HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES AND

APPLICATIONS FOR HYDRO STATICS

AND HYDRODYNAMICS
Contents
1 Task 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Evaluate a hydraulic condition in order to determine the parameters of the pipe flow by
calculating the Reynolds number. ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 To maintain a discharge of 0.7 m3/s in the pipe line, define the required diameter for the
given set of flow parameters. ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Solve Darcy-Weisbach equation and calculate the major loss component in the pipeline.
2
1.4 Calculate the total head-loss for the given pipe network ................................................. 3
1.5 If the calculated diameter is increased and decreased by 10%, evaluate pipe sizes to
determine the flow type that will occur under each scenario...................................................... 3
1.5.1 Case 1- increase by 10% ........................................................................................... 3
1.5.2 Case 2- decrease by 10% .......................................................................................... 4
1.6 Assess the pipework sizes for the above scenarios to determine their efficiency
considering the losses in the network. ........................................................................................ 4
2 Task 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Calculation of the maximum possible discharge for the proposed cannel. ...................... 5
2.2 Situation when the slope is steep...................................................................................... 6
3 Task 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Hydrostatic pressure force exerted on the foundation wall. ............................................. 7
3.2 The pressure exerted on the subsurface floor in the given context .................................. 7
3.3 The retaining wall and floor to resist the forces exerted by water ................................... 7
3.4 Suitable type of foundation and retaining structure. ........................................................ 7
3.5 Pipe discharge from storage created at Kalu river to the storage tank ............................. 7

Table 1 Determination of the Hydraulic condition .................................................................... 1

Table 2 Calculation of pipe diameter for 0.7m3/s ...................................................................... 2
Table 3 comparison of the pipe diameters .................................................................................. 4

Figure 1-1 Proposed pipe line ...................................................................................................... 1

Figure 2-1 Flow regions ................................................................................................................ 6

i
1 Task 1
Lanka Hydraulic Institute (LHI) is a reputed organization which involves in large scale hydraulic
design projects. LHI is going to undertake a pipe laying project to convey water from Kalu
Ganga, constructing a dam across the river, to a large storage tank which has been constructed in
downstream.

Kalu river

Length of pipe line B

100(X + 9)

Figure 1-1 Proposed pipe line

1.1 Evaluate a hydraulic condition in order to determine the parameters of the pipe flow
by calculating the Reynolds number.
Table 1 Determination of the Hydraulic condition

Reference Calculation Output

Design parameter X = 7
Moody Therefore, the length of pipe line = 1600 m
diagram for 𝑓 = 0.025
turbulent Since the velocities of these kind of problems is very much
flow high, flow can be assumed to be turbulence.
Hence the Reynolds number can be in the order of 105 and The flow is
from Moody diagram let’s assume a relative roughness of turbulent
0.0025
Colbrooke, Using Colebrooke-White equation; Relative
C. F.; White, 1 1 𝑘 2.51 roughness
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ( )+ ]
C. M. (1937) √𝜆 3.71 𝐷 𝑅𝑒√𝜆 0.0025

1
 𝜆 − 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑘 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑅𝑒 − 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐷 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (mm)
𝑘
( ) − 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐷 Reynolds
Solving the above equation, we get; number =
6
𝑅𝑒 = 1.77 × 10 1770000

1.2 To maintain a discharge of 0.7 m3/s in the pipe line, define the required diameter for
the given set of flow parameters.
Table 2 Calculation of pipe diameter for 0.7m3/s

Reference Calculation Output

For a maximum friction loss of 60m to happen,
𝐿 𝑉2 0.025 × 1600 × 𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜆 ; 60 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷 2𝑔 𝐷2𝑔
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋𝑉𝐷2
𝑄= 𝑉 ; 0.7 =
4 4

Solving those two equations will give D = 485 mm

Choose D =
500mm

1.3 Solve Darcy-Weisbach equation and calculate the major loss component in the
pipeline.
For D= 750 mm, calculate the velocity of the fluid,

𝜋 × 0.52
0.7 = 𝑉; 𝑉 = 3.56 𝑚/𝑠
4

2
Darcy- Weisbach equation;

𝐿 𝑉2 0.025 × 1600 × 3.562

ℎ𝑓 = 𝜆 = = 51.67 𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0.5 × 2 × 9.81

1.4 Calculate the total head-loss for the given pipe network
Applying steady-state formula for points A and B;

𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴 2 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵 2
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + ℎ𝑇 ; ℎ𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Assume zero datum as the water level of storage tank and we get; ZB = 0

𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
= = 0, 𝑍𝐴 = 60, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 ; ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑇 = 60𝑚
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔

Therefore, total head loss is 60 m

1.5 If the calculated diameter is increased and decreased by 10%, evaluate pipe sizes to
determine the flow type that will occur under each scenario.
1.5.1 Case 1- increase by 10%
New diameter = 550 mm

Assume there is no minor losses and the total loss is through friction.

New relative roughness = (0.0025×485/550) = 0.0022; Assume a velocity of 4.1 m/s and
calculate Reynolds number,

Reynolds number;
1000 × 4.0 × 0.55
𝑅𝑒 = ; 𝑅𝑒 = 2.1 × 106 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
1.005 × 10−3

The friction coefficient = 0.024 (close)

The friction loss;

𝐿 𝑉2 12000 × 4.12
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜆 = 0.024 = 59.81 𝑚~60𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0.825 × 2 × 9.81

𝜋0.552
Therefore, the capacity of the pipe; 𝑄 = 4.1 = 0.97 𝑚3 /𝑠
4

3
The increase of capacity is about 39%

1.5.2 Case 2- decrease by 10%

New diameter = 450 mm

Assume a velocity of 3.42 m/s

Reynolds number;
1000 × 3.42 × 0.45
𝑅𝑒 = ; 𝑅𝑒 = 134 × 106 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
1.005 × 10−3

New relative roughness = (0.0025×485/550) = 0.0026; therefore, a small change and the friction
factor is closer to 0.026 from Moody diagram.

The friction loss;

𝐿 𝑉2 1600 × 3.422
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜆 = 0.026 = 59.34 𝑚~60
𝐷 2𝑔 0.45 × 2 × 9.81

𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋×0.452
Therefore, the discharge 𝑄 = 𝑉= × 3.42 = 0.54 𝑚3 /𝑠
4 4

Which is about 22% reduction.

1.6 Assess the pipework sizes for the above scenarios to determine their efficiency
considering the losses in the network.

Table 3 comparison of the pipe diameters

Diameter of the pipe (mm) Discharge (capacity) -m3/s Capacity increment %

450 0.54 -22%
500 0.7 -
550 0.97 +39%

It is clear that when the diameter is higher, the capacity or the discharge it can carry gets higher
for the same friction loss to happen.

4
2 Task 2
In heavy rainy seasons excess water of a reservoir removed by using a spill way in the dam and
convey through a concrete rectangular open canal. The maximum discharge from spill has been
estimated as 4.5m3 /s. There is a proposal to construct a (2+0.1X) m wide concrete canal with a
slope of 0.001. Maximum water height that can be achieved is 1.5m according to the
environmental feasibility study.

2.1 Calculation of the maximum possible discharge for the proposed cannel.
Design parameter X=7

Width of the cannel = 2 +0.1×X = 2.7 m

Assume that the section is rectangular cannel bed, constructed with concrete and cement
finished.

The Manning’s roughness coefficient is; n= 0.012

Manning’s equation for steady uniform open cannel flow,

1 2
𝑄= 𝐴𝑅 3 √𝑠
𝑛

R is the hydraulic radios. S is the slope of the cannel. A is the cross-sectional area.

Assume that the flow height is “X”

1 2.7 × 𝑥 2
4.5 = (2.7 × 𝑥)( )3 √0.001
0.012 2.7 + 2𝑥

Solving for x gives;

𝑥 = 0.938 𝑚 < 1.5𝑚

Hence the cannel is safe from overflowing.

Again for the capacity of the cannel section, using Manning’s equation;

Maximum discharge Q;

2
1 2.7 × 1.5 3
𝑄= (2.7 × 1.5) ( ) √0.001 = 8.49 𝑚3 /𝑠
0.012 2.7 + 2 × 1.5

5
2.2 Situation when the slope is steep

A- Normal
depth
B- Critical
depth
0.1

Figure 2-1 Flow regions

Critical depth for rectangular cannel section;

3 𝑄2 1
𝑦𝑐 = √( × )
𝑏2 𝑔

3 4.52 1
𝑦𝑐 = √( 2 × ) = 0.65𝑚
2.7 9.81

Therefore, the uniform flow depth at the steep slope section is given by,

2
1 2.7 × 𝑥 3
4.5 = (2.7 × 𝑥) ( ) √0.1 = 0.2 𝑚
0.012 2.7 + 2𝑥

Hence the flow is transforming to subcritical to super critical through gradual variation.

6
3 Task 3
3.1 Hydrostatic pressure force exerted on the foundation wall.
Height of the wall = 4+0.1×7 = 4.7 m
𝛾 2 9.81 × 4.7 × 4.7
𝑃= 𝐻 = = 108.35 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2
3.2 The pressure exerted on the subsurface floor in the given context
Assume that the base length is 0.8×Total height
Therefore, the water pressure on the foundation = 9.81×4.7×(0.8×4.7) = 173.36 kN/m
3.3 The retaining wall and floor to resist the forces exerted by water
Assuming the retaining wall as a vertical cantilever, shear force at the face of retaining wall
foundation;
𝑆 = 𝑃 = 108.35𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Since the concrete shear strength is not sufficient, wall may fail in shear at the base.

3.4 Suitable type of foundation and retaining structure.

Since the applied force from water is high, a typical simple structure is not sufficient to retain the
water pressure adequately and withstand over-turning moments due to water pressure. Therefore,
a deep foundation with piles which embedded to the hard ground would be feasible than for a
shallow foundation.

3.5 Pipe discharge from storage created at Kalu river to the storage tank
Assume a pipe with 500mm diameter with relative roughness value of 0.002
From figure 1;
Assume a velocity of 3.5 m/s
1000 × 0.50 × 3.5
𝑅𝑒 = = 1.74 × 106
1.005 × 10−3
From Moody diagram, the friction factor = 0.024
0.024 × 1600 × 3.52
ℎ𝑓 = = 47.4 𝑚 ≠ 60𝑚
0.5 × 2 × 9.81
Assume a velocity of 3.9m/s
1000 × 1.7 × 0.5
𝑅𝑒 = = 1.95 × 106
1.005 × 10−3
From Moody diagram, the friction factor = 0.024
7
 0.024 × 1600 × 3.92
ℎ𝑓 = = 59.54 𝑚~60𝑚
0.5 × 2 × 9.81
Hence the pipe velocity can be assumed about 1.75m/s and friction loss is much closer to 60m.
Hence the pipe discharge;
𝜋0.52 0.76 𝑚3
𝑄= 3.9 =
4 𝑠