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Solutions ProblemSet4

The document contains solutions to problems in continuum mechanics. Problem 1 involves calculating stresses on planes with different orientations from a given stress tensor. Problem 2 shows that under plane stress, rotating the coordinate system about an axis changes the stress tensor components according to specific formulas involving trigonometric functions of the rotation angle. The solutions provide the steps and reasoning used to arrive at the results for each part.

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Basharat Saigal
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137 views2 pages

Solutions ProblemSet4

The document contains solutions to problems in continuum mechanics. Problem 1 involves calculating stresses on planes with different orientations from a given stress tensor. Problem 2 shows that under plane stress, rotating the coordinate system about an axis changes the stress tensor components according to specific formulas involving trigonometric functions of the rotation angle. The solutions provide the steps and reasoning used to arrive at the results for each part.

Uploaded by

Basharat Saigal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APL 701 Continuum Mechanics

Department of Applied Mechanics


Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Arjun Sharma

Problem Set 4 solutions

(1) (5 points) The components of the stress tensor in a rectangular cartesian coordinate system x1 , x2 , x3 at a
point P are given in appropriate units by,

 
3 2 2
T = 2 4 0
2 0 2

(a) Find the traction at P on the plane normal to the x1 axis.


(b) Find the traction at P on the plane whose normal has direction ratios (1 : −3 : 2).
(c) Find the traction at P on a plane through P which is parallel to the plane x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 1.
(d) Find the principal stress components at P .
(e) Find the directions of the principal axes of stress at P .
Solution:
(a) For a plane normal to the x1 axis, nb = [1, 0, 0]T . The traction on the plane is given by, t(n) = σ T n b,
(n)
where σ is the given stress tensor. Thus, t = [3, 2, 2] .T

(b) The unit normal vector for the plane is given by, n b = [1, −3, 2]T √114 . Thus, the traction is given by,
b = [1, −10, 6]T √114 .
t(n) = σ T n
b = [1, 2, 3]T √114 . Thus, the traction on the plane is
(c) The unit normal vector for the plane is given by, n
b = [13, 10, 8]T √114 .
given by, t(n) = σ T n
(d) The principal stress components are obtained from the roots of the characteristic equation det(σ−λI) = 0.
The characteristic equation is obtained as, λ(λ − 3)(λ − 6) = 0 which yields the principal stress components
as, 0, 3, 6.
(e) The principal axis that corresponds to λ = 0, is obtained by solving σx = 0. Thus, x = [−2, 1, 2]T 31 .
The principal axis that corresponds to λ = 3, is obtained by solving (σ − 3I)x = 0. Thus, x = [1, −2, 2]T 13 .
The principal axis that corresponds to λ = 6, is obtained by solving (σ − 6I)x = 0. Thus, x = [2, 2, 1]T 13 .

(2) (5 points) In plane stress (T13 = T23 = T33 = 0) show that if the x1 and x2 axes are obtained by rotating the
x1 and x2 axes through an angle α about the x3 axis, then the components of stress in the new coordinate
system, T ij , are given by,

1 1
T 11 = (T11 + T22 ) + (T11 − T22 ) cos 2α + T12 sin 2α
2 2
1 1
T 22 = (T11 + T22 ) − (T11 − T22 ) cos 2α − T12 sin 2α
2 2
1
T 12 = − (T11 − T22 ) sin 2α + T12 cos 2α
2

Solution:
e01 , b
The coordinate axes (b e02 , b
e03 ) are obtained from (b
e1 , b
e2 , b
e3 ) as follows.

e01 = cos αb
b e1 + sin αb
e2
e02 = − sin αb
b e1 + cos αb
e2
e03 = b
b e3

1
e0i · b
The transformation matrix M is obtained as Mij = b ej .

 
cos α sin α 0
M = − sin α cos α 0
0 0 1

The components of the stress tensor with respect to the new coordinate axes are σ 0 = M σM T . Thus,

0 1 1
σ11 = (σ11 + σ22 ) + (σ11 − σ22 ) cos 2α + σ12 sin 2α
2 2
0 1 1
σ22 = (σ11 + σ22 ) − (σ11 − σ22 ) cos 2α − σ12 sin 2α
2 2
0 1
σ12 = − (σ11 − σ22 ) sin 2α + σ12 cos 2α
2

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