CSIR - Central Mechanical Engineering Research

Institute
Durgapur, West Bengal

A Project Report

On

Design, Engineering, Installation and

Commissioning of
Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Prepared by: Students of Department of Electrical Engineering

ASANSOL POLYTECHNIC

Durgapur January, 2018

 REVIEW
The below mentioned group of the students of 3rd year Diploma in
Electrical engineering of ASANSOL POLYTECHNIC participated in the
Skill Development programme in the CSIR-CMERI on Design,
Engineering, Installation and Commissioning of Solar Photovoltaic
Systems under the generous guidance of :
 Mr. Hanumath Prasad Ikkurti, Sr. Scientist
 Mr. Partha Sarathi Pal, Scientist
 Mr. Md. Afroz Akhtar, Scientist
 Mr. Md. Musharraf Hussain, Technical Assistant
 Mr. Tapas Naskar, Technical Assistant
Dept. of Drives and Control System Technology Group, CSIR-CMERI
LIST OF THE STUDENTS
NAMES
1. Subhankar Dasgupta 7. Sarthak Dhibar
2. Abhilash Mondal 8. Nihar Ranjan Mondal
3. Dulal Mukherjiee 9. Sudarshan Kumar
4. Sadananda Roy 10. Ayan Mishra
5. Chinmoy Mandal 11. Prasant Paswan
6. Ravindra Kr. Kahar

This group has successfully completed the training programme and

prepared this Report as a result of their collaborative efforts based on
their experience during the training.
CONTENTS
 Acknowledgment
 Introduction 1-2
 Fundamentals on the PV Systems 3-5
 Analysis of electrical characteristics 6-9
of solar photovoltaic modules under
different loads, irradiations & inclinations.
 Effects of Uniform and Non-uniform 10
Shading on the Photovoltaic Module
 On field Analysis of the I-V and P-V 11 - 12
characteristics of PV modules by
PV Analyzer
 Combine PV modules in different Series 14 -16
and Parallel configurations to study power
capacity, voltage and current ratings along
with the shading effects.
 Design a standalone solar battery charging 17 - 19
at requisite levels of battery voltage & current
 Study of various design aspects 20 - 22
Photovoltaic Systems
 Study of the various Power controlling 23 - 25
Equipments required in Photovoltaic
Power Generation.
 Batteries used in the Photovoltaic Systems 25 - 26
 An Overview of the Solar Power System Design 27 - 30
 Visit to the Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing 31 - 33
Facility of Sova Solar
 Field study of 9kWp ON Grid Solar 34 - 36
System with Net Metering Facility at
a Asansol Braille Academy (ABA)
 Field study of different configurations 36 - 39
of solar systems of CSIR-CMERI
Campus: 100kWp Ground Mounted
ON Grid System, 40kWp Solar Park
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We consider ourselves most opportune for being a part of the Skill
Development Programme Of CSIR-CMERI on Solar PV Syatems.
The completion of the undertaking could not have been possible without
the participation and assistance of so many peoples whose name may not
be enumerated. Their contribution is sincerely appreciated and gratefully
acknowledged.
However the group would like to express their deep appreciation and
indebtedness to:
 The Principal and HOD Department of Electrical Engineering
ASANSOL POLYTECHNIC for allowing us to undertake this training
programme.

 Mr. Soumya Sen Sharma ( Chief Scientist, CSIR-CMERI)

Mr. Hanumath Prasad Ikkurti (Sr. Scientist, CSIR-CMERI)
Mr. Partha Sarathi Pal (Scientist, CSIR-CMERI)
Mr. Afroz Akhtar(Scientist, CSIR-CMERI)
for providing us with all the required arrangements to undertake the
training in the CSIR-CMERI premises under their expert guidance.

 We owe our special thanks to all the staff of the CSIR-CMERI for their
generous cooperation, specially to
Mr. Md. Musharraf Hussain and Mr. Tapas Naskar for their endless
support , kindness and understanding spirit during the Training
session.
We Thank You All.
Group, Electrical 3rd year
ASANSOL POLYTECHNIC
 INTRODUCTION
With the world constantly on the verge of an extreme technological
enhancement and Scientific exploration Power becomes the pivot point of all
these. It defines the success, failure, fate and opportunities of all our efforts to
build a better world, better living.
Starting from the life of an average person on the planet to an astronaut working
in the outer space in a space station all are primarily dependent on the Power
and by Power its means Electric Power. Residential facilities, Industrial facilities,
Research facilities, Medical facilities, Defence systems all are kept operational
years after years for the continuum of human life and its development by Electric
Power which are supplied by reliable sources or generation centres.
These Power generating centres generates power conventionally from the
natural resources mainly fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, natural gases and
radioactive elements. Our reserves of these natural resource are on the verge of
depletion so it is inherent that science makes its approach to the non-
conventional power generation methods. There are many renewable sources of
energy but among those the most efficient one is the power generation by
‘Harnessing the Solar Energy’.
It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they
capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar
power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques
include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with
favourable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces
that naturally circulate air.
Worldwide growth of Photovoltaics is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by
country. By the end of 2016, cumulative photovoltaic capacity increased by more
than 75 gig watt (GW) and reached at least 303 GW, sufficient to supply 1.8
percent of the world's total electricity consumption. The top installers of 2016
were China, the United States, and India.[2] There are more than 24 countries
around the world with a cumulative PV capacity of more than one gig
watt. Austria, Chile, and South Africa, all crossed the one gig watt-mark in 2016.
The Global Solar Energy deployment records on charts:

1
 The top five Photovoltaic power station in the
world:
1. Tengger Desert Solar Park of 1,547 MW solar
power plant is installed in Zhongwei, China.
2. Dotang solar power of 1000 MW in China.
3. Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Plant of 1000MW
in India
4. Longyongxia Dam solar plant of 850MW in
China
5. Kamuthi Solar solar power Project of 648MW
in India.
India's installed PV generation has been
expanding at a very rapid pace in recent years,
with the total capacity increasing from 10 MW in
2010 to over 16,200 MW as of September
2017. The falling prices of PV panels, mostly
from China but also from the United
States, has coincided with the growing cost of grid power in India. Government
support and ample solar resources have also helped to increase solar adoption, but
perhaps the biggest factor has been need. India, "as a growing economy with a
surging middle class, is now facing a severe electricity deficit that often runs
between 10 and 13 percent of daily need".
So a rapid technological development is visible in the Photovoltaic Technology due
to the popularity the photovoltaic Power generation has gained in these recent
years. The whole systems of Photo Voltaic power generation involves a complex
Electrical and Mechanical engineering and requires skilled personals to
manufacture, install, maintain and operate these systems.
As a student of Electrical engineering we were most opportune for being able to
take part in this Hands on Skill development Programme on Design, Engineering,
Installation and commissioning of Solar Photovoltaic Systems by CSIR-CENTRAL
MECHCANICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE .

2
 FUNDAMENTALS ON THE PHOTOVOTAIC SYSYTEMS
Photovoltaics is a word which defines the conversion of the light energy into the
electric energy by the virtue of the Photovoltaic effect exhibits by the
semiconducting materials. Photovoltaic Effect is the process of creating a voltage
across a charged material that is exposed to the Electromagnetic Radiation.
A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power
system designed to supply usable solar power by means of Photovoltaics. It
consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to
absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric
current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical
accessories to set up a working system.
A Photovoltaic Cell or Solar Cell can be described the most atomic constituent of
a PV system. A photovoltaic cell comprises P-type and N-type semiconductors
with different electrical properties, joined together. The joint between these two
semiconductors is called the "P-N junction."

Sunlight striking the photovoltaic cell is absorbed by the cell. The energy of the
absorbed light
generates particles with
positive or negative
charge (holes and
electrons), which move
about or shift freely in
all directions within the
cell.
The electrons (-) tend to
collect in the N-type
semiconductor, and the
holes (+) in the P-type Fig: Working of a Photovoltaic Cell
semiconductor. Therefore, when an external load, such as an electric bulb or an
electric motor, is connected between the front and back electrodes, electricity
flows in the cell.
A solar cell produce 0.5 to 0.6 volts depending on the temperature while its current
output is completely dependent on the Solar Irradiance. Solar Cells are mainly of
two types: Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Silicon Cells.
Now the performance of a Solar Cell is dependent on a few factors:
1. Solar Radiation, it is directly related to the solar irradiance which determines
the efficiency of a solar cell. There are three types of solar radiation - Direct
radiation, Diffused radiation and Global radiation.
3
2. Peak Sun Hours, the average daily solar insolation in units of kWh/m2per day is
sometimes referred to as "peak sun hours". The term "peak sun hours" refers to
the solar insolation which a particular location would receive if the sun were
shining at its maximum value for a certain number of hours.
3. Temperature of the Solar Cell, performance decreases with
increasing temperature, fundamentally owing to increased internal carrier
recombination rates, caused by increased carrier concentrations. ... Both the
electrical efficiency and the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) module depend
linearly on the operating temperature.
4.
Solar Cell Parameters
 Short Circuit Current Density (c-Si 42mA/cm2 )
 Open Circuit Voltage
Pmax
 Fill Factor =
Voc ×Jsc
Max. Power Generated
 Conversion Efficiency =
Incidence Power

As seen a single cell is not enough to meet any requirement so several numbers of
cells are integrated together in series or parallel connection to form a single
module or panel made of aluminium frame, EVA sheets and protective glass to
generate and supply the solar electricity for commercial and residential purpose.

Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC),
and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module is
approximately 16% to 17%. STC specifies a cell temperature of 25°C and
an irradiance of 1000 W/m2 with an air mass 1.5 (AM1.5) spectrum.

Depending on the system components, mostly on the Solar Inverter or Charger

rating these panels or modules are connected in series or in parallel or in a typical
design involving series and parallel connections both.

In Series connection the system current is equal to the current flowing through
each panel but the voltage can be increased as it is the summation of the voltage
of panels. Let each panel of 12V, 5 amps and two of them a connected in series so
that will give a system voltage of (12+12=24) 24V and current of 5 amps only.

4
 Fig1.2: Series Combination of Solar Panels

Similarly in the Parallel connection increases the current (amps) output of a solar
array while keeping the voltage the same. So if we connect three panels in parallel
they will give a terminal voltage of 12V but the current will increase to (5+5+5=15)
15 amps.

Fig1.3: Parallel Combination of the Solar panels.

But the combination found in the most of the large solar

installation is Series - parallel combination. Here we have
three sets of two panels connected in the series and
three sets are connected in parallel so the cumulative
voltage 12+12 = 24V (due to the series connections.) and
the current is 5+5+5 = 15 amps
.

5
 [PRACTICAL SESSION I]

Analysis of electrical characteristics of solar photovoltaic modules

under different loads, irradiations & inclinations.

OBJECTIVES: To draw the P-V & I-V characteristics of solar photovoltaic module
at different loads, irradiations & inclinations

THEORY:
When the sunlight falls on the PV panel some of the photons get reflected from
the surface while some of them get absorbed by the panel. If the energy of the
photon is less than band gap, it will get transformed into heat. On the other hand
if this energy is above band gap, it excites the electron to overcome potential
barrier, thereby causing current to flow through the external circuit connected to
the panel.
Output current of solar cell depends mainly on solar irradiation and the cell
temperature. As the solar irradiation increases, the chance of electron-hole pair
generation from the incident photons increases, there by generating more current
from the output of the panel. Increase of temperature will reduce the potential
barrier across the p-n junction of solar cell, thereby reducing the open circuit
voltage.
A single PV cell will produce between 1W and 1.5W at a voltage of 0.5V to 0.6V
under Standard Test Conditions (STC) (Solar irradiance: 1000W/m2, Ambient
temperature: 250C and Standard reference: AM1.5 spectrum). A PV panel or
module consists of numbers of solar cells in series and parallel for required power
and voltage levels.
An electrical equivalent of ideal solar cell can be modelled as a current source with
an anti-parallel diode as shown in figure below. There are losses associated with
practical solar cell therefore, series resistance ‘Rs’ is included to represent contact
resistances associated with the connection between the cell and its wire leads. The
leakage current in solar cell is taken into consideration by shunt resistance ‘Rsh’. As
shunt resistance of solar cell is high, therefore it does not have much influence on
PV cell characteristics.

Fig 2.1: Electrical Equivalent of Solar (Photovoltaic) Cell

(a) Ideal Solar Cell (b) Practical Solar Cell

6
For the analysis of the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar panel understanding
some parameters are required:
 Short Circuit Current (ISC)
This is the maximum current that a panel can deliver. It occurs when the
panel is short circuited i.e. zero resistance. Unlike other small scale electricity
generating systems PV cells are not harmed by being shorted.
 Open circuit Voltage (VOC)
This is the maximum voltage that exists between the panel terminals when
no load is connected to photovoltaic panel.
 Maximum Power Point (MPP)
The power delivered to load is zero at both extremes but there is a point in
I-V curve at which maximum power is being produced by the panel
ITEMS REQUIRED:
1. Flexible mounting structure
2. PV Modules
3. DC Electronic Load
4. PV Analyzer
PROCEDURE:
1. To obtain an optimal Solar Irradiance throughout a day the orientation and
the direction of the PV Modules has to be designed perfectly. As for the
Northern Hemisphere the panels should be faced towards the true South of
the region and to correspond with the angle of elevation of the sun the
panels are set in particular tilt angle as same as the latitude of the region, as
for Durgapur it is 23⁰ approx. so the tilt angle is set to 23⁰.
2. Measure the open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc).
3. Configure the DC Electronic Load in constant resistance mode and connect it
to the terminals of PV Module.
4. Change the resistance from lower values to higher values and measure the
voltages and currents across PV Panel.
5. Draw I-V & P-V Characteristic curves.
6. Repeat this experiment at different inclinations & irradiations, and observe
variations.

7
READING:
Parameters mentioned in Data sheet: [AT STC of 1000W/m2, 25⁰C, A.M 1.5]
a. Open Circuit Voltage: 40.06 b. Short Circuit current: 8.5
c. Rated Power: 160 Wp

S.No Terminal Terminal Load current Output Power

Resistance Voltage (V) (A) (W)
(Ω)
1. 1 4.2 4.1 17.22
2. 1.7 6.4 3.8 24.32
3. 2 7.5 3.7 27.72
4. 3 11.1 3.7 41.07
5. 4 14.8 3.6 53.28
6. 5 18.2 3.6 65.52
7. 6 21.8 3.5 76.3
8. 7 25 3.6 90
9. 8 30.6 3.7 113.22
10. 9 32.7 3.5 114.8
11. 10 34.1 3.4 115.94
12. 11 34.5 3.2 110.4
13. 12 35.5 2.9 102.95
14. 13 36.4 2.7 98.8
15. 14 37 2.5 92.5
16. 15 37 2.4 88.8
17. 18 37 2 74
18. 20 34 1.8 69.12
19. 25 38.9 1.5 58.35
20. 30 39.3 1.2 47.16
21. 40 39.8 .9 35.82
22. 50 40 .7 28
23. 75 40 .4 16
24 100 40.4 .36 14.54
25 250 40.4 .36 14.54
OBSERVATION:
The P-V and I-V curve prepared considering the following experimental data is
giving on the next page.
Some points that can be understood from the characteristics are:
 As the resistance provided by DC Electronic Load gradually increases the
current of the panel shows negligible change, almost constant.
 As the resistance is increased further there is a point in I-V curve at which
maximum power is being produced by the panel. Maximum Power Point (MPP)
occurs on the 'knee' of the I-V curve as shown in the graph.
 After crossing the MPP the change in the voltage becomes negligible with
respect to the huge rise in the load resistance.
8
9
Effects of Uniform and Non-uniform Shading on the Photovoltaic
Module

 UNIFORM SHADING:
In the uniform shading condition, all the solar cells of the panel receive same
amount of insolation. The I-V characteristics of our solar panel experimental set
up under uniform shading condition at different levels of shading inferred that,
the ISC decreases as the percentage shading is increased and a linear
relationship was observed between them, consequently power output also
decreased with increase in shading.

 NON UNIFORM SHADING:

In the Non uniform shading condition if the shade covered one complete cell
area of the panel, then the power output completely vanished. On the other
hand, if the shading covered the cells partially, then the drop in the power
output was proportional to area of the shade. Further, the current output was
equal to the lowest among the cell individual current outputs. This can be
attributed to the series connection of individual cells to make up the entire
panel. It was observed that area of the shade had significant effect on the I-V
characteristics as well as power output.

10
On field Analysis of the I-V and P-V characteristics of PV modules
by PV Analyzer
PV Analyzer is a portable device which is used to do the onsite I-V and P-V
characteristics analysis of the solar modules in a various efficient providing which
all kinds of data related to the modules like Vnow, Voc, Isc, Vpm, Ipm, Fill Factor,
and Internal Cell Temperature.
It is accompanied with an Irradiance Meter (with thermometer) which measure
the available isolation that the module is getting and feeding that data to the PV
analyser for the total performance analysis of the modules.

Fig2.2: PV Systems connection with the PV analyzer and Irradiance Meter

During field study we used MECO 9018 Solar System Analyzer which gave PV
module performance data as follows:
During Normal Conditions:
PARAMETERS READINGS

Vnow 40.29 V
Voc 40.26 V
Isc 4.192 A
Vmp 31.18 V
Imp 3.752 A
Pmax 177.0 W
EFF 6.018%
EF .692 Fig2.3: PV analyzer during Normal conditions

Tc 40.1 ⁰C
Irr _
11
During Shading Conditions:
PARAMETERS READINGS

Vnow 39.96 V
Voc 39.98 V
Isc A
Vmp 35.85 V
Imp .849 A
Pmax 30.46 W
EFF 1.567%
EF 0.582
Tc 40.1 ⁰C
Fig2.4: PV analyzer during Shading Conditions
Irr _

As can be seen here during Shading conditions the characteristics contains many
local maxima and minima points, a MPPT inverter working during these conditions
may fail to get the maximum power out of the modules.

12
 [PRACTICAL SESSION 2]

Combine PV modules in different Series and Parallel configurations

to study power capacity, voltage and current ratings along with the
shading effects.

OBJECTIVES: To study the voltage and current levels as per the different
combinations and their variation with the shading effect.
THEORY:
Most common PV Modules available in the market are of 60 cell or 72 cell
combination, with voltages in the range 30-38V and currents in the range 8 - 10A
(for the maximum available power rating of 300W). However as the power rating
of the system increases (from one's of kW to 100's of kW) number of such panels
are to be connected together to a power converter to achieve the required
objectives for utilization of generated power. Commercially available inverters
have different voltage/current ranges of operation. And it is the duty of plant
designer to decide on series and parallel configurations of PV Modules to achieve
requisite voltages and currents, in order to connect them appropriately with the
selected inverter. Combiner box is generally used to achieve such series parallel
combinations of number of PV Modules.
ITEMS REQUIRED:
a. PV Modules available in open solar strings.
b. Measuring Instruments: Multimeter and Clamp meter.
 SERIES CONFIGURATION:
As discussed above in series combinations the terminal voltage of the array or
string increases while it delivers the same current. For this configuration we used
3 PV modules of 170Wp Of CEL.

Fig3.1: Series connected PV Panels Fig3.2: Series connection in between the Junction Box.

13
Now the voltage, current and power levels of individual modules are given below:
Module number Voltage Current Power
(Volts) (Amps) (Watt)
1st 35 3 105
2nd 35 3 105
3rd 35 3 105

So the final circuit measurements across the load are:

Current: 3 Amps Voltage: 105 Volts Power: 315 Watts

Effect of Partial Shading on the Series Connected PV Modules:

In a series connected solar photovoltaic module, performance is adversely affected
if the cells are not equally illuminated. All the cells in a series array are forced to
carry the same current even
though a few cells under shade
produce less photon current.
The shaded cells may get
reverse biased, acting as loads,
draining power from fully
illuminated cells. If the system
is not appropriately protected,
hotspot problem can arise and
in several cases, the system can
be irreversibly damaged.
Typically, a crystalline silicon
module will contain bypass diodes to prevent damage from reverse bias on
partially shaded cells. These diodes are placed across 18 cells in a group of 72 cells
in each panel.

 PARALLEL CONFIGURATION:
As discussed previously in Parallel combinations the terminal voltage of the array
or string is equal to the voltage of each module while it delivers higher current.
For this configuration we used 3 PV modules of 170Wp Of CEL.

14
 Fig3.3: Parallel connection in between the Junction Box.

Now the voltage, current and power levels of individual modules are given below:
Module number Voltage Current Power
(Volts) (Amps) (Watt)
1 st 35 2.9 101.5
2nd 35 2.9 101.5
3rd 35 3.2 112
So the final circuit measurements across the load are:
Current: 9 Amps Voltage: 35 Volts Power: 315 Watts

Effect of Partial Shading on the Parallel Connected PV Modules:

For understanding the effects of Partial Shading on the Parallel Connected modules
first a single module is shaded and effected data is recorded. And the processes is
repeated with the other two also and another case is simulated in which two
panels are partially shaded.
 1St Panel is shaded :
Module number Voltage Current
(Volts) (Amps)
1st 22 0.7
2nd 22 2.6
3rd 22 2.8

 2nd Panel is shaded :

Module number Voltage Current
(Volts) (Amps)
1st 22 3
2nd 22 0.7
3rd 22 2.7
15
 3rd Panel is shaded :
Module number Voltage Current
(Volts) (Amps)
1st 22 2.7
2nd 22 2.6
3rd 22 0.8

16
 [PRACTICAL SESSION 3]

Design a standalone solar battery charging system at requisite levels

of battery voltage & current

OBJECTIVE: To understand the phenomenon of battery charging in different

configurations of MPPT & PWM at different irradiations/inclinations.
THEORY:
As observed from above experiments Solar Energy is highly intermittent and
requires a buffer to store energy during higher irradiance periods and supply them
to loads during lower irradiance periods. Generally Batteries are used as buffer in
standalone systems. Batteries come with standard nominal voltages with slight
variation in terminal voltages from fully charged to fully discharged conditions
(Normal Range is 1.8V from fully discharged condition to 2.1V in fully charged
condition). However as can be seen from the P-V Characteristics voltage of PV
panel is not fixed at a particular value and varies in a wide range with temperature
and irradiation. This problem is more pronounced if many number of PV panels are
connected in series. Hence there is a requirement of charge controller between PV
modules and battery to match voltages of both of them. There are two types of
charge controllers, that are available commercially, namely PWM and MPPT
charge controllers. In PWM charge controller Solar PV panels are connected
directly to battery bank through an electronic switch, and deliver charging currents
as per the I-V characteristic of PV module for that particular irradiance and
temperature, where in the terminal voltage is fixed by the battery. It is highly
efficient and cost effective solution, but suffers from the drawback of less than
optimal extraction of maximum power from the PV panel. In MPPT charge
controllers Solar PV panels are connected to battery bank through a power
converter, which always maintain the terminal voltage of PV panel at maximum
power point. In this way it decouples the voltage of battery bank from that of PV
panels, and helps in optimal utilization of generated solar energy. However, it is
less efficient because of increase in electric components and costlier than PWM
charge controllers.
Also some charge controllers come with additional option of charging from
ac mains, which can help as a good back up in case of poor solar irradiations for
prolonged durations of time.
ITEMS REQUIRED:
PV Modules, PWM Battery Charger and batteries

17
PROCEDURE:
During the experiment we used the Hanf Solar Co. Ltd TK30U PWM Solar charge
Controller. A battery Bank of two 12 volts batteries connected in series.
Technical Data

System voltage 12V/24V (Auto)

Rated current 30A
No load loss ≤12.5mA (USB disconnect)
Charging mode PWM
Float charging voltage 13.8V/27.6V
Absorption charging voltage 14.4V/28.8V(lasting time: 2 hours)
Charging (Discharging) circuit voltage drop <0.22V (<0.12V)
Low voltage protection 10.7V/21.4V
Low voltage reconnecting 12.6V/25.2V
≥1.2*rated current, 60s
Overloading ≥1.5*rated current, 10s
≥1.8*rated current, 0.2s
USB output 5V, 1A
Installing cables size ≤16mm2
Working temperature -20℃~ 50℃
Dimensions (L xW xH) 188mmx95mm x46.5mm
Net weight 345g

Fig4.1: PWM Charge Controller Setup

As the PWM charge controller is used in charging the batteries of the standalone
system they adjust the PV generation voltage according to the battery bank
capacity. It also takes maintain an appropriate level of discharging as well as
charging automatically.
We used 3 170Wp PV modules in parallel to charge 2 batteries of 12 volts in series

18
The PWM charger picks up the cumulative system voltage as 24 volts and charge
the battery bank in accordingly by the PV array.

Before connecting the PV

modules to the charge
controller their open circuit
voltage was 40.8 volts after
connecting it with the battery
via the PWM charge controller it
maintained the system voltage
at 24 volts to charge the battery
bank with a charging current of
4 amps.
The setup then used to test charge a cell phone via the USB port of 5 V provided
on the Charge Controller.

19
 Study of various design aspects of Photovoltaic Systems
PV systems can be small and very simple, consisting of just a PV module and load,
as in the direct powering of a water pump motor which only needs to operate
when the sun shines. On the other hand, PV systems can also be built as large
power plants with a peak power of several MW; these are connected to the
electricity grid. Many systems are placed on residential homes. When a whole
house or building needs to be powered and is not connected to the electricity grid,
the PV system must be operational day and night, It may also have to feed both Ac
and Dc loads, have reserve power, and may even include a backup.
Depending on the system configurations, we can distinguish three main types of
PV systems

 Stand-alone/Off-Grid Systems
 Grid Connected Systems
 Hybrid Systems
1. STAND-ALONE (OFF GRID) SYSTEM
Stand-alone systems, which are also called off-grid systems, rely on solar power
only. These systems can consist of the PV module and a load only or they can
include batteries for energy
storage. When using batteries
charge controllers from the PV
modules when they are fully
charged, and may disconnect the
load to prevent the batteries from
being discharged below a certain
limit. The batteries must have
enough capacity to store the
energy produced during day to be
used at night and during periods
of poor weather. Fig5.1: A Stand-Alone PV System with Battery Back Up

 This kind of a system will allow a customer to go off the grid

 However, these are the most expensive type as additional battery cost is
incurred to provide a backup of up to 48 hours for a normal household or
business functioning (including autonomy for a 1-2 rainy days)
 This is the most common installation type for areas that have no grid connection
but are not very useful for urban areas.
 These systems are usually sized to not include air conditioning, as it is only a
seasonal load. A larger system installed to meet peak summer demand will lead
to wastage of power in the winters, making it un-economical.
20
2. GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM
Grid-connected PV systems have become increasingly popular for applications
in the built environment. They are connected to the grid via inverters, which
convert the DC power into AC
electricity. In small systems such as
those installed in residential homes,
the inverter is connected to the
distribution board, from where the
PV generated power is transferred
into the electricity grid or to AC
appliances in the house. In
principle, these systems don not
require batteries, since they are
connected to the grid, which acts Fig5.2: A Grid Connected PV System with Net Metering
as a buffer into which an oversupply of PV electricity is transported. The grid
also supplies the house with electricity in times of insufficient PV power
generations. However, more and more grid-connected systems also contain
batteries in order to increase self- consumption, i.e the amount of PV-generated
electricity that is consumed by the household.

 It is important to note that this type of system will not run if the grid is down
and the diesel generator is also not running
 For this type of system, solar power is always given preference over both grid
and diesel. An intelligent solar inverter ensures that solar is first fully utilized and
then remaining power requirement is drawn from the grid or diesel generator
 Most systems being installed in Haryana for meeting obligations are also of this
type.
 This is the most economically viable system as there is no requirement to install
a battery bank. For Gurgaon, we recommend this system for customers who
already have 100% power backup. When you install this system, you will still
need to run the diesel generator when the power goes off but your fuel
consumption will be lower.
 Anti-Islanding
Electric utility companies refer to residential grid-tie solar power arrays as
distributed generation (DG) generators. They use this term because your solar
panels are producing and distributing electrical power back into our utility grid.
Islanding refers to the condition of a DG generator that continues to feed the
circuit with power, even after power from the electric utility grid has been cut
off. Islanding can pose a dangerous threat to utility workers. Distributed
generators must detect islanding and immediately stop feeding the utility lines
21
 with power. This is known as Anti-Islanding. A grid-tied solar power system is
required by law to have a Grid-Tied inverter with an anti-islanding function,
which senses when a power outage occurs and shuts itself off.
One common misconception is that a grid tied system will continue to generate
power during a blackout. Unless there is a battery back-up system, the Grid-Tied
solar system will not produce power when the grid is down.
3. HYBRIDE SYSTEM
These systems combine PV module with a complementary method of electricity
generation such as a diesel, gas or
wind generator. In order to
optimise system the different
methods of electricity
generations, hybrid system
typically require more
sophisticated controls than stand-
alone or grid-connected PV
system. For example, in the case
of a PV/diesel system, the diesel
engine must be started when the
battery reaches a given discharge Fig5.3: A Hybrid PV System with Battery backup and Grid both.
level, and stopped when the battery reaches an adequate charging state. The
backup generator can be used to recharge batteries only or to supply the load as
well.
 This type of system combines the benefits of both a grid tied system and an off-
grid system. It is the most useful type of system for houses, bungalows, nursing
homes and other smaller establishments. It acts like a home inverter.
 It allows for the system to provide 6-7 hours of backup for part of the load during
power cuts while still delivering the benefits of a grid-tied system.
 These systems are usually sized to not include air conditioning and other
seasonal induction loads. A larger system installed to meet peak summer
demand will lead to wastage of power in the winters, making it un-economical
 Perhaps one air-conditioner can be used on this system when the power goes
out. It will just reduce the back-up hours to 4-5 hours. For running more A/Cs in
a power cut, it is recommended that the customer use a diesel generator.

22
 Study of the various Power controlling Equipments required
in Photovoltaic Power Generation.
Power Conditioning Equipments converts, controls or processes the DC power
produced by the PV arrays, for interfacing with electrical systems.
Power Conditioning Equipments includes:
 Inverters
 Charge Controllers
 DC-DC converters
 Maximum Power Point Tracking

INVERTERS
The inverter is a fundamental component of any solar photovoltaic system, since
it is the device that converts the normal DC output of solar modules to an AC
supply which can be used by electrical devices such as lamps, home appliances,
office equipment, motors, etc. They can be classified into three main types:
Stand-Alone Inverters, Grid Connected Inverters and Hybrid Inverters.

 Stand-Alone Inverters
This type of inverters are used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its
DC energy from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone
inverters also incorporate integral battery chargers to replenish the battery
from an AC source, when available. Normally these do not interface in any way
with the utility grid, and as such, are not required to have anti- islanding
protection.

 Grid Connected Inverters

Solar grid-tie inverters are designed to quickly disconnect from the grid if
the utility grid goes down. This is an NEC requirement that ensures that in the
event of a blackout, the grid tie inverter will shut down to prevent the energy it
produces from harming any line workers who are sent to fix the power grid.

 Hybrid Inverters
This type of inverters operates as a diversionary charge controller and produce
AC power output to regulate PV array battery charging when Grid is energised.
Transfer PV System operation to stand-alone mode and provide backup electric
power to critical loads when utility Grid is not energised.

23
 Fig6.1: A 10KW Grid Connected Inverter of the Ground Mounted
100KWp solar plant in CMERI

Configurations of Inverters
1. Centralized Inverter System:
Central inverters are designed for applications such as
large arrays installed on buildings, industrial facilities as
well as field installations – they are basically just a very
large string inverter.
Central inverter advantages
 Low price per Watt
 High efficiency
 Comparatively ease of installation
Central inverter disadvantages
 Noise
 Size
 A single potential point of entire system failure

2. String Inverter System:

A string inverter is the type most commonly used in home
and commercial solar power systems. It is a large-is box
that is often situated some distance away from the solar
array. Depending on the size of the installation, there may
be more than one string inverter present.
String inverter advantages
 Allows high design flexibility
 High efficiency
 3 Phase variations available
String inverter disadvantages
 No panel Level MPPT
24
  No panel level monitoring
 High voltages.
3. Micro inverters
A micro inverter consists of a small box located on the back of
or situated very close to a solar panel. Its role is to convert the
DC electricity produced by a single solar panel. The
world’s leading micro inverter brand is Enphase.
Micro inverter advantages:

 Panel level MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)

 Increase system availability – a single malfunctioning panel
will not have such an impact on the entire array
 Panel level monitoring

Micro inverter disadvantages:

 Higher costs in terms of dollars per watt, currently up to double the

cost compared to string inverters
 Increased complexity in installation
 Given their positioning in an installation, some micro-inverters may have issues
in extreme heat
 Increased maintenance costs due to there being multiple units in an array.

Batteries used in the Photovoltaic Systems

Batteries are used in most stand -alone PV systems to store energy from the PV
array and establish the operating voltage for DC utilization equipments such a
inverters or DC loads.

Battery parameters:

1. Battery Capacity
It is represented in Ampere Hour or Ah. Energy storing capacity of a battery is
Ah x V = Watt-hour. Usually batteries are specified with the charging and
discharging rating or C-rating.

2. Battery Voltage
The terminal voltage during operating conditions is the Nominal voltage and
may be 3V, 6V, 12V, 24V etc. depending on the type of the battery.

25
3. Depth of Discharge
It gives the measure of the energy withdrawn from the battery as a percentage
of its full capacity. The state of charge of a battery is difference between the
full charge and the depth of discharge of the battery in percentage .If DOD is
25% then the state of charge is 100-25 =75%
4. Round -Trip Efficiency
A battery’s round-trip efficiency represents the amount of energy that can be
used as a percentage of the amount of energy that it took to store it. For
example, if you feed five kWh of electricity into your battery and can only get
four kWh of useful electricity back, the battery has 80 percent round-trip
efficiency (4 kWh / 5 kWh = 80%). Generally speaking, a higher round-trip
efficiency means you will get more economic value out of your battery.

Types of Battery used in PV systems:

1. Lead acid Batteries

Gelled Batteries are the batteries in which addition of silicon dioxide to the
electrolyte forms a warm liquid which is added to the battery and become a gel
after cooling. The hydrogen and oxygen produced during the process is
transported to the Positive and negative plates through the cracks and voids in
the gelled electrolyte during the process of charge and discharge.

Absorbed GAS MAT [AGM] batteries in which the glass mats are sandwiched
between plates. These glass plates absorb the electrolyte in the glass mats and
recombine hydrogen at the negative plate to form water. Both Gel and AMG
batteries require controlled charging.
Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries:
 Sp. Energy: 25-35 Wh/Kg
 Life Time: 250-750 cycles
 Advantages: low cost, high efficiency, simple operation.
 Disadvantages: relatively low lifetime.
2. Lithium-ion Batteries
The energy density of Li-ion batteries are 3 time the Lead acid Batteries. The
cell voltages will be 3.5V and few cells in series will give the required battery
voltages.
Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries:
 Sp. Energy: 100-150 Wh/Kg
 Life Time: 1000 cycles
 Advantages: High Sp. energy, Long life time.
 Disadvantages: High cost, Low safety.
26
 An Overview of the Solar Power System Design
Major system components
Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according
to your system type, site location and applications. The major components for
solar PV system are solar charge controller, inverter and battery bank.

 PV Module: converts sunlight into DC electricity

 Combiner Box: This device integrates the output of the individual panel in a
string or several string.
 Solar Charger: regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels
going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery
life.
 Solar Inverter: converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC
current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line.
 Battery: stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is a
demand

Solar PV system sizing

1. Determine power consumption demands
The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and
energy consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system
as follows:
1.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used.
Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total watt-
hour that must be delivered to the appliances

1.2 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules.
Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day times 2 (the energy lost in the
system) to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the
panels.

2. Size the PV modules

Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find
out the sizing of PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt
(Wp) produced depends on size of the PV module To determine the sizing of PV
modules, calculate as follows:

27
 2.1 Calculate the number of PV panels for the system
Divide total Watt-hour per day by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV
modules available to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next
highest full number and that will be the number of PV modules required.

Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV

modules are installed, the system will perform better and battery life will be
improved. If fewer PV modules are used, the system may not work at all during
cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.
3. Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input
rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The
inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total
amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30%
bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or
compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those
appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current
during starting.
For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter
should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation.
4. Combiner Box
A Combiner Box integrates the output of the multiple modules in a string or
output of multiple string in one through various protecting devices like Fuse,
isolator, MCB, Diodes, Surge Protector Device.
5. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle
battery. Deep cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low
energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day
for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to
operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery,
calculate as follows:
4.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.
4.2 Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
4.3 Divide that by 0.6 for depth of discharge.
4.4 Divide that by the nominal battery voltage.
4.5 Multiply that with days of autonomy (the number of days that you
need the system to operate when there is no PV Generation)

Battery Cap. (Ampere-Hour) =

28
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 × 𝐷𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦
(0.85 × 0.6 × 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)

6. Angle and Orientation of PV Panels

In order to receive the maximum solar energy, the PV modules should be faced at
the right direction, aligned at the proper angle with respect to the horizontal
surface of the earth and the right orientation. The sun's position with respect to
the reference point on the earth is determined by the two parameters which are
(i) sun altitude and (ii) the azimuth angle.
Angle of Incidence
The relative change in earth’s axis with respect to the sun causes the height of the
sun to vary in the sky. The angle
at which the sun rays are coming
to the earth’s surface with
respect to the horizontal surface
of the earth is called the angle of
incidence.
The total angular variation in the
height of the sun for any location
on the earth is
23.5 × 2= 47 degree. We can
calculate the altitude or the angle of the incidence for the various latitudes by using
the following formula:

Max. Angle of altitude = 90 degree – Latitude of the location +/- Declination

The important parameter in setting the direction of the solar panels is the
maximum angle of altitude. The maximum solar angle occurs at the solar noon and
it depends on the latitude of the location and the declination angle at a particular
point. We can see that as the angle of the altitude decreases the tilt angle of the
solar panel increases. It is the angle from the ground to make the panel
perpendicular to the rays of sun so as to receive the maximum energy.

Azimuth Angle

29
Azimuth angle is the
horizontal rotation angle
from North (in the Southern
hemisphere) or from South
(in the Northern
Hemisphere). It is the
angular measure of the sun
as it moves in the sky from
east to the west. It is
calculated from the south. At
the solar noon the azimuth
angle is zero.
For the northern hemisphere, this angle is 180 degree and the facing of the panels
should be towards south and for the southern hemisphere, it is zero degree and
the facing of the panels should be towards north.
Generally the solar panels mounted are fixed, then it is advisable to take tilt of the
solar panels as the latitude of that particular location.

30
 Visit to the Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing Facility of
Sova Solar
During the programme we visited the manufacturing facility of Sova Solar of Sova
Power Limited.
With it’s manufacturing unit at Durgapur, West Bengal, India, Sova Power Limited
has commenced the production of Crystalline Solar Photovoltaic Module in the
financial year 2009-10 and the present installed capacity of PV Modules being 100
MW per year and is in the process of enhancing the capacity up to 200 MW per
Year. With technological support and guidance from M/s. SPIRE CORPORATION,
BEDFORD USA and M/S. TEAM TECHNIK, Germany Sova Power Limited have a wide
range of products from 3 Wp to 320 Wp. Photovoltaic modules are produced with
an efficiency up to 16.67% with positive tolerance of up to 4.9Wp complying to
global industrial standards. They are approved client is Steel Authority of India Ltd.
(SAIL) and while they regularly work with government organizations like BHEL.

During our visit we were illustrated the manufacturing of their

320Wp Polycrystalline PV modules which are featured with:
 Panels are constructed with Anti-Reflective Coating (ARC)
toughened low iron, textured high light transmission glass.
 Multi-layer tedlar and Fast curve EVA
 Reinforced anodized Aluminium frame
 IP65 & IP67 Rated Junction box
 Solar MC4 compatible connector.

Specifications of PV Module SS320P

Electrical Specifications
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 45.01 V
Operating Voltage (Vmp) 36.56V
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 9.11 A
31
Operating current (Imp) 8.76 A
Power at STC (Pmax) 320 W
Module efficiency (n)% 16.67%
Operating conditions -40⁰ to +85⁰C

Mechanical Specification
Weight 22.1 kg
Dimension 1955x982x42mm

A Brief Overview of the Manufacturing Process:

1. At first the Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
sheets are cut in the measure of each
modules by Foil Cutter Machine. It acts as an
hot melt adhesive used with the structured
glass of the module to provide structural
Integrity.

Fig7.1: Foil Cutting Machine for EVA Cutting

32
2. Simultaneously Polycrystalline Solar cells are loaded in Stringer machine after
quality checking and sorting. The ATW stringer machine interconnect the cells
by a Tin-copper Ribbon, Inspect the string and Align strings and trim end. It is a
complete automatic process done under human supervision any defective
string is sorted out and repaired by technicians by hand. After the aligning
technicians make the connections of the six strings of 12 cells in each by hand.

Fig7.2: ATW Stringer Machine

Fig7.1: Internal connections of a 72 cell module

3. After the connections are made the 72 cell

structure along with the back sheet is lay up
on the structured glass with the EVA sheet.
Then it is passed on to a visual QC followed
by an Electro Luminous test in the EL
Machine, checks for any fractured cell or
broken connection in the arrangement.
4. After passing the EL test the arrangement is brought to the Double stage and
Single Stage Laminator Machine. Here the glass, Solar cells and the back sheet
is laminated together by heat press. Then it is set to cool on the conveyor line
fitted with fans.

33
5. Then In the edge trimming section
both side adhesive tape is attached
to the sides and the manual
framing of the Aluminum frame is
done and passed on to the Auto
Framing Machine which
permanently fix the frame by
application of pressure.

Fig7.3: Auto Framing Machine

6. After framing the Junction Box is fixed with a sealant and the module curing
and cleaning is done.
7. Then the module is subjected to the Sun Simulator to test the module
performance at S.T.C according to the ratings. Then a final QC and High
potential test is done and on passing the modules are labeled with necessary
data related to it with company logo and sent to dispatch.

Field study of 9kWp ON Grid Solar System with Net Metering

Facility at Asansol Braille Academy (ABA)
34
The programme gave us an opportunity to study a 9KWp Grid Interactive PV power
plant in Asansol Braille Academy designed and Commissioned under the CSIR
CMERI Durgapur.

System Components:
1. To meet the load requirement the system consists of 2 rows of 14 Solar
modules of 330Wp each of Synergy Solar. The detailed specification is given
below.
Electrical Specifications so 28 modules each of 330Wp
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 48.5 V generates approximately 9.2 KWp.
Operating Voltage (Vmp) 38.5 V
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 10.01 A
Operating current (Imp) 8.58 A
Power at STC (Pmax) 320 W
Module efficiency (n)% 16.67%
Operating conditions 40⁰C
Series Fuse Rating 15 A
Max. System Opt. Voltage 1000 v
Application Class A
Output Voltage tolerance +/- 3%

2. The system consists ABB String Inverter PVI-10.0/12.5-TL-OUTD which consist

of two MPPTs and each array of 14 modules are connected to the two MPPTs.
The data sheet is provided for reference :

3. The third most important thing in the system is the Net Metering System
which is first ever done in this region.

35
 Net Metering
Net metering (also known as net energy metering) is a solar incentive that
allows you to store or contribute energy in the electric grid. When your solar
panels produce excess power, that energy is sent to the grid and in exchange
you can pull from the grid when your system is under-producing like during
night time.
With the right size solar energy system, you can produce enough electricity to
match your home’s electricity use for the entire year. However, the amount of
electricity your solar panels produce will vary throughout the year. Net
metering (also known as net energy metering, or NEM) helps you by offsetting
your total electricity bill by a considerable percentage but according to
government power policies net metering system does not totally neutralize
electricity bill irrespective of amount of excess power the system generates and
contributes to the grid the consumer must have to pay 10% of consumption.
Net Metering can be consider as a part of Distributed generation systems.
Net Metering is established in the Asansol Braille Academy by converting the
domestic connection into a 3 Phase connection from single phase.
As for the system design a 3 Phase 4 wire connection is drawn from the solar
inverter on the rooftop to the main entrance of the building where the power
company provided their own Net Metering setup. The connection is first brought
to a C 63 class MCCB (in order to provide an isolation Between PV supply and mains
supply) then the mains supply from Net Meter and Inverter supply is integrated
into a Switch Fuse Unit Box of rating 63A, 415V AC/500V DC.

36
9KWp ON GRID SOLAR POWER PALNT (ROOF
MOUNTED) LINE DIAGRAM

37
 Field study of different configurations of solar systems of CSIR-
CMERI Campus: 100kWp Ground Mounted ON Grid System,
40kWp Solar Park
100KWp Ground Mounted ON Grid Solar Plant:
CSIR-CMERI Durgapur campus has an On Grid Ground Mounted Solar Power Plant
of capacity 100KWp. The System consist 600 panels of 170Wp. The layout is: 10
rows, each row having three strings of 20 panel in each. So the total capacity of
the plant (10 x 3 x 20 x 170Wp= 102000Wp) approximately 102KWp. and each row
generates approximately 10.2KW. Average generation per day is 35KWp.

Fig8.1: 100kWp Ground Mounted On Grid Solar Plant of CSIR-CMERI

The whole plant is setup on a huge free land of area approximately 1500 meter sq.
so by the PV panel dimensions of 1.5m x 1m the system estimation of area is about
15 meter sq. per 1KW.
The system design is based on the Multi
String Inverter configurations i.e. the 3
strings of each row are connected to a 10KW
SMA SUNNYTRIPOWER On grid inverter. The
inverter two MPPTs so two strings are made
in series then through a combiner box is
connected to one MPPT and the other string
is connected to the other MPPT, detailed
specification is given in the data sheet
provide later. Fig8.2: 10KW On Grid SMA Solar Inverter

Now 10 3 Phase 4 wire connections from 10 rows are taken to the end of the field
where they are integrated in one main combiner box and a single 3 phase 4 wire
line is taken to the distribution box in the control room, from there through a
MCCB the line is connected to the main campus transformer and hence connected
to the grid. The line diagram of the system is given in the next page.

38
40KWp Hybrid Solar Park:
1. There are six 5KWp solar BANASPATI TREE of capacity 30KW but currently only
two them are connected to a 10KVA 1-phase hybrid solar inverter with a
battery bank of 4 sets of 20 batteries each of 150 Ah.
2. 2 nos. of 1KWp solar prismatic capacity: 2 KWp
3. 2 nos. of 1 KWp solar umbrella, capacity: 2KWp.

39