
chords and tangents of a circle.

rrr

90
 4 Geometric Constructions

Let’s study.

· Construction of a triangle similar to the given triangle

* To construct a triangle, similar to the given triangle, bearing the
given ratio with the sides of the given triangle.
(i) When vertices are distinct
(ii) When one vertex is common
· Construction of a tangent to a circle.
* To construct a tangent at a point on the circle.
(i) Using centre of the circle.
(ii) Without using the centre of the circle.
* To construct tangents to the given circle from a point outside the circle.

Let’s recall.

In the previous standard you have learnt the following constructions.

Let us recall those constructions.
· To construct a line parallel to a given line and passing through a
given point outside the line.
· To construct the perpendicular bisector of a given line segment.
· To construct a triangle whose sides are given.
· To divide a given line segment into given number of equal parts
· To divide a line segment in the given ratio.
· To construct an angle congruent to the given angle.
In the ninth standard you have carried out the activity of preparing a map of
surroundings of your school. Before constructing a building we make its plan. The
surroundings of a school and its map, the building and its plan are similar to each
other. We need to draw similar figures in Geography, architecture, machine drawing
etc. A triangle is the simplest closed figure. We shall learn how to construct a triangle
similar to the given triangle.
91
 Let’s learn.

Construction of Similar Triangle

To construct a triangle similar to the given triangle, satisfying the condition of

given ratio of corresponding sides.
The corresponding sides of similar triangles are in the same proportion and the
corresponding angles of these triangles are equal. Using this property, a triangle which
is similar to the given triangle can be constructed.

Ex. (1) D ABC ~ D PQR, in D ABC, AB = 5.4 cm, BC = 4.2 cm, AC = 6.0 cm.
ABः PQ = 3ः2. Construct D ABC and D PQR.
C
R

B A Q P
Fig. 4.1
Rough Figure

Construct D ABC of given measure.

D ABC and D PQR are similar.

\ their corresponding sides are proportional.

AB BC AC 3 .......... (I)
= = =
PQ QR PR 2

As the sides AB, BC, AC are known, we can find the lengths of sides
PQ, QR, PR.
Using equation [I]
5.4 4.2 6.0 3
= = =
PQ QR PR 2

\ PQ = 3.6 cm, QR = 2.8 cm and PR = 4.0 cm

92
 C

6.0 R
4.2 cm 4.0
cm 2.8 cm
cm
B A Q P
5.4 cm 3.6 cm
Fig. 4.2

For More Information

While drawing the triangle similar to the given triangle, sometimes the lengths
of the sides we obtain by calculation are not easily measureable by a scale. In such
a situation we can use the construction ‘To divide the given segment in the given
number of eqaul parts’.
11.6
For example, if length of side AB is cm, then by dividing the line segment
3
of length 11.6 cm in three equal parts, we can draw segment AB.

If we know the lengths of all sides of D PQR, we can construct D PQR.

In the above example (1) there was no common vertex in the given triangle and
the triangle to be constructed. If there is a common vertex, it is convenient to follow
the method in the following example.
Ex.(2) Construct any D ABC. Construct D A¢BC¢ such that AB : A¢B = 5:3 and
D ABC ~ D A¢BC¢ A
Analysis : As shown in fig 4.3 , let the points B, A, A¢ and A¢
B, C, C¢ be collinear.
D ABC ~ D A¢BC¢ \ Ð ABC = ÐA¢BC¢ Fig. 4.3
AB BC AC 5 B C
= = = C¢
A¢B BC¢ A¢C¢ 3 Rough Figure
\ sides of D ABC are longer than corresponding sides of D A¢BC¢ .

\ the length of side BC¢ will be equal to 3 parts out of 5 equal parts of side
BC. So if we construct D ABC, point C¢ will be on the side BC, at a distance
equal to 3 parts from B. Now A¢ is the point of intersection of AB and a line
through C¢, parallel to CA.
93
 BA¢ BC¢ 3 BA BC 5
BA = = i.e, BA¢ = BC¢ = ...... Taking inverse
BC 5 3

Steps of construction :

(1) Construct any D ABC. A

(2) Divide segment BC in 5 equal parts.
A¢
(3) Name the end point of third part of
3
seg BC as C¢ \ BC¢ = BC
5 B C
(4) Now draw a line parallel to AC C¢
through C¢. Name the point where Fig. 4.4

the parallel line intersects AB as A¢.

(5) D A¢BC¢ is the required trinangle
similar to D ABC

Note : To divide segment BC, in five A

equal parts, it is convenient to draw a ray
from B, on the side of line BC in which
point A does not lie. B C
Take points T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 on T1
the ray such that T2
T3
BT1 = T1T2 = T2T3 = T3T4 = T4T5 T4
Join T5C and draw lines parallel to T5C T5
through T1, T2, T3, T4 . Fig. 4.5

Let’s think
A
D A¢BC¢ can also be constructed as C¢
shown in the adjoining figure.
What changes do we have to make in B
steps of construction in that case ? A¢
Fig. 4.6 C

94
Ex. (3) Construct D A¢BC¢ similar to D ABC such that AB:A¢B = 5:7
A¢
Analysis : Let points B, A, A¢ as well as points B, C, C¢ be collinear.
D ABC ~ D A¢BC¢ and AB : A¢B = 5:7 A
\ sides of D ABC are smaller than sides of D A¢BC¢
and ÐABC @ ÐA¢BC¢
B C¢
Let us draw a rough figure with these C
Fig. 4.7
considerations. Now BC = 5 Rough Figure
BC′ 7
\ If seg BC is divided into 5 equal parts, then seg BC¢ will be 7 times each
part of seg BC.
\ let us divide side BC of D ABC in 5 equal parts and locate point C¢ at a
distance equal to 7 such parts from B on ray BC. A line through point C¢
parallel to seg AC is drawn it will intersect ray BA at point A¢. According
to the basic proportionality theorem we will get D A¢BC¢ as described.

Steps of construction :
(1) Construct any D ABC.
(2) Divide segment BC into 5 five equal parts. Fix point C¢ on ray BC such that length
of BC¢ is seven times of each equal part of seg BC
(3) Draw a line parallel to side AC, through C¢. Name the point of intersection of the
line and ray BA as A¢.
We get the required D A¢BC¢ similar to D ABC.

A¢
A

C C¢
B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fig. 4.8

95
 Practice set 4.1

1. D ABC ~ D LMN. In D ABC, AB = 5.5 cm, BC = 6 cm, CA = 4.5 cm.

BC 5
Construct D ABC and D LMN such that = .
MN 4
2. D PQR ~ D LTR. In D PQR, PQ = 4.2 cm, QR = 5.4 cm, PR = 4.8 cm.
PQ 3
Construct D PQR and D LTR, such that  = .
LT 4
3. D RST ~ DXYZ. In D RST, RS = 4.5 cm, ÐRST = 40°, ST = 5.7 cm
RS 3
Construct D RST and D XYZ, such that = .
XY 5
4. D AMT ~ D AHE. In D AMT, AM = 6.3 cm, ÐTAM = 50°, AT = 5.6 cm.
AM 7
= . Construct D AHE.
AH 5

Construction of a tangent to a circle at a point on the circle

(i) Using the centre of the circle.
Analysis :
Suppose we want to construct a tangent l passing through a point P on the
circle with centre C. We shall use the property that a line perpendicular to the
l radius at its outer end is a tangent to the
circle. If CP is a radius with point P on the
circle, line l through P and perpendicular
C P to CP is the tangent at P. For this we
will use the construction of drawing a
perpendicular to a line through a point on it.
Fig. 4.9
For convenience we shall draw ray CP
Steps of construction
(1) Draw a circle with centre C.
l
Take any point P on the circle.
(2) Draw ray CP.
Draw line l perpendicular to
(3) C P X
ray CX through point P.
Line l is the required tangent to
the circle at point ‘P’. Fig. 4.10
96
ii) Without using the centre of the circle.
Example : Construct a circle of any radius. Take any point C on it. Construct a
tangent to the circle without using centre of the circle.

A Analysis :
B As shown in the figure, let line l be the
tangent to the circle at point C. Line CB is
a chord and Ð CAB is an inscribed angle.
D
Now by tangent- secant angle theorem,
C
l ÐCAB @ ÐBCD.
Fig. 4.11

By converse of tangent- secant theorem, if we draw the line CD such that,

ÐCAB @ ÐBCD, then it will be the required tangent.

Steps of Construction :
(1) Draw a circle of a suitable radius. Take any point C on it.
(2) Draw chord CB and an inscribed ÐCAB .

(3) With the centre A and any M B

convenient radius draw an arc A
intersecting the sides of ÐBAC R
N
in points M and N. D
(4) Using the same radius and centre C
C, draw an arc intersecting the
chord CB at point R.
Fig. 4.12
(5) Taking the radius equal to d(MN) and centre R, draw an arc intersecting the
arc drawn in the previous step. Let D be the point of intersection of these
arcs. Draw line CD. Line CD is the required tangent to the circle.
Note that Ð MAN and Ð BCD in the above figure are congruent. If we draw
seg MN and seg RD, then D MAN and D RCD are congruent by SSS test.
\ Ð MAN @ Ð BCD
97
 To construct tangents to a circle from a point outside the circle.
Analysis : As shown in the figure let P be a point in
the exterior of the circle. Let PA and PB
A be the tangents to the circle with the centre
O, touching the circle in points A and B
respectively. So if we find points A and B
O
P on the circle, we can construct the
tangents PA and PB. If OA and OB are
B the radii of the circle, then OA ^ line PA
and seg OB ^ line PB.
Fig. 4.13
D OAP and OBP are right angled triangles and seg OP is their common
hypotenuse. If we draw a circle with diameter OP, then the points where it intersects
the circle with centre O, will be the positions of points A and B respectively, because
angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
Steps of Construction A
(1) Construct a circle of any radius with
centre O.
(2) Take any point P in the exterior of the O M P
circle.
(3) Draw segment OP. Draw perpendicular
B
bisector of seg OP to get its midpoint M.

(4) Draw a circle with radius OM and centre M Fig. 4.14

(5) Name the points of intersection of the two circles as A and B.
(6) Draw line PA and line PB.

Practice set 4.2
1. Construct a tangent to a circle with centre P and radius 3.2 cm at any point M on it.
2. Draw a circle of radius 2.7 cm. Draw a tangent to the circle at any point on it.
3. Draw a circle of radius 3.6 cm. Draw a tangent to the circle at any point on it
without using the centre.
4. Draw a circle of radius 3.3 cm Draw a chord PQ of length 6.6 cm. Draw
tangents to the circle at points P and Q. Write your obeservation about the
tangents.
98
5. Draw a circle with radius 3.4 cm. Draw a chord MN of length 5.7 cm in it. construct
tangents at point M and N to the circle.
6. Draw a circle with centre P and radius 3.4 cm. Take point Q at a distance 5.5 cm
from the centre. Construct tangents to the circle from point Q.
7. Draw a circle with radius 4.1 cm. Construct tangents to the circle from a point at a
distance 7.3 cm from the centre.

Problem set 4
1. Select the correct alternative for each of the following questions.
(1) The number of tangents that can be drawn to a circle at a point on the circle
is ............... .
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
(2)
The maximun number of tangents that can be drawn to a circle from a point out
side it is .............. .
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) one and only one (D) 0
AB 7
(3) If DABC ~ DPQR and = , then ...............
PQ 5
(A) D ABC is bigger. (B) D PQR is bigger.
(C) Both triangles will be equal. (D) Can not be decided.
2. Draw a circle with centre O and radius 3.5 cm. Take point P at a distance 5.7 cm
from the centre. Draw tangents to the circle from point P.
3. Draw any circle. Take any point A on it and construct tangent at A without using
the centre of the circle.
4. Draw a circle of diameter 6.4 cm. Take a point R at a distance equal to its diameter
from the centre. Draw tangents from point R.
5. Draw a circle with centre P. Draw an arc AB of 100° measure. Draw tangents to the
circle at point A and point B.
6. Draw a circle of radius 3.4 cm and centre E. Take a point F on the circle. Take
another point A such that E-F-A and FA = 4.1 cm. Draw tangents to the circle
from point A.
AC 4
7. D ABC ~ DLBN. In D ABC, AB = 5.1cm, ÐB = 40°, BC=4.8 cm, = .
LN 7
Construct D ABC and DLBN.
8. Construct D PYQ such that, PY = 6.3 cm, YQ = 7.2 cm,
YZ 6
PQ = 5.8 cm. If = , then construct D XYZ similar to D PYQ.
YQ 5
rrr
99
 5 Co-ordinate Geometry

Let’s study.

· Distance formula · Section formula · Slope of a line

Let’s recall.

We know how to find the distance between any two points on a number line.
If co-ordinates of points P,Q and R are -1,-5 and 4 respectively then find the
length of seg PQ, seg QR.
Q P O R
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 5.1
If x1 and x2 are the co-ordinates of points A and B and x2 > x1 then length of
seg AB = d(A,B) = x2 - x1
As shown in the figure, co-ordinates of points P,Q and R are -1,-5 and 4
respectively.
\ d(P, Q) = (-1)-(-5) = -1 + 5 = 4
and d(Q, R) = 4 - (-5) = 4 + 5 = 9
Using the same concept we can find the distance between two points on the
same axis in XY-plane.

Let’s learn.

(1) To find distance between any two points on an axis .

Two points on an axis are like two points on the number line. Note
that points on the X-axis have co-ordinates such as (2, 0), ( -5 , 0),
2
(8, 0). Similarly points on the Y-axis have co-ordinates such as (0, 1), (0, 17 ),
2
(0, -3). Part of the X-axis which shows negative co-ordinates is OX¢
and part of the Y-axis which shows negative co-ordinates is OY¢.

100
 i)
To find distance between two ii) To find distance between two
points on X-axis. points on Y-axis.
Y Y

(0, y2) Q
(0, y1) P
X` O A (x , 0) B (x , 0) X X` X
1 2 O
Y`
Y`
Fig. 5.2 Fig. 5.3
In the above figure, points In the above figure, points
A(x1, 0 ) and B(x2, 0) are on P(0, y1) and Q(0, y2) are on
X- axis such that, x2 > x1 Y- axis such that, y2 > y1
\ d(A, B) = x2 - x1 \ d(P,Q) = y2 - y1
(2) To find the distance between two points if the segment joining these points is
parallel to any axis in the XY plane.
Y Y
(0, y2) R P (x1, y2)
A(x1, y1) B(x2, y1)
(0, y1) S Q (x1, y1)
X` O X X` O X
L(x1, 0) M(x2, 0)
Y` Y`
Fig. 5.4 Fig. 5.5
i) In the figure, seg AB is parallel to ii) In the figure seg PQ is parallel to
X- axis. Y- axis.
\ y co-ordinates of points A and B \ x co-ordinates of points P and Q
are equal are equal
Draw seg AL and seg BM Draw seg PR and seg QS
perpendicular to X-axis perpendicular to Y-axis.
\ c ABML is a rectangle. \ c PQSR is a rectangle
\ AB = LM \ PQ = RS
But, LM = x2 - x1 But, RS = y2 - y1
\ d(A,B) = x2 - x1 \ d(P,Q) = y2 - y1
101
 Activity: Y
In the figure, seg AB || Y-axis and
4
seg CB || X-axis. Co-ordinates of A(2, 3)
3
points A and C are given.
C(-2, 2) 2 B
To find AC, fill in the boxes given below. 1
D ABC is a right angled triangle. X` X
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
According to Pythagoras theorem, -1
(AB)2 + (BC)2 = -2
-3
We will find co-ordinates of point B
to find the lengths AB and BC, Y`
CB || X- axis \ y co-ordinate of B = Fig. 5.6
BA || Y- axis \ x co-ordinate of B =
AB = 3 - = BC = - = 4
\ AC2 = + = \ AC = 17

Let’s learn.

Distance formula

Y In the figure 5.7, A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are any
two points in the XY plane.
B(x2, y2)
From point B draw perpendicular BP on X-axis.
Similarly from point A draw perpendicular AD
A D(x2, y1)
on seg BP.
(x1, y1)
seg BP is parallel to Y-axis.
\ the x co-ordinate of point D is x2.
X` O X seg AD is parallel to X-axis.
P
\ the y co-ordinate of point D is y1.
Y` Fig. 5.7 \ AD =d(A, D) = x2 - x1 ; BD= d(B, D) = y2 - y1
In right angled triangle D ABD, AB2 = AD 2 + BD 2

= ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
\ AB = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
This is known as distance formula.
102
 Note that, ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2 2 2
=
In the previous activity, we found the lengths of seg AB and seg AC and then
used Pythagoras theorem to find the length of seg AC.
Now we will use distance formula to find AC.
A(2, 3) and C(-2, 2) is given Y
Let A(x1, y1) and C(x2, y2).
x1 = 2, y1 = 3, x2 = -2, y2 = 2 A(2, 3)
C(-2, 2) B
AC = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

X` O X
= ( −2 − 2 )2 + ( 2 − 3)2
= ( −4 )2 + ( −1)2
= 16 + 1
Y`
= 17 Fig. 5.8
seg AB || Y-axis and seg BC || X-axis.
\ co-ordinates of point B are (2, 2).

\ AB = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 = ( 2 − 2 )2 + ( 2 − 3)2 = 0 +1 =1

BC = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 = ( −2 − 2 )2 + ( 2 − 2 )2 = ( −4 )2 + 0 = 4

In the Figure 5.1, distance between points P and Q is found as (-1) - (-5) = 4. In
XY- plane co-ordinates of these points are (-1, 0) and (-5, 0). Verify that, using the
distance formula we get the same answer.

Remember this!
· Co-ordinates of origin are (0, 0). Hence if co-ordinates of point P are
(x, y) then d(O, P) = x 2 + y 2 .
· If points P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) lie on the XY plane then
d(P, Q) = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

that is, PQ2 = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 = ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2

103
 ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) Find the distance between the points P(-1, 1) and Q (5,-7) .
Solution ःSuppose co-ordinates of point P are (x1, y1) and of point Q are (x2, y2).
x1 = -1, y1 = 1, x2 = 5, y2 = -7
According to distance formula, d(P, Q) = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

5 − ( −1)  + ( −7 ) − 1

2 2
=
= ( 6 ) + ( −8)
2 2

= 36 + 64
d(P, Q) = 100 = 10
\ distance between points P and Q is 10.
Ex. (2) Show that points A(-3, 2), B(1, -2) and C(9, -10) are collinear.
Solution ः If the sum of any two distances out of d(A, B), d(B, C) and d(A, C) is
equal to the third , then the three points A, B and C are collinear.
\ we will find d(A, B), d(B, C) and d(A, C).
Co-ordinates of A Co-ordinates of B Distance formula
d(A,B) = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
(-3, 2) (1, -2)
(x1, y1) (x2, y2)

\ d(A, B) = 1 − ( −3)  + ( −2 ) − 2 

2 2
.......... from distance formula
= (1 + 3)2 + ( −4 )2
= 16 + 16
= 32 = 4 2 ..........(I)

d(B, C) = ( 9 − 1)2 + ( −10 + 2 )2

= 64 + 64 = 8 2 ..........(II)

and d(A, C) = ( 9 + 3)2 + ( −10 − 2 )2

= 144 + 144 = 12 2 ..........(III)

\ from(I), (II) and (III) 4 2 +8 2 = 12 2
\ d(A, B) + d(B, C) = d(A, C)
\ Points A, B, C are collinear.

104
Ex. (3) Verify, whether points P(6, -6), Q(3, -7) and R(3, 3) are collinear.
Solution ः PQ = ( 6 − 3)2 + ( −6 + 7 )2 ..........by distance formula

= ( 3)2 + (1)2 = 10 .......... (I)

QR = ( 3 − 3)2 + ( −7 − 3)2

= ( 0 )2 + ( −10 )2 = 100 .......... (II)

PR = ( 3 − 6 )2 + ( 3 + 6 )2

= ( −3)2 + ( 9 )2 = 90 .......... (III)

From I, II and III out of 10 , 100 and 90 , 100 is the largest number.
Now we will verify whether ( )
100 and ( 10 + )
90 are equal.

( ) ( 90 ) .
2 2
For this compare 100 and 10 +

You will see that ( 10 + 90 )>(

\ PQ + PR ¹ QR
100 )
\ points P(6, -6), Q(3, -7) and R(3, 3) are not collinear.

Ex. (4) Show that points (1, 7), (4, 2), (-1, -1) and (-4, 4) are vertices of a square.
Solution ः In a quadrilateral, if all sides are of equal length and both diagonals are
of equal length, then it is a square.
\ we will find lengths of sides and diagonals by using the distance formula.
Suppose, A(1, 7), B(4, 2), C(-1, -1) and D(-4,4) are the given points.
A
AB = (1 − 4 ) + ( 7 − 2 ) =
2 2
9 + 25 = 34

( 4 + 1) + ( 2 + 1) B
2 2

BC = = 25 + 9 = 34

( −1 + 4 ) + ( −1 − 4 )
2 2

CD = = 9 + 25 = 34

DA = ( ) (
1 + 4 + 7 − 4)
2 2

= 25 + 9 = 34 D
(1 + 1) + ( 7 + 1)
2 2

AC = = 4 + 64 = 68 C
Fig. 5.9
BD = ( 4 + 4 ) + ( 2 − 4 ) =
2 2
64 + 4 = 68

\ AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD
105
 So, the lengths of four sides are equal and two diagonals are equal.
\ (1,7), (4,2), (-1,-1) and (-4,4) are the vertices of a square.

Ex. (5) Find the co-ordinates of a point on Y- axis which is equidistant from
M (-5,-2) and N(3,2)
Solution ः Let point P(0, y) on Y- axis be equidistant from M(-5,-2) and N(3,2).
\ PM = PN \ PM2 = PN2
\ [0 -(-5)]2 + [y -(-2)]2 = (0 - 3)2 + (y - 2)2
\  25 + (y + 2)2 = 9 + y2 - 4y + 4
\ 25 + y2 + 4y + 4 = 13 + y2 - 4y
` \ 8y = -16 \ y = -2
\ the co-ordinates of the point on the Y-axis which is equidistant from
M and N are M (0, -2).

Ex. (6) A(-3, -4), B(-5, 0), C(3, 0) are the vertices of D ABC. Find the co-ordinates
of the circumcentre of D ABC.
Solution ः Let, P(a, b) be the circumcentre of D ABC.
\ point P is equidistant from A,B and C.
\ PA2 = PB2 = PC2 .......... (I) \ PA2 = PB2
(a + 3)2 + (b + 4)2 = (a + 5)2 + (b - 0)2
\a2 + 6a + 9 + b2 + 8b + 16 = a2 + 10a + 25 +b2 C(3,0)
\ -4a + 8b = 0 B
(-5,0) P(a,b)
\ a - 2b = 0 .......... (II)
Similarly PA2 = PC2 .......... (I) From
\ (a + 3)2 + (b + 4)2 = (a - 3)2 + (b - 0)2
\a2 + 6a + 9 + b2 + 8b + 16 = a2 - 6a + 9 + b2 A(-3,-4)
Fig. 5.10
\ 12a + 8b = -16
\ 3a + 2b = -4 .......... (III)
1
Solving (II) and (III) we get a = -1, b = -
2
1
\ co-ordinates of circumcentre are (-1,
- ).
2

106
Ex. (7) If point (x, y) is equidistant from points (7, 1) and (3, 5), show that
y = x-2.
Solution ः Let point P (x, y) be equidistant from points A(7, 1) and B(3, 5)
\ AP = BP
\ AP2 = BP2
\ (x - 7)2 + (y - 1)2 = (x - 3)2 + (y - 5)2
\ x2 - 14x +49 + y2 - 2y + 1 = x2 - 6x + 9 + y2 - 10y +25
\- 8x + 8y = -16
\ x - y = 2
\ y = x - 2

Ex. (8) Find the value of y if distance between points A (2,-2) and B (-1, y)is 5.
Solution ः AB2 = [(-1) - 2]2 + [y - (-2)]2 .......... by distance formula
\ 52 = (-3)2 + (y + 2)2
\ 25 = 9 + (y + 2)2
\ 16 = (y + 2)2
\ y + 2 = ± 16
\ y + 2 = ± 4
\ y = 4 - 2 or y = -4 - 2
\ y = 2 or y = -6
\value of y is 2 or -6.

Practice set 5.1

1. Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points.

(1) A(2, 3), B(4, 1) (2) P(-5, 7), Q(-1, 3) (3) R(0, -3), S(0, 5 )
2
-7
(4) L(5, -8), M(-7, -3) (5) T(-3, 6), R(9, -10) (6) W( , 4), X(11, 4)
2
2. Determine whether the points are collinear.
(1) A(1, -3), B(2, -5), C(-4, 7) (2) L(-2, 3), M(1, -3), N(5, 4)
(3) R(0, 3), D(2, 1), S(3, -1) (4) P(-2, 3), Q(1, 2), R(4, 1)
3. Find the point on the X-axis which is equidistant from A(-3, 4) and B(1, -4).
4. Verify that points P(-2, 2), Q(2, 2) and R(2, 7) are vertices of a right angled
triangle.

107
5. Show that points P(2, -2), Q(7, 3), R(11, -1) and S (6, -6) are vertices of a
parallelogram.
6. Show that points A(-4, -7), B(-1, 2), C(8, 5) and D(5, -4) are vertices of a
rhombus ABCD.
7. Find x if distance between points L(x, 7) and M(1, 15) is 10.
8. Show that the points A(1, 2), B(1, 6), C(1 + 2 3 , 4) are vertices of an equilateral
triangle.

Let’s recall.

p q
A D l
Property of intercepts made by three parallel lines :
B E m
In the figure line l || line m || line n, C F n
line p and line q are transversals,
then AB = DE
BC EF Fig. 5.11

Let’s learn.

Division of a line segment

A 6 P 10 B In the figure, AP = 6 and PB = 10.

AP 6 3
\ = =
PB 10 5
Fig. 5.12

In other words it is said that ‘point P divides the line segment AB in the ratio 3ः5.
Let us see how to find the co-ordinates of a point on a segment which divides the
segment in the given ratio.

108
 Let’s learn.

Section formula
In the figure 5.13, point P on the seg AB in XY plane, divides seg AB in the
ratio m ः n.
Assume A(x1, y1) B(x2, y2) and P(x, y) Y
Draw seg AC, seg PQ and seg BD B(x2, y2)
) P (x, y)
A (x 1, y 1
perpendicular to X- axis.
\ C(x1, 0); Q (x, 0)
and D (x2, 0).
\ CQ = x - x1 .......... (I)
and QD = x2 - x } X`
O
Y`
C( x1
, 0) Q(x, 0)
X
D(x2, 0)
seg AC || seg PQ || seg BD. Fig. 5.13
AP CQ m
\ By the property of intercepts of three parallel lines,
= = n
PB QD
Now CQ = x - x1 and QD = x2 - x .......... from (I)
x − x1 m
\ =
x2 − x n
\ n(x - x1) = m (x2 - x)
\ nx - nx1 = mx2 - mx
\ mx + nx = mx2 + nx1
\ x(m + n) = mx2 + nx1
mx2 + nx1
\x=
m+n
Similarly drawing perpendiculars from points A, P and B to Y- axis,
my2 + ny1
we get, y = .
m+n
\ co-ordinates of the point, which divides the line segment joining the
points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) in the ratio m ः n are given by
 mx + nx1 my2 + ny1 
 2 , .
 m+n m+n 

109
 Co-ordinates of the midpoint of a segment
If A(x1, y1)and B(x2, y2) are two points and P (x, y) is the midpoint of
seg AB then m = n. A (x1, y1) P (x, y) B (x2, y2)
\values of x and y can be written as Fig. 5.14

mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1

x= y = m+n
m+n

mx2 + mx1 my2 + my1

= m=n = m=n
\ \
m+m m+m
m ( x1 + x2 ) m ( y1 + y2 )
= =
2m 2m
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
= =
2 2
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
\ co-ordinates of midpoint P are  , 
 2 2 
This is called as midpoint formula.
a+b
In the previous standard we have shown that is the midpoint of the
2
segment joining two points indicating rational numbers a and b on
a number line. Note that it is a special case of the above midpoint formula.

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) If A(3,5), B(7,9) and point Q divides seg AB in the ratio 2ः3 then find
co-ordinates of point Q.
Solution : In the given example let (x1, y1)= (3, 5)
and (x2, y2)= (7, 9) .
m ः n = 2ः3
According to section formula,
mx2 + nx1 2 × 7 + 3 × 3 23 my2 + ny1 2 × 9 + 3 × 5 33
x = = = y= = =
m+n 2+3 5 m+n 2+3 5

 23 33 
\ Co-ordinates of Q are  , 
 5 5 

110
Ex. (2) Find the co-ordinates of point P if P is the midpoint of a line segment AB
with A(-4,2) and B(6,2).
Solution : In the given example, suppose
A (-4,2) P (x, y) B (6,2)

Fig. 5.15

(-4, 2) = (x1, y1) ; (6, 2) = (x2, y2) and co-ordinates of P are (x, y)
\ according to midpoint theorem,
x1 + x2 −4 + 6 2
x= = = =1
2 2 2
y1 + y2 2+2 4
y= = = =2
2 2 2
\ co-ordinates of midpoint P are (1,2) .

Let’s recall.

We know that, medians of a triangle are concurrent .

The point of concurrence (centroid) divides the median in the ratio 2ः1.

Let’s learn.

Centroid formula
Suppose the co-ordinates of vertices of a triangle are given. Then we will find the
co-ordinates of the centroid of the triangle.
A(x1, y1)
In D ABC, A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3)
are the vertices. Seg AD is a median and 2
G(x, y) is the centroid. G(x, y)
1
D is the mid point of line segment BC. B(x2, y2) D C(x3, y3)
Fig. 5.16

111
 x2 + x3 y2 + y3
\ co-ordinates of point D are x = ,y= .......... midpoint theorem
2 2
Point G(x, y) is centroid of triangle D ABC. \ AG ः GD = 2 ः 1
\ according to section formula,
x +x 
2  2 3  + 1× x1
 2  x2 + x3 + x1 x1 + x2 + x3
x = 2 +1
= =
3 3

 y + y3 
2 2  + 1× y1
 2  y2 + y3 + y1 y1 + y2 + y3
y= = =
2 +1 3 3

Thus if (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3)are the vertices of a triangle then the
 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
co-ordinates of the centroid are 
3
,
3
 .
 

This is called the centroid formula.

Remember this!

· Section formula
The co-ordinates of a point which divides the line segment joined by two distinct
points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio m ः n are  mx2 + nx1 , my2 + ny1  .
 m+n m+n 

· Midpoint formula
The co-ordinates of midpoint of a line segment joining two distinct points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are  x1 + x2 , y1 + y2  .
 2 2 
· Centroid formula
If (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are the vertices of a triangle then co-ordinates of
 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
the centroid are  ,  .
 3 3 

112
 ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) If point T divides the segment AB with A(-7,4) and B(-6,-5) in the
ratio 7ः2, find the co-ordinates of T.
Solution ः Let the co-ordinates of T be (x, y).
\ by the section formula,
x = mx2 + nx1 = 7 × ( −6 ) + 2 × ( −7 ) B
m+n 7+2 2 (-6, -5)
T
-42 - 14 -56 (x, y)
= = 7
9 9
A
(-7, 4)
my2 + ny1 7 × ( −5 ) + 2 × ( 4 )
y = = Fig. 5.17
m+n 7+2

−35 + 8 -27
= = = -3
9 9

 −56 
\ co-ordinates of point T are  , −3  .
 9 

Ex. (2) If point P(-4, 6) divides the line segment AB with A(-6, 10) and B(r, s) in
the ratio 2ः1, find the co-ordinates of B.
Solution ः By section formula
2 ´ r + 1 ´ (-6) 2 ´ s + 1 ´ 10
-4 = 6=
2+1 2+1
2r - 6 2s + 10
\ -4 = \ 6=
3 3
\ -12 = 2r - 6 \ 18 = 2s + 10
\ 2r = -6 \ 2s = 8
\ r = -3 \ s=4

\ co-ordinates of point B are (-3, 4).

Ex. (3) A(15,5), B(9,20) and A-P-B. Find the ratio in which point P(11,15)
divides segment AB.
Solution ः Suppose, point P(11,15) divides segment AB in the ratio m ः n
\ by section formula,
113
 mx2 + nx1
x =
m+n Similarly, find the ratio
9m + 15n
\ 11 = using y co-ordinates. Write
m+n
\ 11m + 11n = 9m + 15n the conclusion.
\ 2m = 4n
m 4 2
\ = =
n 2 1
\ The required ratio is 2 ः 1.

Ex. (4) Find the co-ordinates of the points of trisection of the segment joining
the points A (2,-2) and B(-7,4) .
(The two points that divide the line segment in three equal parts are called as
points of trisection of the segment.)
Solution ः Let points P and Q be the points of trisection of the line segment joining
the points A and B.
Point P and Q divide line segment AB into three parts.
AP = PQ = QB .......... (I)
AP AP AP 1
AP = = = = .......... From (I)
PB PQ + QB AP + AP 2AP 2

A P Q B

Fig. 5.18
Point P divides seg AB in the ratio 1ः2.
1× ( −7 ) + 2 × 2 −7 + 4 -3
x co-ordinate of point P = = = = -1
1+ 2 3 3
1× 4 + 2 × ( −2 ) 4-4 0
y co-ordinate of point P = = = =0
1+ 2 3 3
AQ 2
Point Q divides seg AB in the ratio 2ः1. \ =
QD 1
2 × ( −7 ) + 1× 2 −14 + 2 -12
x co-ordinate of point Q = = = = -4
2 +1 3 3
2 × 4 + 1× −2 8-2 6
y co-ordinate of point Q = = = =2
2 +1 3 3

\ co-ordinates of points of trisection are (-1, 0) and (-4, 2).

114
 For more information :
See how the external division of the line segment joining points A and B takes
place.
Let us see how the co-ordinates of point P can be found out if P divides the line
segment joining points A(-4, 6) and B(5, 10) in the ratio 3ः1 externally.
AP 3
= that is AP is larger than PB and A-B-P. P
PB 1
AP 3 B
= that is AP = 3k, BP = k, then AB = 2k
PB 1 (5, 10)
AB 2
\ = A
BP 1 (-4, 6) Fig. 5.19
Now point B divides seg AP in the ratio 2 : 1.
We have learnt to find the coordinates of point P if co-ordinates of points
A and B are known.

Practice set 5.2

1. Find the coordinates of point P if P divides the line segment joining the points
A(-1,7) and B(4,-3) in the ratio 2 ः 3.
2. In each of the following examples find the co-ordinates of point A which divides
segment PQ in the ratio a ः b.
(1) P(-3, 7), Q(1, -4), a ः b = 2 ः 1
(2) P(-2, -5), Q(4, 3), a ः b = 3 ः 4
(3) P(2, 6), Q(-4, 1), a ः b = 1 ः 2
3. Find the ratio in which point T(-1, 6)divides the line segment joining the points
P(-3, 10) and Q(6, -8).
4. Point P is the centre of the circle and AB is a diameter . Find the coordinates of
point B if coordinates of point A and P are (2, -3) and (-2, 0) respectively.
5. Find the ratio in which point P(k, 7) divides the segment joining A(8, 9) and
B(1, 2). Also find k .
6. Find the coordinates of midpoint of the segment joining the points (22, 20)
and (0, 16).
7. Find the centroids of the triangles whose vertices are given below.
(1)(-7, 6), (2, -2), (8, 5)
(2) (3, -5), (4, 3), (11, -4)
(3) (4, 7), (8, 4), (7, 11)
115
8. In D ABC, G (-4, -7) is the centroid. If A (-14, -19) and B(3, 5) then find the
co-ordinates of C.
9. A(h, -6), B(2, 3) and C(-6, k) are the co-ordinates of vertices of a triangle
whose centroid is G (1, 5). Find h and k.
10. Find the co-ordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment AB with
A(2, 7) and B(-4, -8).
11. If A (-14, -10), B(6, -2) is given, find the coordinates of the points which
divide segment AB into four equal parts.
12. If A (20, 10), B(0, 20) are given, find the coordinates of the points which divide
segment AB into five congruent parts.

Let’s learn.

Slope of a line
When we walk on a plane road we
need not exert much effort but while
climbing up a slope we need more effort.
In science, we have studied that while
climbing up a slope we have to work
against gravitational force.
In co-ordinate geometry, slope of
a line is an important concept. We will
learn it through the following activity. Y
l
Activity I : 7 E (6, 7)
6
In the figure points A(-2, -5), 5
4 D (4, 4)
B(0,-2), C(2,1), D(4,4), E(6,7) 3
2
lie on line l. Observe the table 1 C (2, 1)
X¢ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X
which is made with the help
B (0, -2)
of coordinates of these points on
(-2, -5)A
line l.
Fig. 5.20
Y¢
116
 Co-ordinates Co-ordinates of
Sr. First Second
of first point second point y2 - y1
No. point point x2 - x1
(x1, y1) (x2, y2)
7 -1 6 3
1 C E (2, 1) (6, 7) = =
6-2 4 2

4 − ( −5 ) 9 3
2 A D (-2, -5) (4, 4) = =
4 − ( −2 ) 6 2

-5 - 4 -9 3
3 D A (4, 4) (-2, -5) = =
-2 - 4 -6 2

4 B C -- -- --

5 C A -- -- --

6 A C -- -- --

Fill in the blank spaces in the above table. Similarly take some other pairs of
y2 - y1
points on line l and find the ratio for each pair.
x2 - x1

From this activity, we understand that for any two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on
y2 - y1
line l, the ratio is constant.
x2 - x1
y2 - y1
If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are any two points on line l, the ratio is called the
x2 - x1
slope of the line l.

Generally slope is shown by letter m.

y2 - y1
\ m= x2 - x1

117
Activity II ः In the figure, some points on Y
line l, t and n are given. Find t
the slopes of those lines.
Now you will know,
(1) Slopes of line l and line t are C(3,4)
positive. l
(2) Slope of line n is negative. D(-1,0) B(6,1)
0 X
(3) Slope of line t is more than A(4,0)
n
slope of line l.
(4) Slopes of lines l and t which
make acute angles with X- axis,
Fig. 5.21
are positive.
(5) Slope of line n making obtuse angle with X- axis is negative.
Y
Slopes of X-axis, Y-axis and lines parallel to axes. l
In the figure 5.22, (x1, 0) and (x2, 0)
m
are two points on the X- axis.
0-0 (0, y2)
Slope of X- axis = =0
x2- x1 (0, y1)
In the same way (0, y1) and (0, y2)
are two points on the Y- axis. 0 X
(x1, 0) (x2, 0)
y2- y1 y - y
Slope of Y- axis = 0 - 0 = 2 1,
0
But division by 0 is not possible.
Fig. 5.22
\slope of Y- axis can not be determined.
Now try to find the slope of any line like line m which is parallel to X- axis. It will
come out to be 0.
Similarly we cannot determine the slope of a line like line l which is parallel to Y- axis

Slope of line – using ratio in trigonometry

In the figure 5.23, points P(x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) are on line l.
Line l intersects X axis in point T.
seg QS ^ X- axis, seg PR ^ seg QS \ seg PR || seg TS .......... corresponding
angle test
\ QR = y2 - y1 and PR = x2 - x1
118
 QR y2 - y1
\ = x2 - x1
.......... (I)
PR
Line TQ makes an angle q with the X- axis . , y )2
x2
QR Q(
\ = tanq .......... (II)
PR
y -y Y
\ From (I) and (II), x2 - x1 = tanq , y )1 (y2- y1)
\ m = tanq x1
P(
2 1
q
R
Now seg PR || seg TS, line l is transversal (x2- x1)
\ ÐQPR = ÐQTS ......corresponding
angles T q X
From this, we can define slope in O S
another way. The tan ratio of an angle
made by the line with the positive direction l
Fig. 5.23
of X-axis is called the slope of that line.
When any two lines have same slope, these lines make equal angles with the
positive direction of X- axis.
\ These two lines are parallel.
Slope of Parallel Lines
Activity :
In the figure 5.22 both line l and line t
make angle q with the positive direction Y l
of X- axis.
\ line l || line t .......... corresponding
angle test
t
Consider, point A(-3, 0) and point
B(0, 3) on line l B
(0,3)
Find the slope of line l.
y2 - y1
Slope of line l = A q q
x2 - x1 X` X
- (-3,0) 0
= =
-
=
In the similar way, consider suitable
points on the line t and find the slope of
line t. Y`
From this, you can verify that parallel Fig. 5.24
lines have equal slopes.
119
 Here q = 45°.
Use slope, m = tanq and verify that slopes of parallel lines are equal.
Similarly taking q = 30°, q = 60° verify that slopes of parallel lines are equal.

Remember this !
The slope of X- axis and of any line parallel to X- axis is zero.
The slope of Y- axis and of any line parallel to Y- axis cannot be determined.

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
EX. (1) Find the slope of the line passing through the points A (-3, 5), and B (4, -1)
Solution ः Let, x1 = -3, x2 = 4, y1 = 5, y2 = -1
y2 - y1 −1 − 5 -6
\ Slope of line AB = x2 - x1
= 4 − ( −3)
=
7

EX. (2) Show that points P(-2, 3), Q(1, 2), R(4, 1) are collinear.
Solution ः P(-2, 3), Q(1, 2) and R(4, 1) are given points
y -y 2−3
slope of line PQ = x2 - x1 = 1 − ( −2 ) = - 1
2 1 3

y -y 1- 2
Slope of line QR = 2 1 = = -1
x2 - x1 4 -1 3
Slope of line PQ and line QR is equal.
But point Q lies on both the lines.
\ Point P, Q, R are collinear.
2
EX. (3) If slope of the line joining points P(k, 0) and Q(-3, -2) is then find k.
7
Solution ः P(k, 0) and Q(-3, -2)
-2 - 0 -2
Slope of line PQ = =
-3 - k -3 - k
2
But slope of line PQ is given to be .
7
-2 2
\ = \ k = 4
-3 - k 7

120
EX. (4) If A (6, 1), B (8, 2), C (9, 4) and D (7, 3) are the vertices of c ABCD ,
show that c ABCD is a parallelogram.
y2 - y1
Solution : You know that Slope of line =
x2 - x1
2 -1
Slope of line AB = =1 .......... (I)
8-6 2
4-2
Slope of line BC = =2 .......... (II)
9-8
3- 4 1
Slope of line CD = = .......... (III)
7-9 2
3 -1
Slope of line DA = =2 .......... (IV)
7-6
Slope of line AB = Slope of line CD .......... From (I) and (III)
\ line AB || line CD
Slope of line BC = Slope of line DA .......... From (II) and (IV)
\ line BC || line DA
Both the pairs of opposite sides of the quadrilateral are parallel
\ c ABCD is a parallelogram.
Practice set 5.3

1. Angles made by the line with the positive direction of X-axis are given. Find the
slope of these lines.
(1) 45° (2) 60° (3) 90°
2. Find the slopes of the lines passing through the given points.
(1) A (2, 3) , B (4, 7) (2) P (-3, 1) , Q (5, -2)
(3) C (5, -2) , D (7, 3) (4) L (-2, -3) , M (-6, -8)
(5) E(-4, -2) , F (6, 3) (6) T (0, -3) , S (0, 4)
3. Determine whether the following points are collinear.
(1) A(-1, -1), B(0, 1), C(1, 3) (2) D(-2, -3), E(1, 0), F(2, 1)
(3) L(2, 5), M(3, 3), N(5, 1) (4) P(2, -5), Q(1, -3), R(-2, 3)
(5) R(1, -4), S(-2, 2), T(-3, 4) (6) A(-4, 4), K(-2, 5 ), N(4, -2)
2
4. If A (1, -1),B (0, 4),C (-5, 3) are vertices of a triangle then find the slope of
each side.
5. Show that A (-4, -7),B (-1, 2), C (8, 5) and D (5, -4) are the vertices of a
parallelogram.

121
6. Find k, if R(1, -1), S (-2, k) and slope of line RS is -2.
7. Find k, if B(k, -5), C (1, 2) and slope of the line is 7.
8. Find k, if PQ || RS and P(2, 4), Q (3, 6), R(3, 1), S(5, k) .

Problem set 5
1. Fill in the blanks using correct alternatives.
(1) Seg AB is parallel to Y-axis and coordinates of point A are (1,3) then
co-ordinates of point B can be ........ .
(A) (3,1) (B) (5,3) (C) (3,0) (D) (1,-3)
(2) Out of the following, point ........ lies to the right of the origin on X- axis.
(A) (-2,0) (B) (0,2) (C) (2,3) (D) (2,0)
(3) Distance of point (-3,4) from the origin is ...... .
(A) 7 (B) 1 (C) 5 (D) -5
(4) A line makes an angle of 30° with the positive direction of X- axis. So the
slope of the line is .......... .
1 3
(A) 2 (B) (C) 1 (D) 3
2 3
2. Determine whether the given points are collinear.
(1) A(0,2) , B(1,-0.5), C(2,-3)
8 6
(2) P(1, 2) , Q(2, ) , R(3, )
5 5
(3) L(1,2) , M(5,3) , N(8,6)
3. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment joining P(0,6)
and Q(12,20).
4. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points A(3,8) and B(-9, 3)
is divided by the Y- axis.
5. Find the point on X-axis which is equidistant from P(2,-5) and Q(-2,9).
6. Find the distances between the following points.
(i) A(a, 0), B(0, a) (ii) P(-6, -3), Q(-1, 9) (iii) R(-3a, a), S(a, -2a)
7. Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of a triangle whose vertices are (-3,1),
(0,-2) and (1,3)
122
8. In the following examples, can the segment joining the given points form a
triangle ? If triangle is formed, state the type of the triangle considering sides of
the triangle.
(1) L(6,4) , M(-5,-3) , N(-6,8)
(2) P(-2,-6) , Q(-4,-2), R(-5,0)
(3) A( 2 , 2 ), B( - 2 , - 2 ), C( - 6, 6)
1
9. Find k if the line passing through points P(-12,-3) and Q(4, k)has slope .
2
10. Show that the line joining the points A(4, 8) and B(5, 5) is parallel to the line
joining the points C(2,4) and D(1,7).
11. Show that points P(1,-2), Q(5,2), R(3,-1), S(-1,-5) are the vertices of a
parallelogram
12. Show that the c PQRS formed by P(2,1), Q(-1,3), R(-5,-3) and S(-2,-5) is a
rectangle
13. Find the lengths of the medians of a triangle whose vertices are A(-1, 1),
B(5, -3) and C(3, 5) .
14«. Find the coordinates of centroid of the triangles if points D(-7, 6), E(8, 5) and
F(2, -2) are the mid points of the sides of that triangle.
15. Show that A(4, -1), B(6, 0), C(7, -2) and D(5, -3)are vertices of a square.
16. Find the coordinates of circumcentre and radius of circumcircle of D ABC if
A(7, 1), B(3, 5) and C(2, 0) are given.
17. Given A(4,-3), B(8,5). Find the coordinates of the point that divides segment
AB in the ratio 3ः1.
18 . Find the type of the quadrilateral if points A(-4, -2), B(-3, -7) C(3, -2) and
«

D(2, 3) are joined serially.

19«. The line segment AB is divided into five congruent parts at P, Q, R and S such
that A-P-Q-R-S-B. If point Q(12, 14) and S(4, 18) are given find the
coordinates of A, P, R,B.
20. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle passing through the
points P(6,-6), Q(3,-7)and R(3,3).
21«. Find the possible pairs of coordinates of the fourth vertex D of the parallelogram,
if three of its vertices are A(5,6), B(1,-2)and C(3,-2).
22. Find the slope of the diagonals of a quadrilateral with vertices
A(1,7), B(6,3), C(0,-3) and D(-3,3).
rrr

123
 6 Trigonometry

Let’s study.

• Trigonometric ratios • Trigonometric identities

• Angle of elevation and angle of depression • Problems based on heights and
distances

Let’s recall.

1. Fill in the blanks with reference to figure 6.1 .

A
sin q = , cos q = ,

q tan q =
B C
Fig. 6.1
2. Complete the relations in ratios given below .
sin q
(i) = (ii) sin q = cos (90 - )
cos q
(iii) cos q = sin (90 - ) (iv) tan q x tan (90 - q) =
3. Complete the equation.
sin2 q + cos2 q =
4. Write the values of the following trigonometric ratios.
1
(i) sin30° = (ii) cos30° = (iii) tan30° =

(iv) sin60° = (v) cos45° = (vi) tan45° =

In std IX, we have studied some trigonometric ratios of some acute angles.
Now we are going to study some more trigonometric ratios of acute angles.

124
 Let’s learn.

cosec, sec and cot ratios

Multiplicative inverse or the reciprocal of sine ratio is called cosecant ratio. It is

1
written in brief as cosec. \ cosecq = sin q
Similarly, multiplicative inverses or reciprocals of cosine and tangent ratios are
called “secant” and “cotangent” ratios respectively. They are written in brief as sec
and cot.
1 1
\ secq = cos q
and cotq =
tan q
In figure 6.2, BC
cosq = AC A
AB
sinq = AC
1
1 secq = cos q
\ cosecq = sin q

1
1 = BC
= AB AC
AC
AC
AC = q
= BC C B
AB It means,
It means, Fig. 6.2
hypotenuse hypotenuse
cosecq = secq =
opposite side adjacent side
You know that,
AB
tanq = BC sinq
tanq =
cosq
1 1
\ cot q = tan q \ cot q = tan q
1 1
= = sin q
AB
BC cos q
cos q
BC adjacent side =
cot q = = sin q
AB opposite side
cos q
\ cot q =
sin q

125
 Remember this !

The relation between the trigonometric ratios,

according to the definitions of cosec, sec and cot ratios
1
· sin q = cosec q \ sin q ´ cosec q = 1
1
· cos q = sec q \ cos q ´ sec q = 1
1
· tan q
= cot q \ tan q ´ cot q = 1

For more information :

The great Indian mathematician Aryabhata was born
in 476 A.D. in Kusumpur which was near Patna in Bihar.
He has done important work in Arithmetic, Algebra and
Geometry. In the book ‘Aryabhatiya’ he has written many
mathematical formulae. For example,
(1) In an Arithmetic Progression, formulae for nth term and
the sum of first n terms.
(2) The formula to approximate 2
(3) The correct value of p upto four decimals, p = 3.1416.
In the study of Astronomy he used trigonometry and
the sine ratio of an angle for the first time.
Comparing with the mathematics in the rest of the world at that time, his
work was great and was studied all over India and was carried to Europe through
Middle East.
Most observers at that time believed that the earth is immovable and the
Sun, the Moon and stars move arround the earth. But Aryabhata noted that when
we travel in a boat on the river, objects like trees, houses on the bank appear to
move in the opposite direction. ‘Similarly’, he said ‘the Sun, Moon and the stars
are observed by people on the earth to be moving in the opposite direction while
in reality the Earth moves !’
On 19 April 1975, India sent the first satellite in the space and it was named
‘Aryabhata’ to commemorate the great Mathematician of India.

126
* The table of the values of trigonometric ratios of angles 0°,30°,45°,60° and 90° .
Trigonometric Angle (q)
ratio
0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1 3
sin q 0 2 2
1
2

3 1 1
cos q 1 2 2
0
2
1
tan q 0 3
1 3 Not defined

cosec q 2
1 Not defined 2 2 1
= 3
sin q
sec q
2
1 1 2 2 Not defined
= 3
cos q
cot q 1
1 Not defined 3 1 0
= 3
tan q

Let’s learn.

Trigonometric identities
In the figure 6.3, D ABC is a right angled triangle, ÐB= 90°
BC AB

(i) sinq = (ii) cosq = C
AC AC
BC AC

(iii) tanq = (iv) cosecq =
AB BC
AC AB

(v) secq = (vi) cotq =
AB BC

By Pythagoras therom,
B q
A

BC2 + AB2 = AC2 . . . . .(I)
Fig. 6.3

Dividing both the sides of (1) by AC2
BC2+ AB2 AC2
2 = AC2
AC

127
 BC2 AB2
\ + =1
AC2 AC2
\ 2
 BC   AB 
2

  +  =1
 AC   AC 
\(sinq)2 + (cosq)2 = 1 .... [(sinq)2 is written as sin2q and (cosq)2 is written
as cos2q.]
sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 .......... (II)
Now dividing both the sides of equation (II) by sin2q
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1
+ =
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ

1 + cot2 q = cosec2 q .......... (III)

Dividing both the sides of equation (II) by cos2q

sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1
+ =
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ

2 2

tan2 q + 1 = sec2 q
1 + tan2 q = sec2 q .......... (IV)
Relations (II),(III), and (IV) are fundamental trigonometric identities.
˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
20
Ex. (1) If sinq = then find cosq
29

Solution ः Method I Method II

20

We have sinq =
29
sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
AB A
from figure, sinq = AC 29k
2
 20  + cos2 q = 1
\ AB = 20k and AC = 29k 20k
 
 29 
Let BC = x. B
q
C
400 x
+ cos2 q = 1 According to Pythagoras therom,
841 Fig. 6.4
400 AB2+ BC2 = AC2
cos2 q = 1 - (20k)2+ x2 = (29k)2
841
441
400k2+ x2 = 841k2
=
x2 = 841k2 - 400k2
841

= 441k2
Taking square root of
\ x = 21k
both sides. BC 21k 21
cosq =
21 \ cos q = AC = =
29
29k 29

128
 25
Ex. (2) If secq = , find the value of tanq. R
7
Solution ः Method I Method II
we have , from the figure,
1+ tan2q = sec2q sec q =
PR 25k
2 PQ
 25 
\ 1+ tan2q =   \ PQ = 7k, PR = 25k
 7 
625 According to Pythagoras therom, q
\ tan q = 2
-1 Q 7k P
49 PQ + QR = PR
2 2 2

625 − 49 Fig. 6.5

= \ (7k)2 + QR2 = (25k)2
49
\ QR2 = 625k2 - 49k2 = 576k2
576
= 49 \ QR = 24k
24 QR 24k 24
\ tanq = Now, tan q = = =
7 PQ 7k 7

Ex. (3) If 5sinq - 12cosq = 0, find the values of secq and cosecq.
Solution ः 5sinq - 12cosq = 0
\ 5sinq = 12cosq
sin q 12 5
\ = \cosq =
cos q 5 13
12
\ tanq = Now, sin2q + cos2q = 1
5
we have, \ sin2q = 1 - cos2q
1+ tan2q = sec2q 2
5
 12 
2 \sin q = 1 -
2
 
\1+ = sec q 2  13 
 
 5
25
144
=1-
169
\1+ = sec2q
25
144
25 + 144
= 169
\ = sec2q
25
12
169 \ sinq =
13
\ sec2q =
25
13
13 \ cosecq = 12

\ secq =
5

129
 3 1 − sec θ
Ex. (4) cosq = then find the value of .
2 1 + cosec θ
Solution
:
Method I Method II
3 2 3

cosq = \ secq = cosq =
2 3 2
sin2q + cos2q = 1
3
2 we know that, cos 30° = .
 3 2
\ sin q +  2  = 1
2
  \ q = 30°
2
\ sin2q = 1- 4 =

3 1 \ sec q = sec 30° =
4 3
1 cosec q = cosec 30° = 2
\ sinq = \ cosecq = 2

2 2
2 1−
1− 1 − sec θ 3
1 − sec θ 3 \
=
\
= 1 + cosec θ 1+ 2
1 + cosec θ 1+ 2
3−2
3−2
3
= 3 =
3
3
3−2 3−2
= =
3 3 3 3

1 + sin x
Ex. (5) Show that sec x + tan x =
1 − sin x
1 sin x
Solution ः sec x + tan x = +
cos x cos x

1+ sin x
=
cos x

(1 + sin x) 2
= cos 2 x

= (1 + sin x ) (12+ sin x )

1 − sin x
(1 + sin x)(1 + sin x)
= (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)

1 + sin x
=
1 − sin x

130
Ex. (6) Eliminate q from given equations.
x = a cot q - b cosec q
y = a cot q + b cosec q
Solution : x = a cot q - b cosec q .......... (I)
y = a cot q + b cosec q .......... (II)
Adding equations (I) and (II).
x + y = 2a cot q
x+y
\ cot q = .......... (III)
2a
Subtracting equation (II) from (I) ,
y - x = 2b cosec q
y−x
\ cosec q = .......... (IV)
2b
Now, cosec2q - cot2q = 1
2 2
 y−x  y+x
\   −   =1
 2b   2a 
( y − x) ( y + x)
2 2

\ − =1
4b 2 4a 2
2 2
 y−x  y+x
or   −   =4
 b   a 

Practice set 6.1

7
1. If sinq = , find the values of cosq and tanq.
25
3
2. If tanq = , find the values of secq and cosq.
4
40
3. If cotq = , find the values of cosecq and sinq.
9

4. If 5secq- 12cosecq = 0, find the values of secq, cosq and sinq.

sin θ + cos θ
5. If tanq = 1 then, find the values of .
sec θ + cosec θ

6. Prove that:
sin 2 q
(1) cos q
+ cosq = secq
(2) cos2q(1 + tan2q) = 1
131
 1 − sin θ
(3) = secq - tanq
1 + sin θ
(4) ( secq - cosq)( cotq + tanq) = tanq secq
(5) cotq + tanq = cosecq secq
1
(6) sec θ − tan θ = secq + tanq

(7) sec4q - cos4q = 1 - 2cos2q

cos θ
(8) secq + tanq = 1− sin θ

1 1
(9) If tanq + = 2 , then show that tan2q + 2 = 2
tanq tan q
tan A cot A
(10) + = sin A cos A
(1 + tan A ) (1 + cot A )
2 2 2 2

(11) sec4A (1 - sin4A) - 2tan2A = 1

tan θ tan θ + sec θ + 1
(12) sec θ −1
=
tan θ + sec θ − 1

Let’s learn.

Application of trigonometry

Many times we need to know

the height of a tower, building, tree or
distance of a ship from the lighthouse or
width of a river etc.
We cannot measure them actually
but we can find them with the help of
trigonometric ratios.
For the purpose of computation,
we draw a rough sketch to show the given Fig. 6.6
information. ‘Trees’, ‘hills’ or ‘towers’
are vertical objects, so we shall represent them in the figure by segments which are
perpendicular to the ground. We will not consider height of the observer and we shall
normally regard observer’s line of vision to be parallel to the horizontal level.

132
Let us study a few related terms.
(i) Line of vision ः If the observer is standing at the location‘A’,looking at an object ‘B’
then the line AB is called line of the vision.
(ii) Angle of elevation :
B
If an observer at A, observes the
on
isi
point B which is at a level higher than A e of
v
lin
and AM is the horizontal line, then
angle of elevation M horizontal line
Ð BAM is called the angle of elevation. A
Fig. 6.7
(iii) Angle of depression :
If an observer at A, observes the
A angle of depression horizontal line
M
lin
point C which is at a level lower than eo
fv
isi
on
A and AM is the horizontal line, the
C Fig. 6.8
Ð MAC is called the angle of depression.
When we see above the horizontal line, the angle formed is the angle of elevation.
When we see below the horizontal line, the angle formed is the angle of depression.

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) An observer at a distance of 10 m from a tree looks at the top of the tree, the
angle of elevation is 60°. What is the height of the tree ? ( 3 = 1.73)
Solution : In figure 6.9, AB = h = height of the tree.
BC = 10 m, distance of the observer from the tree .
Angle of elevation (q) = Ð BCA = 60°
A AB
from figure, tanq = .......... (I)
BC
tan 60° = 3 .......... (II)
AB
\ = 3 .......... from equation (I)and (II)
BC

\ AB = BC 3 = 10 3
60° \ AB = 10 ´ 1.73 = 17.3 m
C B
10 m \ height of the tree is 17.3m.
Fig. 6.9
133
Ex. (2) From the top of a building, an observer is looking at a scooter parked
at some distance away, makes an angle of depression of 30°.
If the height of the building is 40m, find how far the scooter is from the
building. ( 3 = 1.73)
M
Solution: In the figure 6.10, AB is the A 30°
building. A scooter is at C
which is ‘x’ m away from the 40 m
building.
In figure, ‘A’ is the position of 30°
the observer. B x Fig. 6.10 C
AM is the horizontal line and Ð MAC is the angle of depression.
Ð MAC and Ð ACB are alternate angles.
AB
from fig, tan30° =
BC
1 40
\ 3
= x
\ x = 40 3
= 40 ´ 1.73
= 69. 20 m.
\ the scooter is 69.20 m. away from the building.

Ex. (3) To find the width of the river, a man observes the top of a tower on the
opposite bank making an angle of elevation of 61°. When he moves 50m
backword from bank and observes the same top of the tower, his line
of vision makes an angle of elevation of 35°. Find the
height of the tower and width of the river. (tan61° = 1.8, tan35° = 0.7)
A Solution : seg AB shows the tower on
the opposite bank. ‘A’ is the top of
the tower and seg BC shows the
width of the river. Let ‘h’ be the
h
height of the tower and ‘x’ be the
width of the river.
61° 35°
B x C D h
50m from figure, tan 61° =
Fig. 6.11 x
134
 h
\ 1.8 = x
h = 1.8 ´ x
10h = 18x .......... (I)..... multipling by 10
In right angled D ABD,
h
tan 35 =
x + 50
h
0.7 =
x + 50
\ h = 0.7 (x + 50)
\ 10h = 7 (x + 50) .......... (II)
\ from equations (I) and (II) ,
18x = 7(x + 50)
\ 18x = 7x + 350
\ 11x = 350
350
\ x = = 31.82
11
Now, h = 1.8x = 1.8 ´ 31.82
= 57.28 m.
\ width of the river = 31.82 m and height of tower = 57.28 m

Ex. (4) Roshani saw an eagle on the R

top of a tree at an angle of
29°
elevation of 61°, while she was
standing at the door of her 38°
house. She went on the terrace y
of the house so that she could
see it clearly. The terrace
52°
was at a height of 4m. While T Q
observing the eagle from there
the angle of elevation was 52°. At 4 4
what height from the ground was 61°
the eagle ? S x P
(Find the answer correct upto Fig. 6.12
nearest integer)

(tan 61° = 1.80, tan 52° = 1.28, tan 29° = 0.55, tan 38° = 0.78)
135
Solution : In figure 6.12, PQ is the house and SR is the tree. The eagle is at R.
Draw seg QT ^ seg RS.
\ c TSPQ is a rectangle.
Let SP = x and TR = y
Now in D RSP, Ð PRS = 90° - 61° = 29°
and in D RTQ, Ð QRT = 90° - 52° = 38°
SP
\ tan Ð PRS = tan29° =
RS
x
\ 0.55 =
y+4
\ x = 0.55(y + 4) .......... (I)
TQ
Similarly, tan Ð QRT =
RT
x
\ tan 38° = .......... [ SP = TQ = x]
\
y
x
\ 0.78 =
y
\ x = 0.78y .......... (II)
\ 0.78y = 0.55(y + 4) .......... from (I) and (II)
\ 78y = 55(y + 4)
\ 78y = 55y + 220
\ 23y = 220
\ y = 9.565 = 10 (upto nearest integer)
\ RS = y + 4 = 10 + 4 = 14
\ the eagle was at a height of 14 metre from the ground.

Ex. (5) A tree was broken due to storm. Its broken upper part was so inclined that
its top touched the ground making an angle of 30°with the ground.The
distance from the foot of the tree and the point where the top touched the
ground was 10 metre. What was the height of the tree.
Solution: As shown in figure 6.13, suppose AB is the tree. It was broken at ‘C’ and its
top touched at ‘D’.

136
 Ð CDB = 30°, BD = 10 m, BC = x m
CA= CD = y m A
In right angled D CDB,
BC
tan30° = BD
1 x
3
= 10
10
x= 3
20
C
y= 3
10 20
x+y=
3 + 3
30 B D
= 3 Fig. 6.13
x + y = 10
3

\ height of the tree was 10

3 m.

Practice set 6.2

1. A person is standing at a distance of 80m from a church looking at its top.
The angle of elevation is of 45°. Find the height of the church.
2. From the top of a lighthouse, an observer looking at a ship makes angle of
depression of 60°. If the height of the lighthouse is 90 metre, then find how far
the ship is from the lighthouse. ( 3 =1.73)
3. Two buildings are facing each other on a road of width 12 metre. From the
top of the first building, which is 10 metre high, the angle of elevation of the top
of the second is found to be 60°. What is the height of the second building?
4. Two poles of heights 18 metre and 7 metre are erected on a ground. The length
of the wire fastened at their tops in 22 metre. Find the angle made by the wire with
the horizontal.
5. A storm broke a tree and the treetop rested 20 m from the base of the tree, making
an angle of 60° with the horizontal. Find the height of the tree.
6. A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground. The string attached to the kite
is tied at the ground. It makes an angle of 60° with the ground. Assuming that
the string is straight, find the length of the string. ( 3 =1.73)

137
 Problem set 6
1. Choose the correct alternative answer for the following questions.

(1) sinq cosecq = ?

1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 2

(2) cosec45° =?
1 3 2
(A) 2
(B) 2 (C) (D) 3
2
(3) 1 + tan2q = ?
(A) cot2q (B) cosec2q (C) sec2q (D) tan2q
(4) When we see at a higher level , from the horizontal line,angle formed is....... .
(A) angle of elevation. (B) angle of depression.
(C) 0 (D) straight angle.
11
If sinq = 61 , find the values of cosq using trigonometric identity.
2.

3. If tanq = 2, find the values of other trigonometric ratios.

13
4. If secq = 12 , find the values of other trigonometric ratios.

5. Prove the following.

(1) secq (1 - sinq) (secq + tanq) = 1
(2) (secq + tanq) (1 - sinq) = cosq
(3) sec2q + cosec2q = sec2q ´ cosec2q
(4) cot2q - tan2q = cosec2q - sec2q
(5) tan4q + tan2q = sec4q - sec2q
1 1
(6) + = 2 sec2q
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
(7) sec6x - tan6x = 1 + 3sec2x ´ tan2x
tan θ sec θ − 1
(8) =
sec θ + 1 tan θ

tan 3 θ − 1
(9) tan θ − 1
= sec2q + tanq
138
 sin θ − cos θ + 1 1
(10) =
sin θ + cos θ − 1 sec θ − tan θ

6. A boy standing at a distance of 48 meters from a building observes the top of the
building and makes an angle of elevation of 30°.Find the height of the building.

7. From the top of the light house, an observer looks at a ship and finds the angle of
depression to be 30°.If the height of the light-house is 100 meters, then find how
far the ship is from the light-house.

8. Two buildings are in front of each other on a road of width 15 meters. From the
top of the first building, having a height of 12 meter, the angle of elevation of the
top of the second building is 30°.What is the height of the second building?

9. A ladder on the platform of a fire brigade van can be elevated at an angle of

70° to the maximum. The length of the ladder can be extended upto 20m. If the
platform is 2m above the ground, find the maximum height from the ground upto
which the ladder can reach. (sin 70° = 0.94)

10 «. While landing at an airport, a pilot made an angle of depression of 20°. Average

speed of the plane was 200 km/hr. The plane reached the ground after 54 seconds.
Find the height at which the plane was when it started landing. (sin 20° = 0.342)

rrr

139
 7 Mensuration

Let’s study.

• Mixed examples on • Arc of circle - length of arc

surface area and • Area of a sector
volume of different
• Area of segment of a circle
solid figures

Let’s recall.

Last year we have studied surface area and volume of some three dimentional
figures. Let us recall the formulae to find the surface areas and volumes.

No. Three dimensional Formulae

figure
1 . Cuboid Lateral surface area = 2h ( l + b )
h Total surface area = 2 (lb + bh + hl )
l
b Volume = lbh
2 . Cube Lateral surface area = 4l2
l Total surface area = 6l2
Volume = l3
3 . Cylinder r Curved surface area = 2prh
h Total surface area = 2pr ( r + h )
Volume = pr2h

4 . Cone Slant height (l) = h 2 + r 2

Curved surface area = prl
h l Total surface area = pr (r + l)
1
r Volume =
3
´ pr2h

140
 No. Three dimensional Formulae
figure
5. Sphere Surface area = 4 pr2
4
r Volume = pr3
3

6. Hemisphere Curved surface area = 2pr2

r Total surface area of a solid hemisphere = 3pr2
2
Volume = pr3
3

Solve the following examples

Ex. (1) The length, breadth and height of
an oil can are 20 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm
30 cm

respectively as shown in the adjacent

20 cm
figure.
cm
20

How much oil will it contain ?

Fig 7.1
(1 litre = 1000 cm3)
Ex. (2) The adjoining figure shows the
21 cm measures of a Joker’s cap. How much
10 cm cloth is needed to make such a cap ?

Fig 7.2

Let’s think.

As shown in the adjacent figure, a sphere is placed in a

cylinder. It touches the top, bottom and the curved surface
of the cylinder. If radius of the base of the cylinder is ‘r’,
(1) What is the ratio of the radii of the sphere and the
cylinder ?
(2) What is the ratio of the curved surface area of the
cylinder and the surface area of the sphere ?
Fig. 7.3
(3) What is the ratio of the volumes of the cylinder and the
sphere ?

141
 Activity :

r
2r 2r

2r
Fig. 7.4 Fig. 7.5 Fig. 7.6
As shown in the above figures, take a ball and a beaker of the same radius as that
of the ball. Cut a strip of paper of length equal to the diameter of the beaker. Draw
two lines on the strip dividing it into three equal parts. Stick it on the beaker straight
up from the bottom. Fill water in the beaker upto the first mark of the strip from the
bottom. Push the ball in the beaker slowly so that it touches its bottom. Observe how
much the water level rises.
You will notice that the water level has risen exactly upto the total height of the strip.
Try to understand how we get the formula for the volume of a the sphere. The shape
of the beaker is cylindrical.
Therefore, the volume of the part of the beaker upto height 2r can be obtained by
the formula of volume of a cylinder. Let us assume that the volume is V.
\ V = pr2h = p ´ r2 ´ 2r = 2pr3 ( h = 2r)
But V = volume of the ball + volume of the water which was already in the beaker.
1
= volume of the ball + 3
´ 2pr3
1
\ volume of the ball = V - 3
´ 2pr3
2

= 2pr3 - pr3
3
6pr3 - 2pr3 4pr3
= =
3 3
4 3
Hence we get the formula of the volume of a sphere as V =
3
pr

(Now you can find the answer of the question number 3 relating to figure 7.3)

142
 ˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™

Ex. (1) The radius and height of a cylindrical water reservoir is 2.8 m and 3.5 m
respectively. How much maximum water can the tank hold ? A person needs
70 litre of water per day. For how many persons is the water sufficient for
22
a day ? (p = )
7
22
Solution : (r) = 2.8 m, ( h) = 3.5 m, p =
7
Capacity of the water reservoir = Volume of the cylindrical reservoir
= pr2h
22
= ´ 2.8 ´ 2.8 ´ 3.5
7
= 86.24 m3
= 86.24 ´ 1000 ( 1m3 = 1000 litre)
= 86240.00 litre.
\ the reservoir can hold 86240 litre of water.

The daily requirement of water of a person is 70 litre.
86240
\ water in the tank is sufficient for

70
= 1232 persons.

Ex. (2) How many solid cylinders of radius 10 cm and height 6 cm can be made by
melting a solid sphere of radius 30 cm ?
Solution : Radius of a sphere, r = 30 cm
Radius of the cylinder, R = 10 cm
Height of the cylinder, H = 6 cm
Let the number of cylinders be n.
Volume of the sphere = n ´ volume of a cylinder
Volume of the sphere
\ n=
Volume of a cylinder
4
π (r )
3

= = 3
π ( R) H
2

4 4
× ( 30 )
3
× 30 × 30 × 30
= =3 2 = =3 = 60
10 × 6 10 ×10 × 6
\ 60 cylinders can be made .

143
Ex. (3) A tent of a circus is such that its lower part is cylindrical and upper part
is conical. The diameter of the base of the tent is 48 m and the height of the
cylindrical part is 15 m. Total height of the tent is 33 m. Find area
of canvas required to make the tent. Also find volume of air in the tent.
Solution : Total height of the tent = 33 m.
Let height of the cylindrical part be H
\ H = 15 m.
18 m
Let the height of the conical part be h
\h = (33-15) = 18 m. 24 m

r 2 + ( h)
2
Slant height of cone, l =
15 m
= 242 + 182
= 576 + 324
= 900 Fig 7.7
= 30 m.
Canvas required for tent = Curved surface area of the cylindrical part +
Curved surface area of conical part
= 2prH + prl
= pr (2H + l)
22
= ´ 24 (2 ´ 15 + 30)
7
22
= ´ 24 ´ 60
7
= 4525.71 m2
Volume of air in the tent = volume of cylinder + volume of cone
= pr2H + 1 pr2h
3
  1
= pr2  H + 3 h 
22 1
= ´ 242 (15 + ´ 18)
7 3
22
= ´ 576 ´ 21
7
= 38,016 m3
\ canvas required for the tent = 4525.71 m2
\ volume of air in the tent = 38,016 m3.
144
 Practice set 7.1
1. Find the volume of a cone if the radius of its base is 1.5 cm and its perpendicular
height is 5 cm.
2. Find the volume of a sphere of diameter 6 cm.
3. Find the total surface area of a cylinder if the radius of its base is 5 cm and height
is 40 cm.
4. Find the surface area of a sphere of radius 7 cm.
5. The dimensions of a cuboid are 44 cm, 21 cm, 12 cm. It is melted and a cone of
height 24 cm is made. Find the radius of its base.
6.
3.5 cm
10 cm Observe the measures of
10 cm
7 cm
pots in figure 7.8 and 7.9.
How many jugs of water
Fig 7.8 Fig 7.9 can the cylindrical pot
conical water jug cylindrical water pot hold ?

7. A cylinder and a cone have equal bases.

The height of the cylinder is 3 cm and the
area of its base is 100 cm2.The cone is placed
upon the cylinder. Volume of the solid
figure so formed is 500 cm3. Find the total Fig 7.10
height of the figure.
8. In figure 7.11, a toy made from a 3 cm
hemisphere, a cylinder and a cone
is shown. Find the total area of the 40 cm
4 cm

toy. Fig. 7.11

9. In the figure 7.12, a cylindrical 10. Figure 7.13 shows
wrapper of flat tablets is shown. a toy. Its lower part
The radius of a tablet is 7 mm and is a hemisphere 4 cm
and the upper part 3 cm
its thickness is 5 mm. How many
is a cone. Find the
such tablets are wrapped in the volume and the
wrapper ? surface area of the
14 mm
toy from the
measures shown in
10 cm
10 cm
the figure.(p= 3.14) Fig. 7.13
Fig. 7.12
145
11. Find the surface area and the 12. As showm in the
volume of a beach ball shown in the figure, a cylindrical
figure. glass contains water.
30
A metal sphere of cm

42 cm diameter 2 cm is
immersed in it. Find
the volume of the 14 cm
Fig. 7.15
Fig. 7.14 water.

Let’s learn.

Frustum of a cone
The shape of glass used to drink water
Fig. 7.16
as well as the shape of water it contains, are
examples of frustum of a cone.

Conical
part
r
Frustum l
h

r1

Fig. 7.17 Fig. 7.18 Fig. 7.19 Fig. 7.20

A cone being cut Two parts of the Frustum A glass placed
cone upside down

When a cone is cut parallel to its base we get two figures; one is a cone and the
other is a frustum.
Volume and surface area of a frustum can be calculated by the formulae given
below.

146
 Remember this !

h = height of a frustum, l = slant height height of a frustum,

r2
r1 and r2 = radii of circular faces of a frustum ( r1 > r2)
Slant height of a frustum = l = h2 + ( r1 − r2 )2 h l
Curved surface area of a frustum = pl ( r1 + r2 ) r1
Total surface area of a frustum =pl (r1 + r2) + pr12 + pr22
Fig. 7.21
Volume of a frustum = 1 ph (r12 + r22 + r1 ´ r2)
3

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™
Ex. (1) A bucket is frustum shaped. Its height is 28 cm. Radii of circular faces are
22
12 cm and 15 cm. Find the capacity of the bucket. ( p = 7
)
Solution : r1 = 15 cm, r2 = 12 cm, h = 28 cm 15 cm
Capacity of the bucket = Volume of frustum
1
= ph ( r12 + r22 + r1 ´ r2) 28 cm
3
1 22
= ´ ´ 28 (152 ´ 122 + 15 ´ 12)
3 7
22 ´ 4
= ´ (225+ 144 + 180)
3
Fig. 7.22
22 ´ 4
= ´ 549
3
= 88 ´ 183
= 16104 cm3 = 16.104 litre
\ capacity of the bucket is 16.104 litre.

Ex. (2) Radii of the top and the base of a frustum are 14 cm, 8 cm respectively. Its
height is 8 cm. Find its
i) curved surface area ii) total surface area iii) volume.
Solution : r1 = 14 cm , r2 = 8 cm, h = 8 cm
Slant height of the frustum = l = h + ( r1 − r2 )
2 2

= 82 + (14 − 8)2
= 64 + 36 = 10 cm
147
 Curved surface area of the frustum = p(r1 + r2) l

= 3.14 ´ (14 + 8) ´ 10
= 690.8 cm2
Total surface area of frustum = p l (r1 + r2) + pr12 + pr22

= 3.14 ´ 10 (14 + 8) + 3.14 ´ 142 + 3.14 ´ 82
= 690.8 + 615.44 + 200.96
= 690.8 + 816.4
= 1507.2 cm2
1
Volume of the frustum = ph(r12 + r22 + r1 ´ r2)

3
1
= ´ 3.14 ´ 8 (142 + 82 + 14 ´ 8)
3
= 3114.88cm3
Practice set 7.2

1. The radii of two circular ends of frustum shape bucket are 14 cm and 7 cm.
Height of the bucket is 30 cm. How many liters of water it can hold ?
(1 litre = 1000 cm3)
2. The radii of ends of a frustum are 14 cm and 6 cm respectively and its height is
6 cm. Find its
i) curved surface area ii) total surface area. iii ) volume (p = 3.14)
3. The circumferences of circular faces of a frustum are 132 cm and 88 cm and its
height is 24 cm. To find the curved surface area of the frustum complete the
22
following activity. (p = ).
7

circumference1 = 2pr1 = 132 r1

r1= 132 =
2p 24 cm
circumference2= 2pr2 = 88 r2
88 Fig. 7.23
r2 = =
2p
h 2 + ( r1 − r2 )
2
slant height of frustum, l =
2 2
= +

= cm

148
 curved surface area of the frustum = p(r1+ r2)l
= p ´ ´
= sq.cm.

Let’s recall.

Complete the following table with the help of figure 7.24.

Y
Type of arc Name of the Measure of
arc the arc
O
Minor arc arc AXB .................
100°
................. arc AYB ................. A B
X
Fig. 7.24
Let’s learn.

Sector of a circle
In the adjacent figure, the central angle divides
B
the circular region in two parts. Each of the
parts is called a sector of the circle. Sector of
O
a circle is the part enclosed by two radii of the
P q
Q circle and the arc joining their end points.
In the figure 7.25, O –PMQ and O-PBQ are two
M
sectors of the circle.
Fig. 7.25
Minor Sector :
Sector of a circle enclosed by two radii and their corresponding minor arc is
called a ‘minor sector’.
In the above figure O-PMQ is a minor sector.
Major Sector :
Sector of a circle that is enclosed by two radii and their corresponding major
arc is called a ‘major sector’.
In the above figure, O-PBQ is a major sector.
149
 Area of a sector

Observe the figures below. Radii of all circles are equal. Observe the areas of the
shaded regions and complete the following table.

q = 360° q = 180° q = 90° q = 60°

r r r r
q q q q

1 1 1
A1 = pr2 A2 = pr2 A3 = pr2 A4 = pr2
2 4 6
Fig. 7.26
Central angle of a circle is = 360° = complete angle

Central angle of a circle is = 360°, Area of a circle = pr2

Sector Measure of arc of the q Area of the sector
of circle sector 360 A
360
A1 360° 360
=1 1 ´ pr2

1
A2 1
180° 2 ´ pr2
2
1 1
A3 90° ´ pr2
4 4

................ .............
A4 60°
q q
A q ´ pr2
360 360

From the above table we see that, if measure of an arc of a circle is q, then the
q
area of its corresponding sector is obtained by multiplying area of the circle by .
q 360

Area of sector (A) = ´ pr2
360

From the formula,
A θ Area of sector q
= ; that is =
π r 2 360 Area of circle 360

150
 Length of an arc
In the following figures, radii of all circles are equal. Observe the length of arc
in each figure and complete the table.

q = 360° q = 180° q = 90° q = 60°

q q q
q
l l2 l3 l4
1 1 1
l = 2pr l2 =
2
´ 2pr l3 = 4
´ 2pr l4 = 6
´ 2pr
Fig. 7.27

Circumference of a circle = 2pr

Length of Measure of the arc q Length of the arc
the arc (q) 360 (l)
360
l1 360° 360
=1 1 ´ 2pr
180 1 1
l2 180° = ´ 2pr
360 2 2
90 1 1
l3 90° = ´ 2pr
360 4 4
l4 60° ................ .............
q q
l q ´ 2pr
360 360

The pattern in the above table shows that, if measure of an arc of a circle is q, then
q
its length is obtained by multiplying the circumference of the circle by .
360
q

Length of an arc (l) = ´ 2pr
360

l θ
From the formula, =
2π r 360
Length of an arc q
that is,
Circumference
= 360

151
A relation between length of an arc and area of the sector
q
Area of a sector, (A) = ´ pr2 .......... I
360
q
Length of an arc, (l) = ´ 2pr
360
θ l
\ 360 = 2π r .......... II
l
\A = × π r 2 ..........From I and II
2π r

A = lr =
1 lr
2 2

Length of the arc ´ Radius

\ Area of a sector =

2
A l θ
Similarly, = =
πr 2
2π r 360

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™

Ex. (1) The measure of a central angle of

a circle is 150 ° and radius of the
21 O
circle is 21 cm. Find the length of A B
150°
the arc and area of the sector
associated with the central angle. Fig. 7.28
22
Solution : r = 21 cm, q = 150, p =
7
q
Area of the sector, A = ´ pr2
360
150 22
= ´ ´ 21´ 21
360 7
1155
= = 577.5 cm2
2
q
Length of the arc, l = ´ 2pr
360

150 22
= ´ 2 ´ ´ 21
360 7
= 55 cm
152
ex. (2) In figure 7.29, P is the centre of the
circle of radius 6 cm. Seg QR P
is a tangent at Q. If PR = 12, 6 A B 12
find the area of the shaded region. R
Q
( 3 = 1.73) Fig. 7.29
Solution Radius joining point of contact of the tangent is perpendicular to the tangent.
\ in D PQR, Ð PQR = 90°,
PQ = 6 cm, PR = 12 cm \ PQ = PR
2
If one side of a right anglesd triangle is half the hypoteneus then angle
opposite to, that side is of 30° measure
\ Ð R = 30° and Ð P = 60°

3 3
\ by 30°-60°-90° theorem, QR =
´ PR = ´ 12 = 6 3
2 2
\ QR = 6 3 cm

1
\A(D PQR) =
QR ´ PQ
2
1
= ´ 6 3 ´6
2
= 18 3 = 18 ´ 1.73
= 31.14 cm2
q
Area of a sector = ´ pr2
360
60
A(P-QAB) = ´ 3.14 ´ 62
360
1
= ´ 3.14 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 3.14 ´ 6
6
= 18.84 cm2
Area of shaded region = A(PQR) - A(P-QAB)
= 31.14 - 18.84
= 12.30 cm2
Area of the shaded region = 12.30 cm2

153
Activity In figure 7.30, side of square ABCD is 7 cm. With centre D and radius DA,
sector D - AXC is drawn. Fill in the following boxes properly and find out
the area of the shaded region. D 7 cm C
Solution : Area of a square = (Formula)
=
= 49 cm2 X

Area of sector (D- AXC) = (Formula)

A B
22 Fig. 7.30
= ´ ´
7
360
= 38.5 cm2
A (shaded region) = A -A
= cm2 - cm2
= cm2

Practice set 7.3

1. Radius of a circle is 10 cm. Measure of an arc of the crcleis 54°. Find the area of
the sector associated with the arc. (p = 3.14 )
2. Measure of an arc of a circle is 80 cm and its radius is 18 cm. Find the length of
the arc. (p = 3.14 )
3. Radius of a sector of a circle is 3.5 cm and length of its arc is 2.2 cm. Find the
area of the sector.
4. Radius of a circle is 10 cm. Area of a sector of the sector is 100 cm2.
Find the area of its corresponding major sector. (p = 3.14 )
5. Area of a sector of a circle of radius 15 cm is 30 cm2. Find the length of the arc

of the sector.
6. In the figure 7.31, radius of the circle C
is 7 cm and m(arc MBN) = 60°,
O
find (1) Area of the circle .
68° Fig. 7.31
(2) A(O - MBN) .
(3) A(O - MCN) . M
B N
154
7. In figure 7.32, radius of circle is 3.4 cm
P
and perimeter of sector P-ABC is Fig. 7.32

3 .4
cm
12.8 cm. Find A(P-ABC).
A
B C
M 8. In figure 7.33 O is the centre of the sector.
R
Ð ROQ = Ð MON = 60°. OR = 7 cm,
O X Y Fig. 7.33 and OM = 21 cm. Find the lengths of
22
Q arc RXQ and arc MYN. (p = )
7
N
9. In figure 7.34, if A(P-ABC) = 154 cm2
radius of the circle is 14 cm, P C
find (1) Ð APC.
(2) l(arc ABC) . B Fig. 7.34
A
10. Radius of a sector of a circle is 7 cm. If measure of arc of the sector is -
(1) 30° (2) 210° (3 ) three right angles;
find the area of the sector in each case.
11. The area of a minor sector of a circle is 3.85 cm2 and the measure of its
central angle is 36°. Find the radius of the circle.

12. In figure 7.35, c PQRS is a rectangle. P S

If PQ = 14 cm, QR = 21 cm, find the areas z
x
of the parts x, y and z . y
Q R
13. D LMN is an equilateral triangle. LM = 14 cm. Fig. 7.35
As shown in figure, three sectors are drawn
with vertices as centres and radius7 cm. L
Find,
(1) A (D LMN)
(2) Area of any one of the sectors.
(3) Total area of all the three sectors.
(4) Area of the shaded region. M N
Fig. 7.36
155
 Let’s learn.
Y
Major
segment
Segment of a circle O
Segment of a circle is the region bounded by a chord and A B
Minor segment
its corresponding arc of the circle. X
Fig. 7.37
Minor segment : The area enclosed by a chord and its corresponding minor arc is
called a minor segment. In the figure, segment AXB is a minor
segment.
Major segment : The area enclosed by a chord and its corresponding major arc is
called a major segment. In the figure, seg AYB is a major segment.
Semicircular segment : A segment formed by a diameter of a circle is called a
semicircular segment.

Area of a Segment
Y In figure 7.38, PXQ is a minor
segment and PYQ is a major segment.
O Fig. 7.38 How can we calculate the area of a
P Q minor segment?
·
X
In figure 7.39, draw radii OP and OQ.
You know how to find the area of sector
O
T O-PXQ and D OPQ. We can get area of
r Fig. 7.39
segment PXQ by substracting area of the
P ·
Q triangle from the area of the sector.
X
A (segment PXQ) = A (O - PXQ) - A (D OPQ)
q
= ´ pr2 - A(D OPQ) ............ (I)
360
In the figure, seg PT ^ radius OQ.

PT
Now, in D OTP sin q =

OP
\ PT = OP sinq
156
 PT = r ´ sinq ( OP = r)
1
A (D OPQ) = ´ base ´ height
2
1
= ´ OQ ´ PT
2
1
= ´ r ´ r sinq
2
1
= ´ r2 sinq ............... (II)
2

From (I) and (II) ,
q 1
A(segment PXQ) = ´ pr2 - r2 ´ sinq
360 2

pq sin q
= r2 -
360 2

(Note that, we have studied the sine ratios of acute angles only. So we can
use the above formula when q £ 90°.)

˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 
Solved Examples ™™™™™™™™™™™™™

Ex. (1) In the figure 7.40, Ð AOB = 30°,

OA = 12 cm . Find the area of O
the segment. (p = 3.14) 12
P 30°
AX B ·

Fig. 7.40
Method I
1
r = 12, q = 30°, p = 3.14 A(D OAB) = r2´ sinq
2
q
A(O-AXB) = ´ pr2 = 1
´ 122 ´ sin 30
360
2
30
= ´ 3.14 ´ 122 = 1
´ 144 ´
1
360
2 2
= 3.14 ´ 12 1
.....( sin 30° = )
2
= 37.68 cm2 = 36 cm2

157
 A(segment AXB) = A (O - AXB) - A(D OAB)
= 37.68 - 36
= 1.68 cm2
Method II
pq sin q
A(segment AXB) = r2 -
360 2
 3.14 × 30 sin 30 
= 122  −
 360 2 

= 144 
3.14 1 
−
 12 2 × 2 
144  3.14 
= − 1
4  3 
 3. 14 − 3 
= 36 
 3 
36
= ´ 0.14
3
= 12 ´ 0.14
= 1.68 cm2.

Ex. (2) The radius of a circle with centre P is 10 cm. If chord AB of the circle
substends a right angle at P, find areas of the minor segment and the major
segment. (p = 3.14)
Solution : r = 10 cm, q = 90, p = 3.14
q
A(P-AXB) = ´ pr2
360
90
= ´ 3.14 ´ 102
360
P
1
= ´ 314
4
= 78.5 cm2 A B
1
A(DAPB) = base ´ height
·

2 X
1 Fig. 7.41
= ´ 10 ´ 10
2
= 50 cm2
A (minor segment) = A(P-AXB) - A(DPAB)
= 78.5 - 50
= 28.5 cm2
158
 A(major segment) = A(circle) - A(minor segment)
= 3.14 ´ 102 - 28.5
= 314 - 28.5
= 285.5 cm2

Ex. (3) A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 14 cm. Find the area of
22
the region between the circle and the hexagon. (p = , 3 = 1.732)
7
Solution : side of the hexagon = 14 cm
3
A(hexagon) = 6 ´ ´ (side)2
4
3
= 6 ´ ´ 142
4

= 509.208 cm2
A(circle) = pr2
22
= ´ 14 ´ 14 Fig. 7.42
7
= 616 cm2
The area of the region between the circle and the hexagon
= A(circle) - A(hexagon)
= 616 - 509. 208
= 106.792 cm2

Practice set 7.4

1. In figure 7.43, A is the centre of the

circle. Ð ABC = 45° and AC = 7 2 cm. A
Find the area of segment BXC.
45° Fig. 7.43
Q
P ·
R B X C
·

2. In the figure 7.44, O is the centre of

the circle. m(arc PQR) = 60°
O
OP = 10 cm.
Find the area of the shaded region.
Fig. 7.44 (p = 3.14, 3 = 1.73)
159
3. In the figure 7.45, if A is the centre of
the circle. Ð PAR = 30°, AP = 7.5, P A
find the area of the segment PQR Q
R
(p = 3.14)
Fig. 7.45
4.
In the figure 7.46, if O is the centre of
the circle, PQ is a chord. Ð POQ = 90°,
O Q
area of shaded region is 114 cm2, find

Fig. 7.46 the radius of the circle. (p = 3.14)

R
P
5. A chord PQ of a circle with radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60° with the
centre of the circle. Find the area of the minor as well as the major segment.
(p = 3.14, 3 = 1.73)
Problem set 7
1. Choose the correct alternative answer for each of the following questions.
(1) The ratio of circumference and area of a circle is 2:7. Find its circumference.
14
(A) 14p (B) 7 (C) 7p (D)
p p
(2) If measure of an arc of a circle is 160° and its length is 44 cm, find
the circumference of the circle.
(A) 66 cm (B) 44 cm (C) 160 cm (D) 99 cm
(3) Find the perimeter of a sector of a circle if its measure is 90 ° and radius is
7 cm.
(A) 44 cm (B) 25 cm (C) 36 cm (D) 56 cm
(4) Find the curved surface area of a cone of radius 7 cm and height 24 cm.
(A) 440 cm2 (B) 550 cm2 (C) 330 cm2 (D) 110 cm2
(5) The curved surface area of a cylinder is 440 cm2 and its radius is 5 cm. Find its
height.
22
(A) 44 cm (B) 22p cm (C) 44p cm (D) cm
p p
(6) A cone was melted and cast into a cylinder of the same radius as that of the
base of the cone. If the height of the cylinder is 5 cm, find the height of the cone.
(A) 15 cm (B) 10 cm (C) 18 cm (D) 5 cm
160
 (7) Find the volume of a cube of side 0.01 cm.
(A) 1 cm3 (B) 0.001 cm3 (C) 0.0001 cm3 (D) 0.000001 cm3

(8) Find the side of a cube of volume 1 m3.
(A) 1 cm (B) 10 cm (C) 100 cm (D)1000 cm
2. A washing tub in the shape of a frustum of a cone has height 21 cm. The radii of
the circular top and bottom are 20 cm and 15 cm respectively. What is the capacity
22
of the tub ? ( p = )
7
3 «. Some plastic balls of radius 1 cm were melted and cast into a tube. The thickness,
length and outer radius of the tube were 2 cm, 90 cm and 30 cm respectively.
How many balls were melted to make the tube ?
4. A metal parallelopiped of measures 16 cm ´ 11cm ´ 10 cm was melted to
make coins. How many coins were made if the thickness and diameter of each
coin was 2 mm and 2 cm respectively ?
5. The diameter and length of a roller is 120 cm and 84 cm respectively. To level the
ground, 200 rotations of the roller are required. Find the expenditure to level the
ground at the rate of Rs. 10 per sq.m.
6. The diameter and thickness of a hollow metals sphere are 12 cm and 0.01 m
respectively. The density of the metal is 8.88 gm per cm3. Find the outer surface
area and mass of the sphere.
7. A cylindrical bucket of diameter 28 cm and height 20 cm was full of sand. When
the sand in the bucket was poured on the ground, the sand got converted into a
shape of a cone. If the height of the cone was 14 cm, what was the base area of
the cone ?
8. The radius of a metallic sphere is 9 cm. It was melted to make a wire of diameter
4 mm. Find the length of the wire.
9. The area of a sector of a circle of 6 cm radius is 15p sq.cm. Find the measure of the
arc and length of the arc corresponding to the sector.
10.
In the figure 7.47, seg AB is a chord of
a circle with centre P. If PA = 8 cm and
P
8 distance of chord AB from the centre P is
4
A B 4 cm, find the area of the shaded portion.
(p = 3.14, 3 = 1.73 )
Fig.7.47
161
11. In the figure 7.48, square ABCD is P
inscribed in the sector A- PCQ. The B C
radius of sector C - BXD is 20 cm.
Complete the following activity X
to find the area of shaded region. D Q A
Fig. 7.48
Solution : Side of square ABCD = radius of sector C - BXD = cm
2
Area of square = (side)2 = = ..... (I)
Area of shaded region inside the square
= Area of square ABCD - Area of sector C - BXD
θ
= - ´ pr2
360
90 3.14 400
= - ´ ´
360 1 1
= - 314

Radius of bigger sector = Length of diagonal of square ABCD

= 20 2
Area of the shaded regions outside the square
= Area of sector A - PCQ - Area of square ABCD
= A(A - PCQ) - A(c ABCD)
 θ  2
=  ×π × r2  -
 360 
90
= ´ 3.14 (20 2)
2
- (20)2
360
= -
=
\ total area of the shaded region = 86 + 228 = 314 sq.cm.

162
12. D
5 In the figure 7.49, two circles with
E centres O and P are touching internally
B 9Q O A at point A. If BQ = 9, DE = 5, complete
P
F the following activity to find the radii of
C the circles.
Fig. 7.49
Solution : Let the radius of the bigger circle be R and that of smaller circle be r.
OA, OB, OC and OD are the radii of the bigger circle
\ OA = OB = OC = OD = R
PQ = PA = r
OQ = OB -BQ =
OE = OD - DE =
As the chords QA and EF of the circle with centre P intersect in the interior
of the circle, so by the property of internal division of two chords of a
circle,
OQ ´ OA = OE ´ OF
´R= ´ .......... ( OE = OF)
R2 - 9R = R2 - 10R + 25
R=
AQ = 2r = AB - BQ
2r = 50 - 9 = 41
r= =

rrr

163
 ANSWERS
Chapter 1 Similarity
Practice set 1.1
BQ PQ BC DC ´ AD
1. 3 2. 1 3. 3 4. 1ः1 5. (1) , (2) , (3) , (4)
4 2 BC AD DC QC ´ PQ
Practice set 1.2
1. (1) is a bisector. (2) is not a bisector. (3) is a bisector.
2. PN = PM = 3 , therefore line NM || side RQ 3. QP = 3.5 5. BQ = 17.5
NR MQ 2
6. QP = 22.4 7. x = 6 ; AE = 18 8. LT = 4.8 9. x = 10
XR XQ XP XR
10. Given, XQ, PD, Given, = , Basic propotionality theorem, =
RF QE PD RF
Practice set 1.3
1. D ABC ~ D EDC, AA test 2. D PQR ~ D LMN ; SSS test of similarity
3. 12 metre 4. AC = 10.5 6. OD = 4.5

Practice set 1.4

1. Ratio of areas = 9 ः 25 2. PQ , 4 3. A(D PQR) , 4
2

9 5
4. MN = 15 5. 20 cm 6. 4 2
2
DF
7. PF ;  x  +  2x ;  Ð FPQ ;  Ð FQP ; 2 ; 20 ;  45 ;  45  -  20 ;  25 sq. unit
PF
Problem set 1

1. (1) (B), (2) (B), (3) (B), (4) (D), (5) (A)

2. 7 , 7 , 13 3. 9 cm 4. 3 5. 11 cm 6. 25 7. 4
13 20 20 4 81
280 320 PM PX PM PY
8. PQ = 80, QR = , RS = 9. = , = ,
3 3 MQ XQ MR YR
AX 3
10. XY = 12. 3 , 3 + 2 , 5 , AA ,
5
, 15
2 2 2 3
3

Chapter 2 Pythagoras Theorem

Practice set 2.1
1. Pythagorean triplets ; (1), (3), (4), (6) 2. NQ = 6 3. QR = 20.5
164
4. RP = 12, PS = 6 3
1 1 1
5. side opoosite to congruent angles , 45° , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2
6. side = 5 2 cm, perimeter = 20 2 cm 7. (1) 18 (2) 4 13 (3) 6 13 8. 37 cm
10. 8.2 metre.

Practice set 2.2

1. 12 2. 2 10 4. 18 cm

Problem set 2
1. (1) (B), (2) (B), (3) (A), (4) (C), (5) (D), (6) (C), (7) (B), (8) (A).
2. (1) a 3 , (2) form a right angled triangle. (3) 61 cm, (4) 15 cm,
(5) x 2 , (6) Ð PRQ.
3. RS = 6 cm, ST = 6 3 cm 4. 20 cm 5. side = 2 cm, perimeter = 6 cm
6. 7 7. AP = 2 7 cm 10. 7.5 km / hr 12. 8 cm 14. 8 cm
15. 192 sq.unit 17. 58 18. 26

Chapter 3 Circle
Practice set 3.1
1. (1) 90°, tangent-radius theorem (2) 6 cm ; perpendicular distance
(3) 6 2 cm (4) 45°
2. (1) 5 3 cm (2) 30° (3) 60° 4. 9 cm

Practice set 3.2

1. 1.3 cm 2. 9.7 cm 4. (3) 110° 5. 4 6 cm
Practice set 3.3
1. m(arc DE) = 90°, m(arc DEF) = 160°
Practice set 3.4
1. (1) 60° (2) 30° (3) 60° (4) 300° 2. (1) 70° (2) 220° (3) 110° (4) 55°
3. ÐR = 92°; ÐN = 88° 7. 44°
8. 121°
Practice set 3.5
1. PS = 18; RS = 10, 2. (1) 7.5 (2) 12 or 6
3. (1) 18 (2) 10 (3) 5 4. 4
Problem set 3
1. (1) D (2) B (3) B (4) C (5) B (6) D (7) A (8) B (9) A (10) C.
2. (1) 9 cm (2) in the interior of the circle (3) 2 locations, 12 cm
3. (1) 6 (2) ÐK = 30°; ÐM = 60° 5. 10 6. (1) 9 cm (2) 6.5 cm

165
 (3) 90° ; MS ः SR = 2 ः 1 9. 4 3 cm
13. (1) 180° (2) Ð AQP @ Ð ASQ @ Ð ATQ
(3) Ð QTS @ Ð SQR @ Ð SAQ (4) 65°, 130° (5) 100° 14.(1) 70°
(2) 130° (3) 210° 15. (1) 56° (2) 6 (3) 16 or 9 16. (1) 15.5°
(2) 3.36 (3) 6 18. (1) 68° (2) OR = 16.2, QR = 13 (3) 13 21. 13

Chapter 4 Geometric Constructions

Problem set 4
1. (1) C (2) A (3) A

Chapter 5 Co-ordinate Geometry

Practice set 5.1
11 29
1. (1) 2 2 (2) 4 2 (3) (4) 13 (5) 20 (6)
2 2
2. (1) are collinear. (2) are not collinear. (3) are not collinear. (4) are collinear.
3. (-1, 0) 7. 7 or -5

Practice set 5.2

 1 1 4 11   13 
1. (1, 3) 2. (1)  − , −  (2)  7 , − 7  (3)  0,  3. 2ः7 4. (-6, 3)
 3 3    3
 19 22 
5. 2ः5, k = 6 6. (11, 18) 7. (1) (1, 3) (2) (6, -2) (3)  , 
 3 3 
8. (-1, -7) 9. h = 7, k = 18 10. (0, 2) ; (-2, -3)
11. (-9, -8), (-4, -6), (1, -4) 12. (16, 12), (12, 14), (8, 16), (4, 18)

Practice set 5.3

1. (1) 1 (2) 3 (3) slope cannot be determined.
3 5 5 1
2. (1) 2 (2) - (3) (4) (5) (6) slope cannot be determined.
8 2 4 2
3. (1) are collinear. (2) are collinear. (3) are not collinear. (4) are collinear.
(5) are collinear. (6) are collinear.
1
4. -5; ; -2 6. k = 5 7. k = 0 8. k = 5
5 3
Problem set 5
1. (1) D (2) D (3) C (4) C
2. (1) are collinear. (2) are collinear. (3) are not collinear. 3. (6, 13) 4. 3ः1

166
 7.  − , 
1 2
5. (-7, 0) 6. (1) a 2 (2) 13 (3) 5a
 3 3
8. (1) Yes, scalene triangle (2) No. (3) Yes, equilateral triangle 9. k = 5
13 2
16.  ,  , radius =
25 13
13. 5, 2 13 , 37 14. (1, 3) 17. (7, 3)
 6 6 6
18. Parallelogram 19. A(20, 10), P(16, 12), R(8, 16), B(0, 20). 20. (3, -2)
21. (7, 6) and (3, 6) 22. 10 and 0

Chapter 6 Trigonometry
Practice set 6.1
24 7 5 4
1. cosq = ; tanq = 2. secq = ; cosq =
25 24 4 5
41 9 13 5 12
3. cosecq = ; sinq = 4. secq = ; cosq = ; sinq =
9 41 5 13 13
sin θ + cos θ 1
5. =
sec θ + cosec θ 2
Practice set 6.2
1. Height of the church is 80 metre.
2. The ship is 51.90 metre away from the ligthhouse.
3. Height of the second building is (10 + 12 3 ) metre.
4. Angle made by the wire with the horizontal line is 30°.
5. Height of the tree is (40 + 20 3 ) metre.
6. The length of the string is 69.20 metre.

Problem set 6
1. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) A
60 2 1 5 1
2. cos60 = 3. sinq = ; cosq = ; cosecq = ; secq = 5 ; cotq =
61 5 5 2 2
5 12 13 5 12
4. sinq = ; cosq = ; cosecq = ; tanq = ; cotq =
13 13 5 12 5
6. Height of the building is 16 3 metre.
7. The ship is 100 3 metre away from the ligthhouse.
8. Height of the second buliding is (12 + 15 3 ) metre.
9. The maximum height that ladder can reach is 20.80 metre.

167
10. the plane was 1026 metre high at the time of landing.

Chapter 7 Mensuration
Practice set 7.1
1. 11.79 cm3 2. 113.04 cm3 3. 1413 sq.cm (by taking p = 3.14) 4. 616 sq.cm
5. 21 cm 6. 12 jugs 7. 5 cm 8. 273p sq.cm 9. 20 tablets
10. 94.20 cm3, 103.62 sq.cm 11. 5538.96 sq.cm, 38772.72 cm3
12. 1468.67p cm3

Practice set 7.2

1. 10.780 litre 2. (1) 628 sq.cm (2) 1356.48 sq.cm (3) 1984.48 cm3

Practice set 7.3

1. 47.1 sq.cm 2. 25.12 cm 3. 3.85 sq.cm 4. 214 sq.cm 5. 4 cm
6. (1) 154 sq.cm (2) 25.7 sq.cm (3) 128.3 sq.cm 7. 10.2 sq.cm
8. 7.3 cm ; 22 cm 9. (1) 90° (2) 22 cm
10.(1) 12.83 sq.cm (2) 89.83 sq.cm (3) 115.5 sq.cm 11. 3.5 cm
12. x = 154 sq.cm ; y = 38.5 sq.cm ; z = 101.5 sq.cm
13. (1) 84.87 sq.cm (2) 25.67 sq.cm (3) 77.01 sq.cm (4) 7.86 sq.cm
Practice set 7.4
1. 3.72 sq.cm 2. 9.08 sq.cm 3. 0.65625 sq.unit 4. 20 cm
5. 20.43 sq.cm ; 686.07 sq.cm

Problem set 7
1. (1) A, (2) D, (3) B, (4) B, (5) A, (6) A, (7) D, (8) C.
22
2. 20.35 litre 3. 7830 balls 4. 2800 coins (by taking p = ) 5. Rs. 6336
7
6. 452.16 sq.cm ; 3385.94 gm 7. 2640 sq.cm 8. 108 metre
9. 150°; 5p cm 10. 39.28 sq.cm

rrr

168
10 2 77.00