RotR BOOK For Web 2019 PDF

The Official Irish Rule Book
Rules of the Road Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre Road Safety Authority

Working To Save Lives Following the Rules of the Road saves lives and prevents
injury. Written in straightforward language and aimed at all
road users – drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and
horseriders – the Rules of the Road sets out the laws, and
details best driving practice.
INCLUDES: Vehicle Safety • Road Signs, Markings and Lights

• Speed Limits • Motorways • Penalty Points • Rules and
Advice • Good Driving Practice and Safety.
Rules of the Road Official RSA Rule Book

Essential for anyone using Irish roads, cycle tracks or footpaths,
including: those looking to take out their first learner permit,
those who are learning to drive, those who are preparing for
their practical driving test and
those who are already licensed drivers.
A valuable reference for every road user.
Clear. Concise. Complete.
ISBN 978-1-78849-138-9
Rules of the Road

9 781788 491389
Revision No. 7: June 2019
Published and distributed by:
The O’Brien Press Ltd, 12 Terenure Road East, Rathgar, Dublin 6, Ireland.
Tel: +353 1 492 3333; Fax: +353 1 492 2777;
Email: books@obrien.ie; www.obrien.ie
Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre Páirc Ghnó Ghleann na Muaidhe, Cnoc an tSabhaircín,

Road Safety Authority Bóthar Bhaile Átha Cliath, Béal an Átha, Co. Mhaigh Eo.
Moy Valley Business Park, Primrose Hill, Dublin Road,
Ballina, Co. Mayo.
email: info@rsa.ie website: www.rsa.ie Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre
www.rotr.ie
Road Safety Authority
Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre
Contents
Foreword 7
Introduction 8
Section 1: Driving licences and categories of vehicles 11

Categories of vehicles and minimum age
for a first learner permit 11
Conditions attached to categories 14
Driver Certificate of Professional Competence (Driver CPC) 15
Learner permit 17
If your learner permit expires 21
‘Six-month rule’ 21
Full driving licence 22
Carrying a driving licence 24
National car test 26
Section 2: The learner driver 29

Conditions for learner permit holders 29
If your learner permit runs out 32
Section 3: The driving test 34

How to apply for your driving test 34
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Section 4: Vehicle safety 40

Tyres 41
Lights and reflectors 42
Windscreens 44
Mirrors 44
Safety belts 45
Child restraint systems 46
Roof racks and roof boxes 49
Vehicle registration plates 49
Other safety responsibilities 49
Section 5: Good driving practice 51

Moving off 51
Your position on the road 52
Changing traffic lanes 55
Overtaking 56
Reversing 58
U-turns 58
Slowing down or stopping at the side of a road 59
Towing 60
Driving at night 62
Using a horn 65
Section 6: Traffic signs and road markings 66

Regulatory signs 66
Stop and Yield signs 69
Traffic lane control signs 69
One-way streets 71
Road markings 72
Warning signs 75
Information signs 78
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Traffic calming signs 82

Special signs and markings for buses, trams,
rail and light rail 83
Bus signs 83
Trams and light rail signs 85
Railway level crossings 88
Railway bridges and overhead structures 99
Road tunnel signs 102
Section 7: Traffic lights and signals 105

Traffic lights 105
Signals by motorists and cyclists 107
Hand signals 108
Section 8: Speed limits 111

Driving safely in traffic – the two-second rule 112
Speed limits 113
Speed limits on roads 113
Speed limits for vehicles 117
Stopping distance for cars 118
Section 9: Junctions and roundabouts 123

Junctions 123
Yellow box junctions 129
Junctions and dual carriageways 130
Roundabouts 132
Section 10: Parking 136

Parking 136
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Section 11: Motorways and tunnels 143

General rules 145
Motorway speed limits 145
Joining the motorway 146
On the motorway 146
Leaving the motorway 151
Rest areas, lay-bys and motorway services 151
Stopping and parking 153
What to do if your vehicle breaks down 154
Tunnels 158
Section 12: Assisting Gardaí 163

Signals 163
Instructions 164
What to do when an emergency service vehicle approaches 166
Section 13: Factors that affect safe driving 168

Alcohol 168
Drugs 170
Driver tiredness and fatigue 171
Road rage and aggressive driving 173
Litter 173
Section 14: Correct behaviour at the scene of an accident 174

What drivers must do at an accident or in an emergency 174
What to do if you arrive at the scene of an accident 176
Accidents involving dangerous goods 177
Section 15: Penalty points, fixed charges and driving bans 179
Penalty points 180
Fixed charge system 181
Driving bans 182
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Section 16: Rules for motorcyclists 183

Licence 183
Insurance and tax 183
Carrying passengers 184
Personal protective equipment 186
Riding a motorcycle 189
Tactics for surviving as a motorcyclist 191
Section 17: Rules for cyclists 192

Keeping your bicycle roadworthy 192
Bicycle checklist 193
Protective clothing and equipment 194
Bicycle trailers 194
Cycling safely 195
Rules on cycle tracks for other road users 198
Cycling offences included in the fixed charge system 200
Cyclists on roundabouts 201
Section 18: Rules for pedestrians 202

Walking beside or along a road 202
Crossing the road 202
Taking care near buses or trams 203
Safe crossing places 203
Section 19: Respecting other road users 207

Pedestrians 207
Cyclists and motorcyclists 210
Cycle tracks and parking 212
Animal traffic 212
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Section 20: Other road users 213

Emergency services vehicles 213
People using agricultural machinery 213
People in charge of animals 214
Section 21: Regulatory traffic signs 216
Section 22: Warning traffic signs 221
Section 23: Warning signs for roadworks 225
Section 24: Information signs 228
Section 25: Motorway signs 231
Appendix 1: List of medical report requirements 233
Appendix 2: Laws covering road traffic and safety 235
Appendix 3: Useful websites 245
Appendix 4: Penalty points and fixed charge offences 247
Appendix 5: Representative vehicles for the driving test 253
Glossary 257
Index 261
6
Foreword
The purpose of the Rules of the Road is to save lives and prevent injury on our
roads. The rules apply to all road users: drivers, pedestrians, motorcyclists,
horse riders, cyclists and those in charge of animals.
The rules ask us to take personal responsibility for our use of the road, and in
doing so become better, safer and more socially responsible road users.
The Rules of the Road book is designed in an easy-to-read format and is written
in plain English. It is your responsibility to read the rules and know them. You
can find a glossary of terms we use on page 256. These will help you. The rules
are also published in Irish.
The rules comply with and reflect the Road Traffic Law as at 1 June 2019. Where
we know about changes to the law, we have included a comment telling you
about this in the appropriate section. It is important to check the relevant
section of the Road Safety Authority website www.rsa.ie for updates.
We can save lives and prevent injury by changing our behaviour. Reading these
rules and applying them will help achieve this goal.
It’s our responsibility.
It’s our choice.
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Introduction
The rules of the road are for all road users – drivers, pedestrians, motorcyclists,
horse riders, cyclists and people in charge of animals – for example, dog
walkers. You must have a satisfactory knowledge of these rules to get a driving
licence. Learning about road safety doesn’t stop once you pass a driving test. It
is an ongoing process.
The overall aim of this book is to promote safety, good driving practice and
courtesy in using our roads according to the law. It is an interpretation of the
law from a road safety point of view; it is not the law. If you have a query, you
should check the original legislation or ask a Garda.
You need to update your skills and knowledge and be aware of changes to road
traffic laws. This is why you should understand and obey these rules whether
you are learning to drive or have been driving for many years.
This book uses a ‘how to’ approach and covers many of the manoeuvres
identified as factors in road crashes. It uses three methods to set out clearly and
concisely how the law applies to all road users.
It uses must and must not to draw attention to behaviour the law clearly
demands or forbids.
It uses terms such as should and should not to tell you how best to act in
a situation where no legal rule is in place.
It illustrates and describes traffic lights, road markings and the signs used
to regulate traffic.
You play a vital role in preventing a crash. Knowing the rules of the road,
practising good driving skills and taking care as a road user will make road
safety policies more effective.
The more effective the policies, the greater the positive impact on you and your
family’s life, as well as the lives of others.
For example, a 5km/h difference in your speed could be the difference between
life and death for a vulnerable road user such as a pedestrian. Research shows
that when:
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hit by a car at 60kmh, 9 out of 10 pedestrians will be killed;

hit by a car at 50kmh, 5 out of 10 pedestrians will be killed;
hit by a car at 30kmh, 1 out of 10 pedestrians will be killed.
Source: RoSPA UK and NRH Ireland
There are a number of skills expected of all road users, drivers in particular.
Drivers are expected to have:
the ability to act responsibly;
the ability to foresee and react to hazards;
good concentration; and
a good level of driving control and expertise.
In the interest of road safety, you need to be aware of the importance of gaining
a good knowledge of this book and putting that knowledge into practice.
The book covers the road traffic laws currently in force, but it will be updated
regularly to take account of new laws.
If you fail to obey the rules of the road, this does not automatically mean you will
be prosecuted. But, if you are involved in a civil or criminal court case, your failure
to obey the rules may be considered when deciding whether or not you are liable.
Over the years, the law on the use of the road has changed, and it continues to
do so. At its most basic, the law on the use of the road protects road users, and
it does so by virtue of three basic rules.
Rule one
You should always be able to stop within a distance you can see to be clear. You
need to be able to control the vehicle you are driving to the extent that you can
stop without causing a problem for anyone else on the roadway.
The rule means you must be alert and exercise due care and attention at all times.
Rule two
You should always take the prevailing road conditions into account. This is
common sense and means you must take account of any factors that will have
an impact on your ability to drive safely and securely on the road. For example,
the weather, the type of road, the condition of the road, the time of day, the
type of the lighting.
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Rule three
You should always drive taking other users of the road into account. You need
to take account of all of the things that can change on any given journey.
For example, the volume of traffic and the speed of the traffic. Are there
pedestrians, cyclists, animals? What are they doing? You cannot predict what
others will do, and you shouldn’t assume that you have priority. You need to
make full allowance for all other users on the road.
Some road users may choose to ignore the basic rules, but you do so at your
peril. Ignoring the rules may create a dangerous situation which puts you and
your passengers and other road users at risk. It may result in you breaking the
criminal law and being prosecuted. If you are involved in a civil claim, a judge
can hold you responsible.
It is in your interest to follow the basic principles of road safety when on the road.
Observing these three basic rules will help to keep you, your family, friends and
other road users safe.
If you do not obey road traffic law, you could face a fine, penalty points and a
conviction in court.
You might also be disqualified from driving and, in some cases, have to serve a
prison term.
The road safety policies and laws in the country will work with the support of all
road users.
REMEMBER
Driving is a life skill that requires your complete attention and lifelong
learning to help you stay safe.
For up-to-date information, visit www.rsa.ie.
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Section 1:
Driving licences and categories of vehicles
You must hold a current driving licence or a learner permit before driving any
motor vehicle in a public place. You can drive only the type of vehicle for which
you hold a licence or learner permit. And you must carry your driving licence or
learner permit with you at all times when driving.
This section describes when and how to apply for or renew a driving licence. It
also describes the different categories of vehicle to which the licences apply.
Categories of vehicles and minimum age for a

first learner permit
The following table outlines the types of vehicle you may drive under each
category of licence or permit, and the age you must reach before applying for a
first learner permit in the relevant category.
Categories of Vehicles/Minimum Age of Driver/Restrictions

Licence
Description of category since 19 January 2013 Minimum Age
Category
AM Mopeds. 16 years
Motorcycles with an engine capacity not

exceeding 125 cubic centimetres, with a
power rating not exceeding 11 kW and with
A1 a power to weight ratio not exceeding 0.1 16 years
kW/kg.
Motor tricycles with a power rating not
exceeding 15 kW.
Motorcycles with a power rating not
exceeding 35 kW, with a power to weight
A2 ratio not exceeding 0.2 kW/kg and not 18 years
derived from a vehicle of more than double
its power.
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Licence
Category
24 years
or 20 with
progressive
access (see
Motorcycles page 38).
A People under
Motor tricycles 21 years of
age are not
eligible to
ride a motor
tricycle.
Vehicles (other than motorcycles, mopeds,
work vehicles or land tractors) with a
Maximum Authorised Mass (MAM) not
exceeding 3,500kg, having passenger
accommodation for not more than 8 persons
in addition to the driver and where the MAM
B weight of the trailer is not greater than 17 years
750kg, or where the combined design gross
vehicle weight of the towing vehicle and the
trailer does not exceed 3,500kg.
Quadricycles (other than those covered
by category AM) are also covered by this
category.
Combination of drawing vehicles in category
BE B and trailer where the MAM of the trailer is 17 years
not greater than 3,500kg.
W Work vehicles and land tractors 16 years
Vehicles other than those in categories D1 or

D, or work vehicles or land tractors, whose 21 years or
MAM is over 3,500kg and which are designed 18 with a
and constructed to carry not more than 8 Certificate of
C
passengers in addition to the driver; motor Professional
vehicles in this category may be combined Competency
with a trailer having a MAM which does not (CPC)
exceed 750kg.
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Licence
Category

21 years or
CE C and trailer where the MAM of the trailer is
18 with CPC
greater than 750kg.
Vehicles other than those in categories D1
or D, or work vehicles or land tractors, the
MAM of which exceeds 3,500kg but does
not exceed 7,500kg and which are designed
C1 and constructed to carry not more than 8 18 years
passengers in addition to the driver; motor
vehicles in this category may be combined
with a trailer having a MAM not exceeding
750kg.
C1 and trailer where the MAM of the trailer
is greater than 750kg and where the MAM
of the drawing vehicle and trailer combined
does not exceed 12,000kg.
C1E 18 years
B with trailer where the MAM of the trailer
is greater than 3,500kg and where the MAM
of the drawing vehicle and trailer combined
does not exceed 12,000kg.
Vehicles having passenger accommodation 24 years or
D for more than 8 people and where the MAM 21 years with
of the trailer is not greater than 750kg. CPC
Combination of drawing vehicles in category 24 years or
DE D and trailer where the MAM of the trailer is 21 years with
greater than 750kg. CPC
Vehicles designed and constructed to carry
not more than 16 passengers in addition to
the driver and with a maximum length not
D1 21 years
exceeding 8 metres; motor vehicles in this
category may be combined with a trailer
having a MAM not exceeding 750kg.
D1E D1 and trailer where the MAM of the trailer 21 years
is greater than 750kg.
For further information on CPC, please see page 15.
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If you are under 16 years of age, you must not use any vehicle in a public place.
Design Gross Vehicle Weight (DGVW) is the term manufacturers use to describe
the weight of the vehicle together with the maximum load it is designed to
carry (including passengers, fuel, cargo and attachments). The DGVW is usually
shown on a metal plate attached to the vehicle by the manufacturer. The DGVW
may also be referred to as the Maximum Authorised Mass (MAM).
You must know and understand the carrying capacity of your vehicle or you are
at serious risk of having a crash or causing harm. Overloading will reduce your
ability to control your vehicle and is an offence.
Conditions attached to categories

Motorcycles
Holders of a driving licence for Category A are entitled to drive motorcycles with
an engine output of any size.
Holders of a driving licence in category A2 are entitled to drive a motorcycle
with an engine output of 35kW or less, and a power to weight ratio not
exceeding 0.02kW per kg and not derived from a motorcycle of double its
power.
Trailers
Cars and trailers
If you hold a full category B licence, you may tow a trailer only if:
the total maximum authorised mass (MAM) of the trailer is 750kg or less;
or
the combined MAM of the vehicle and trailer is no more than 3,500kg.
When you use a car to tow a heavier trailer, you must hold a category BE
licence. A driver with a car, small van or 4x4 and trailer licence category BE can
draw a trailer where the MAM of the vehicle and trailer combination is greater
than 3500kg but less than 7000kg.
Heavier vehicles and trailers

You must hold a Category CE, C1E, DE or D1E licence if you want to tow a
heavier trailer. These are the licences that entitle you to drive the combinations
of the towing vehicles and the trailer (see page 12). Equivalent licences are EC,
EC1, ED or ED1.
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Heavy goods vehicles and buses

You must obey the law on tachographs. For full information please see www.
rsa.ie.
Driver Certificate of Professional Competence

(Driver CPC)
What is Driver CPC?
Driver CPC is a Certificate of Professional Competence for professional bus
drivers (categories D1, D1E, D and DE) and professional truck drivers (categories
C1, C1E, C and CE).
Equivalent licences are D1, ED1, D, ED, C1, EC1, C and EC.
Driver CPC was introduced across the EU in 2008 for professional bus drivers and
in 2009 for professional truck drivers. The three key aims are to:
ensure that all professional drivers have good driving and safety
standards and that those standards are maintained throughout their
career;
create a common standard for the training and testing of drivers
throughout the EU; and
reduce fatalities and serious injuries on Irish and European roads.
15
The Driver CPC and you
New Professional Driver

Since 30 September 2014, in order to become a professional bus or truck driver,
you must take the following five steps:
Step 1: Pass a driver theory test and get a driver theory test certificate for
category C or D or both as appropriate;
Step 2: Get a learner permit in the relevant category;
Step 3: Pass a 2-hour case study theory test (note Step 2 must be
completed before Step 3 if under 21 when applying for a C or CE licence
or under 24 when applying for a D or DE licence);
Step 4: Pass a 90-minute practical driving test, including questions and
demonstrations on how you would carry out a series of checks; and
Step 5: Pass a 30-minute practical test.
Once you have completed these steps, you must complete an application form
(available from the RSA) to apply for your Driver CPC qualification card. The
driving test (Step 3) and practical CPC tests (Step 4) are carried out at RSA
driving test centres and are usually taken one after the other.
Further information about the Driver CPC programme is available on the RSA
website, www.rsa.ie. Information about the Driver CPC Theory Tests is available
on the following website: www.theorytest.ie.
Already a Professional Driver

If you were already a professional bus driver or holder of category D licence
on 10 September 2008 or a professional truck driver or holder of a Category C
licence on 10 September 2009, you are automatically entitled to Driver CPC. This
is called ‘acquired rights’.
In order that professional drivers maintain their rights, they must complete 35
hours of periodic refresher training every five years.
Where a professional driver seeks to maintain rights to drive both buses and
trucks professionally, they must complete 42 hours of periodic refresher training
every five years. Periodic training must include a minimum of 7 hours training
in a single day each year.
16
Drivers of the following vehicles are exempted, that is, the driver will not need
to hold or carry a CPC:
Vehicles not allowed to exceed 45 kilometres per hour;
Vehicles used or controlled by the armed forces, civil defence, the fire service,
the prison service and forces responsible for maintaining public order;
Vehicles undergoing road tests for technical development, repair or
maintenance, or new or rebuilt vehicles which have not been put into
service;
Vehicles used in states of emergency or for rescue missions;
Vehicles used for driving lessons for anyone who wants to get a driving
licence or a CPC;
Vehicles used for carrying passengers or goods for personal use and not
for business;
Vehicles carrying materials or equipment that the driver uses as part of
their work, as long as driving the vehicle is not the driver’s main activity;
and
Vehicles used for non commercial purposes such as driving as an unpaid
volunteer.
Learner permit
A learner permit is issued to allow a person to learn to drive. Before you apply
for your learner permit you must pass your driver theory test (see pages 17–18).
In the interest of your safety and that of other road users, you must meet certain
conditions attached to the learner permit, while you are driving. See Section 2
for more details.
You must have a current learner permit to learn to drive and to take your driving
test. Your permit must be for the same category of vehicle as the one you will
use in your test.
Driver theory test

The driver theory test applies to anyone applying for a first learner permit in any
category. Note that it will be regarded as a first learner permit in the category if
an earlier learner permit has expired by 5 years or more.
17
The test is designed to check your knowledge of topics such as:

Rules of the Road
Risk perception
Eco-driving
Hazard awareness
Good driving behaviour
The test is also designed to check your knowledge and understanding of all of
the above and of ‘safety loading’ and ‘vehicle security’.
The CPC driver theory tests for truck and bus drivers have been merged with the
Driver CPC Step 1 exam. There is also an option to sit both the truck and bus
theory tests together.
The test involves answering questions on a computer in a test centre. It is
designed for people who have little or no experience of using computers as
well as those who do. It is carried out by the Driver Theory Test Service. Those
with special needs or disabilities can request a reader or recorder facility to help
them complete the test.
The driver theory test study materials CD is available from all good book shops
and from www.theorytest.ie. Further information on the fees for sitting the
theory test and the locations of test centres is also available on the website.
You should check that you are using the most up-to-date study material.
All categories of licences are subject to review. To make sure you comply
with EU and Irish road safety policy, you are advised to check the website
www.rsa.ie regularly.
Applying for a first learner permit

When you apply for your learner permit, you must attend in person at any
one of the National Driver Licence Services (NDLS) centres located around the
country. You must allow your photograph to be taken for the purposes of your
application when you apply for your licence at the NDLS centre. To apply for
a learner permit, you must be able to demonstrate that you normally live in
Ireland. If you are studying or working abroad, you may still be considered
normally resident in Ireland provided you return here regularly.
18
The following table outlines what else you will need when applying for a learner
permit. The categories of vehicles are described in the table on pages 11 to 13.
Further information about how to apply for a learner permit is available on the
NDLS website, www.ndls.ie.
First learner permit

Category of first
What you need
learner permit
• Application form • Evidence of residency

entitlement, PPSN and
• Appropriate fee address (dated within 6
AM, A1, • Theory Test Pass months)
A2, A, Certificate (must have • Medical report, if
been issued within applicable (dated within
B, W 2 years of date of 1 month)
application)
• Eyesight report (dated
• Evidence of identity within one month)
• Application form • Evidence of PPSN and

• Appropriate fee address (if changed since
C1, C, your last application)
• Theory Test Pass
Certificate (note that this • Medical report (all
D1 or D theory test will count as applicants)*
a Pass for the purposes • Proof of full licence for
of the Driver CPC Step 1) category B vehicle
• Application form • Evidence of PPSN and

• Appropriate fee address (if changed since
BE • Theory Test, if applicable your last application)
• Medical report, if • Proof of full licence for
applicable category B vehicle
• Evidence of Driver
• Application form Certificate of Professional
• Appropriate fee Competence (if
C1E, CE, • Medical report (all applicable)
applicants)* • Proof of full licence for
D1E, DE • Evidence of PPSN and the appropriate towing
address (if changed since vehicle (for example
your last application) category C if applying for
a category CE licence)
* You will also need to have medical assessments from time to time when you
have a full licence for these categories or when you renew.
Please note that what is needed for a first learner permit application can differ
depending on your personal circumstances. Application requirements are also
regularly updated. For these reasons, you are advised to visit the National
19
Driver Licence Service website for details on what you need at the time of your
application. See www.ndls.ie.
Eyesight and medical reports

You can get eyesight and medical report forms from the National Driver
Licence Service website, www.ndls.ie, or from the Road Safety Authority
website, www.rsa.ie.
A registered doctor or ophthalmic optician must fill in the eyesight report form.
You must then sign it in front of them.
A registered doctor must complete the medical report form.
You must then sign it in front of them.
When you must supply a medical report

Not all applicants need to supply a medical report. However, you must supply
one if any of the following statements applies to you.
You are applying for a learner permit in any of the categories C1, C, D1,
D, C1E, CE, D1E or DE.
You will be 70 years of age or more on the first day the learner permit is
being granted.
You have any of the conditions listed in Appendix 1 at the back of this book.
You are taking drugs or medications that are likely to affect your driving.
Note:
1. If you suffer from a serious medical condition, for example, an irregular
or abnormally fast or slow heart beat (arrhythmia) that has ever caused
you to lose consciousness, then make sure you visit a doctor before you
apply for a learner permit or licence.
2. You are not allowed to hold a learner permit if you depend on or
regularly abuse mind-altering substances.
Talk to your doctor if you have any doubts about your physical or mental fitness
to drive.
You can get full details of the conditions attached to a learner permit on the
National Driver Licence Service website, www.ndls.ie.
20
If your learner permit expires

No matter what type of vehicle you drive, you may get a third and subsequent
learner permit only if you show that you have taken a driving test within the
previous two years.
If you have not taken the test, you must give:
evidence that you have applied to sit your driving test for that category
of vehicle, or
satisfy the NDLS that because of illness (as certified by a registered
medical practitioner), you were not in a position to take a driving test.
‘Six-month rule’
If you are a first time holder of a learner permit for categories A, A2, A1, B, AM
or W – that is, someone who never held a learner permit (or whose learner
permit has expired by more than 5 years) in the category, you are not allowed
to take a driving test for a six-month period after the start date of your permit.
This is to allow you to gain experience of driving. Research shows that the
longer a learner is supervised while driving, the less likely they are to be
involved in a collision.
The ‘six-month rule’ does not apply to:
category BE vehicles;
the holder of a category A1 or A2 full licence who wishes to move
progressively from the lower category of bike to the next higher category
by having held the lower category for a minimum of 2 years;
the holder of a current full driving licence in the same category from
another country for more than 6 months, provided the holder forwards a
current original driving licence and a letter of entitlement to the RSA
from the recognised licensing authority in that country.
If you have any questions about getting a learner permit, visit www.ndls.ie or
contact the NDLS by email at info@ndls.ie or through their Customer Services at
076 1087 880.
21
Full driving licence

You need a full driving licence for the category of vehicle that you intend to
drive. You can drive only the category or categories of vehicle for which the
licence is issued.
Examples of full driving licence
Old style New style
Applying for your full licence

You must apply for your driving licence in person at any one of the National
Driver Licence Service (NDLS) centres located around the country. When
attending your appointment at the NDLS centre, you must bring with you:
a completed application form;
the relevant fee;
your current or most recent learner permit; and
evidence of your PPSN and address (if changed) dated within last 6 months.
You must allow your photograph to be taken as part of your application.
With the application for your first licence, you must include your certificate of
competency to drive (outlined in Section 3). You may also need to supply other
documents, such as a medical report, depending on your circumstances. A
licence will not be granted to you if you have a driving licence which has been
restricted, suspended or withdrawn in another EU Member State or a country
recognised for driving licence exchange.
To apply for a driving licence, you must be able to demonstrate that you are
normally resident in Ireland. If you are studying or working abroad, you may still
be considered normally resident in Ireland provided you return here regularly.
22
You can get more information about applying for your full licence on the
National Driver Licence Service (NDLS) website, www.ndls.ie.
Novice drivers
Remember to check the rules on displaying ‘N’ plates for novice drivers to see if
they apply to you. If you are a first time holder of a full driving licence, you will
be considered a ‘novice driver’ for 2 years from the date you received your first
full licence.
As a novice driver, you must display N-plates on your vehicle for 2 years.
N-plates must be displayed on any vehicle you get a licence to drive during that
2-year period.
This novice period applies only once. For example, if you hold a driving licence
for a category of vehicle and after 2 years you become entitled to drive another
category of vehicle, you do not become a ‘novice driver’ for the new category.
Novice drivers do not have to have an accompanying driver (but remember that
this is still the case for learner drivers). However, a novice driver must not act
as an accompanying driver for someone who holds a learner permit. If a learner
driver is found driving without an appropriately qualified driver (that is, a person
who has held a full driving licence in the same category for a continuous period
of 2 years), the learner driver has committed an offence and is liable for a fixed-
charge fine or penalty points, or both.
You can get further information about the N-plate requirements on the Road
Safety Authority’s website, www.rsa.ie.
Renewing your licence

A driving licence is normally valid for 10 years for cars and motorcycles or 5
years for trucks and buses; you should renew your licence before this period
passes. To renew your licence, you must apply in person to one of the NDLS
centres . You will need to bring:
a completed application form and fee,
your current or most recent full licence, and
evidence of your PPSN and address (if changed) dated within last 6
months.
If you are renewing a category C1, C1E, C, CE, D1, D1E, D or DE licence, you
must include a medical report.
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You should apply to renew your licence not later than three months before it
expires.
If you hold a foreign valid licence from an EU/EEA country or other ‘recognised
state’, it may be possible to exchange your licence for a full Irish driving licence.
You can get full details about renewing or exchanging your driving licence on
the National Driver Licence Service website, www.ndls.ie.
Carrying a driving licence

Remember, you must carry your driving licence, or learner permit, with you at
all times when you are driving.
Driving legally
Before taking any vehicle on to the road you must be able to answer ‘yes’ to the
following questions:
Are you carrying your driving licence or learner permit?
Is the motor vehicle taxed?
Is the tax disc on the windscreen?
Is the insurance cover up to date and valid to cover you?
Is the insurance disc on the windscreen?
Is there an N-plate sign at the front and rear of your vehicle? (if you are a
novice driver)
24
Is the vehicle roadworthy and does it have an up-to-date National Car

Test (NCT) Certificate on the windscreen? (if the vehicle is over four years
old but not a taxi)
Does the vehicle have a Certificate of Roadworthiness? (if you are using a
coach, bus, ambulance, goods vehicle or goods trailer and it is over a
year old)
Are you carrying your CPC qualification card (as required) and digital
tachograph card (as required)? (if you are a professional driver)
IMPORTANT MESSAGE TO OVERSEAS DRIVERS

You must drive on the left-hand side of the road in Ireland.
Tax
All motor vehicles must be taxed before the vehicle is taken on the road.
Insurance
All drivers must have insurance covering them to drive a vehicle in a public
place. By law you must inform the insurance company of relevant information,
25
such as penalty points and changes in your medical fitness to drive, before you
drive a vehicle. If you are in any doubt you should discuss the matter with the
insurance company. It is a serious offence to drive a vehicle that is not insured.
You need to display an up-to-date insurance disc. It is an offence not to have the
disc on display.
Vehicles that do not need to display an insurance disc

Motorcycles (with or without a side car)
Tractors
Vehicles showing a trade licence
Vehicles owned or used by an exempted person as defined by the Road
Traffic Acts, for example members of emergency services
All trailers must be covered by third party motor insurance. This applies
whether the trailer is being towed or parked in a public place.
Even though the trailer does not have to display an insurance disc, you must
have valid insurance cover.
National car test

Vehicle testing makes sure your vehicle is safe to use on the road. This is
especially important for older vehicles.
Passenger cars over 4 years old must have a valid NCT Certificate and
show the NCT disc on the windscreen.
Passenger cars between 4 and 10 years old must be tested every 2 years.
Passenger cars over 10 years old must be tested every year.
You may also avail of ‘voluntary early testing’ and get your car tested
earlier than 90 days before its NCT due date.
Further information on the NCT is available on the National Car Testing Service
website, www.ncts.ie.
Commercial vehicle roadworthiness test

Commercial vehicles must pass a Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness (CVR) test
every year. This test assesses the roadworthiness of a commercial vehicle on the
day of the test.
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Goods vehicles, goods trailers with a design gross vehicle weight of more than
3,500kg, ambulances, buses (including minibuses), motor homes and coaches
must have a valid Certificate of Roadworthiness.
As an owner of a commercial vehicle, you must:
inspect, maintain and repair your vehicle regularly and perform daily
walk around checks of your vehicle in order to maintain a commercial
vehicle in a safe and roadworthy condition over its lifetime;
keep records of reported defects, maintenance and repair;
nominate a ‘Suitably Qualified Person’ (SQP) to be responsible for
carrying out inspection and maintenance of your vehicles and any repairs
needed to rectify defects on your vehicles or trailers.
The SQP can be a mechanic or equivalent person with the relevant experience
or qualifications to enable them to assess the roadworthiness of a vehicle and
carry out any necessary repairs.
All Heavy Commercial Vehicle (HCV) owners/operators must complete and
submit an online self-declaration every year to the RSA providing details such as:
Number of vehicles in your fleet and their details;
Any safety inspections and maintenance controls;
Name of the relevant person who is responsible for vehicle maintenance.
You can get more information about the Certificate of Roadworthiness and
testing requirements on the Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness test website,
www.cvrt.ie.
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Certificate of Professional Competence

Professional bus and truck drivers must also carry their Driver CPC qualification
card.
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Section 2:
The learner driver
The Road Safety Authority has produced a suite of manuals to help learners as
they learn to drive a car, a truck or a bus, or ride a motorcycle.
Conditions for learner permit holders

When you are a learner driver you must, in addition to answering yes to the
questions on pages 24–25, comply with the following conditions:
1) Accompanied when driving

A holder of a learner permit for categories B, BE, C, C1, C1E, CE, D, D1, D1E
and DE must be accompanied and supervised at all times by a qualified
driver. A qualified driver is a person who has held a full driving licence in the
same category for a continuous period of 2 years. A learner driver detected of
driving unaccompanied faces an €80 fine and two penalty points if paid
within 28 days, a €120 fine and two penalty points if paid within the next 28
days and €120 and four penalty points if convicted in court.
If you hold a learner permit for category AM, A1, A2 and A does not need
to be accompanied by a qualified driver. However, you cannot drive a
vehicle in this category unsupervised by your Initial Basic Training (IBT)
instructor until you have completed the IBT for your relevant category
and type of motorcycle.
A vehicle being driven by an unaccompanied learner driver can be seized
by Gardaí.
The owner of a vehicle who allows an unaccompanied learner or
unlicensed driver to drive their vehicle is liable to have their vehicle
seized by the Gardaí and could face a fine of up to €1,000.
A lower threshold of penalty points leading to disqualification will apply
to any driver who is granted their first learner permit on or after 1 August
2014 while they drive under a learner permit, and subsequently during
the first two years while they drive under their first full driving licence.
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2) ‘L’ Plates
Learner permit holders for all categories
(except W) must display ‘L’ plates while they
are driving. It is an offence for a learner driver
to drive without displaying ‘L’ plates. This
offence attracts a penalty of a fixed charge fine
and up to 4 penalty points.
Learner permit holders for categories A, A1, A2 and AM must display ‘L’
plates on a yellow fluorescent tabard that are clearly visible on the front
and back of the driver’s body.
3) Essential Driver Training and Initial Basic Training

It is illegal to give driving instruction for payment or reward to learner drivers
if you are not registered with the Road Safety Authority. A list of all Approved
Driving Instructors (ADI) is available on www.rsa.ie.
4) Car Driver Training

All holders of their first learner permit issued from 4 April 2011 must undertake
Essential Driver Training (EDT) with an Approved Driving Instructor (ADI). [See
www.rsa.ie for an up to date list of ADIs.]
EDT is a training course that teaches fundamental driving skills to learner car
drivers. The course is made up of 12 individual one-hour sessions.
At each EDT session, your ADI will check your learner permit, and if you are
using your own car, will check to make sure your insurance, motor tax, NCT and
roadworthiness of the vehicle are all in order. In addition you should request
from your ADI your official EDT Logbook, which you are responsible for and
should take along to each lesson. The logbook must be completed including an
official stamp and instructor’s signature.
You can check on www.rsa.ie/myedt for EDT sessions completed.
A Sponsor is a qualified driver who supervises any driving outside of formal
lessons and tracks practice sessions in your logbook.
You will need lots of practice and additional driving lessons with an ADI to
become a safe and responsible driver.
Be sure to confirm with your ADI what type of lesson you are booking for your
next lesson. Not all lessons are EDT.
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5) Reduced Essential Driver Training (EDT) Programme

The Reduced EDT programme is a mandatory driver training programme for
drivers from outside Ireland who currently hold a full valid Category B licence,
but from a country which does not have a licence exchange agreement with
Ireland.
Drivers who through the NDLS have established their eligibility to avail of the
mandatory Reduced EDT programme will be required to complete EDT sessions
1, 5, 6, 7 and 10 before taking the Irish driving test.
Drivers who are eligible for the Reduced EDT programme will not be required to
wait 6 months before taking the Irish driving test.
6) Motorcycles and Initial Basic Training

All new first time learner permit holders for motorcycles must undertake Initial
Basic Training (IBT) with an approved IBT instructor, before they can ride a
motorcycle unsupervised.
IBT is a training course that teaches basic riding skills to learner motorcyclists.
The basic IBT is a 16-hour course broken into 4 modules focusing on theory and
practical skills, to be taken in sequence.
When you have completed each IBT Module of your IBT course, your instructor
will record the details of your training in your logbook. Once all modules
have been completed, your ADI will issue you with a Certificate of Satisfactory
Completion.
You must keep your certificate with your learner’s permit and carry it with
you whenever you are riding as you may be asked to produce it by the
gardaí.
After you get your certificate, you can apply for your practical driving test.
[If you want to upgrade the bike you ride you may need to complete a
‘progression module’. Visit www.rsa.ie for more details.]
Until they hold their full licence, motorcyclists must carry their IBT certificate
when riding without an IBT trainer.
6) Motorways
As a learner permit holder, you must not drive on a motorway. It is an offence
to do so.
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7) Trailers
Learner permit holders driving vehicles in Categories B, C, C1, D or D1 (cars,
trucks or buses) must not tow a trailer.
8) Carrying Passengers
A person who holds a learner permit for any category must not carry any
passenger for payment or reward.
A person who holds a learner permit for category W (for example, a work
vehicle or land tractor) must not carry a passenger unless the vehicle is
constructed or adapted to carry a passenger and the passenger is a
qualified driver.
A person who holds a learner permit for category A1, A2, A or AM
(motorcycle or moped) must not carry a passenger.
9) Motorcycles
Category A2 learner permit holders are entitled to drive motorcycles with:
An engine power output of 35kW or less, or
A power to weight ratio of 0.2kW per kg or less.
It is your responsibility to check the power of the motorcycle. If you are in any
doubt, consult with the dealer or manufacturer.
If your learner permit runs out

No matter what type of motor vehicle you drive, you may get a third and
subsequent learner permit only if you show that you have taken a driving test
within the previous two years.
If you have not taken the test, you must:
give evidence that you applied to sit your driving test for that category of
vehicle; or
satisfy the NDLS that because of illness (as certified by a registered
medical practitioner), you were not in a position to take a driving
test.
If you are a first time holder of a learner permit for categories A, A2, A1, AM, B or
W, that is, if you haven’t held a learner permit in the category before, or a previous
permit has expired by more than five years, you are not allowed to take a driving
32
test for at least six months after the start date of the permit. This provision is to
allow you to gain experience of driving. Research shows that the longer a learner is
supervised while driving, the less likely they are to be involved in a collision.
This rule does not apply to:
category BE vehicles;
a higher category of motorcycle where you have passed Initial Basic
Training (IBT) and a driving test on a lower category of motorcycle and
you hold the category for a minimum of 2 years;
a holder of a current full driving licence in the category from another
country for more than six months, provided the holder forwards to the
RSA a current original full driving licence and a letter of entitlement from
the recognised licensing authority in that country.
REMEMBER
The drink-drive limit for learners, newly qualified drivers (for a period of two
years after passing the driving test) and professional drivers such as bus,
goods vehicle and public service vehicle drivers (PSV) is 20 milligrams (mg)
of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood.
Never ever drink and drive.
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Section 3:
The driving test
How to apply for your driving test

Once you have learnt to drive safely and completed mandatory training (EDT
for category B or IBT for Category AM, A1, A2 or A), the next step is to apply for
your driving test.
Note: bus drivers and truck drivers should refer to page 15 for the CPC Driving Test.
You can apply and pay for your driving test online at www.rsa.ie. You will need a
credit or debit card and a valid email address to complete the application online.
Alternatively, you can download a driving test application form from www.rsa.ie or
get one from your local Garda station. Send the completed form, with a cheque,
postal order or money order made payable to the Road Safety Authority to:
Driver Testing Section
Road Safety Authority, Moy Valley Business Park, Primrose Hill, Dublin Road,
Ballina, Co Mayo.
Remember
To take a Driving Test you must:
Hold a learner permit for the vehicle in which you wish to be tested;
Have use of a suitable vehicle;
Comply with the six-month rule – that is, you must have held a valid
learner permit for at least six months on the day of the test (this applies
to cars, motorcycles and work vehicles);
There are certain exceptions to the six-month rule. For example, learner
permit holders in category BE (car or van and trailer) do not need to wait
6 months before doing a practical driving test in that category. See
further exceptions to the six-month rule at page 32.
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Also, if your first Category B learner permit was issued on or after 4 April 2011
you must:
have completed an Essential Driver Training (EDT) course;
have completed an Initial Basic Training (IBT) course if your first Category
A type learner permit was issued on or after 6 December 2010.
What you need to do on the day of the test

The following information is a summary of requirements. The notification of
your test appointment contains all the relevant information and requirements
which must be met on the day.
Use the correct vehicle for your test.
• Under current regulations specific guidelines set out the minimum
requirements for the vehicle you plan to use for your driving test to
be acceptable (see Appendix 5). You will be advised of the vehicle
requirements on your test appointment notice. However, if you
have any concerns, please refer to www.rsa.ie where full details are
available.
Make sure your vehicle displays:
• a current valid motor tax disc;
• a valid NCT disc or CVRT disc, as applicable to your vehicle (see page 26);
• proper ‘L’ plates at the front and back (other than Category A, A1, A2
and AM where you wear the plates on your person); and
• a current valid insurance disc (except if you are being tested in a
category A, A1, A2, AM and W vehicle).
Make sure your vehicle is roadworthy.
Be in the test centre at least 10 minutes before your test appointment time.
Give the driver tester your current Irish learner permit. The tester will
check the permit to confirm that it is yours, is current and is for the
correct category of vehicle.
Read the ‘Checklist for your driving test’ on www.rsa.ie.
Your test will be cancelled and you will lose your fee if:
you are late;
your vehicle does not show the correct discs or L plates;
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your vehicle is not roadworthy; or

you do not have the correct vehicle for your test (see Appendix 5).
You can get more information from www.rsa.ie.
The driving test

In order to undergo a driving test, the law requires that any person attending
for the test presents with a vehicle that is representative of the Licensing
Category in which they wish to attain a licence to drive. These requirements
aim to ensure that the test applicant is tested using a vehicle that allows the
candidate to demonstrate that they will be capable of driving any vehicle in the
broader licence category on passing the test. The requirements are neither at
the lower or higher end in terms of size, weight and power etc., but reflect a
typical vehicle in the mid-range of the particular Category.
Please note: maximum authorised mass means design gross vehicle weight.
The driving test will determine if you have the skills necessary to get your full
driving licence. The test includes questions on the Rules of the Road and how
your vehicle works. It assesses your driving skills while you drive in different
road and traffic conditions.
The Driver Tester will evaluate your driving knowledge and skills and will use
an electronic device to make notes during your test. Following your driving
test, your examiner will give the result of your test. You will then receive an
e-mail about your result which you should discuss with your Approved Driving
Instructor.
The driving test will evaluate your driving skills under various headings,
including:
positioning the vehicle correctly and in good time;
taking proper observation;
reacting promptly and properly to hazards;
using mirrors properly, in good time and before signalling;
allowing sufficient clearance to pedestrians, cyclists, other traffic, and
other road users;
giving correct signals in good time;
maintaining reasonable progress and avoiding undue hesitancy when
moving off, at roundabouts and when changing lanes;
36
making proper use of vehicle controls;

adjusting speed appropriately;
complying with traffic controls, for example, traffic lights, traffic signs
and road markings;
yielding right of way as required;
reversing;
turnabout; and
parking.
Before taking the test, you should have achieved a level of knowledge and skill
that will satisfy the tester that you are entitled to a full licence.
The things you need to know and do to pass your test will keep changing. To
make yourself aware of any changes, visit www.rsa.ie.
The following table highlights some elements of the practical driving test. Some
requirements apply to more than one type of vehicle.
If you are being

Category You must know how to:
tested for:
• Demonstrate technical checks.

• Work the secondary controls.
A car B • Adjust the seat, seat-belt, head restraint, mirrors.
• Ensure the doors are closed.

• Remove and replace the machine from its stand.
• Adjust your protective outfit (personal safety
AM, A1, equipment).
A motorcycle • Move the motorcycle without the aid of the engine.
A2, A
• Drive in such a way as to ensure safety and reduce
fuel consumption and emissions while performing
certain manoeuvres.

• Connect and remove the trailer to or from your
A trailer BE vehicle.
• Reverse up to a loading bay.
• Park safely for loading/unloading.
37
If you are being

Category You must know how to:
tested for:

C, C1, • Use any retarder or exhaust brake fitted to the
A heavy vehicle vehicle.
CE, CE1 • Reverse up to a loading bay.
• Park safely for loading and unloading at a loading
ramp, platform or similar area.

• Use any retarder or exhaust brake fitted to the
D, D1, vehicle.
A bus • Open and close by hand any powered doors fitted
DE, DE1
to the vehicle.
• Demonstrate instrument panel and recording
equipment check.
Secondary controls and technical checks

At your test, you will have to:
work the secondary controls, such as windscreen wipers and washers,
de-misters, rear window heater, lights and air-conditioning, fans, rear
foglights, air vents and temperature control.
demonstrate technical checks such as air pressure and the condition of
tyres, oil, fuel, windscreen washer fluid level, coolant, brakes (including
handbrake), steering, lights, indicators, reflectors and horn.
The Driving Test Report Form explains the technical checks and the secondary
controls in detail. Make yourself familiar with the content of the Driving Test
Report Form.
Motorcyclists are further tested on: control of speed, control when braking
and avoiding obstacles.
How long does the test last?

The test for categories A, A1, A2, AM, B, BE and W vehicles lasts about 40 minutes
and assesses your driving skills over a distance of about 8 to 10 kilometres.
The test for vehicles in other categories lasts about 70 minutes and assesses
your driving skills over about 20 kilometres.
38
What happens when your test is finished?

If you pass, the tester will give you a Certificate of
Competency to drive. You should exchange it for
your full driving licence as soon as possible and you
must do this within two years of your cert date.
If you are a novice driver (that is, you are a first-time
holder of a full driving licence), you must display
N-plates on your vehicle for 2 years. N-plates must
be displayed on any vehicle you get a licence to drive
during that 2-year period. This novice period applies only once. For example, if
you hold a driving licence for a category of vehicle and after two years you get a
licence to drive another category of vehicle, you do not become a ‘novice driver’
in respect of the new category. You can get further information about the N-plate
requirements on the Road Safety Authority website, www.rsa.ie.
Your Certificate of Competency will list any restrictions to be applied to your
licence. Any restrictions will be shown on your driving licence by using a
particular code. Further information on potential restrictions on a driving licence
is available on the RSA website, www.rsa.ie.
If you are not successful in your driving test, you will receive a detailed report
on the faults that occurred during the test. When you are preparing for your
next test, pay particular attention to these faults while continuing to work on
other areas of your driving.
What to do if you are not happy with your test result

If you were not successful and believe that your driving test was not conducted
properly or fairly, you may appeal the tester’s decision to the District Court. The
District Court may either refuse the appeal or, if it finds that the test was not
properly conducted, it can direct the Road Safety Authority to give you another
test free of charge.
For more information on the driving test, please read the leaflet Preparing for
your Driving Test. This is available at www.rsa.ie.
In certain circumstances, it may be possible to progress to a higher category

of driving licence for motorcycles without having to take an additional driving
test. This is known as ‘progressive access’.
At the age of 24 years, a rider may also proceed directly to a large unrestricted
motorcycle. This is known as ‘direct access’.
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Section 4:
Vehicle safety
There are minimum standards set by law for the condition of your vehicle.
You must know these standards and make sure your vehicle complies with the
law. This section sets out the basic information you need to know. For further
information on the testing of your vehicle please see www.rsa.ie.
As a driver, you must make sure that your vehicle is in good working order.
You must ensure that the steering, brakes, front and rear lamps, indicators,
reflectors, rear view mirrors, safety belts, speedometer, tyres, windscreen
wipers, horn and silencer are checked regularly.
If you are the owner of an electric vehicle, ensure that you are familiar with the
charging procedure for your vehicle and also the safe operation of charging points.
As an owner of a commercial vehicle, you must put in place a system for the regular
inspection and on-going maintenance of your vehicle and ensure it has a valid
Certificate of Roadworthiness. This involves implementing the following measures:
deciding how often a vehicle is to be inspected, taking into account the
age, mileage and condition of the vehicle;
ensuring a daily walk-around check of the vehicle is performed before it is
driven in a public place, which involves the inspection of both the inside
and outside of the vehicle as well as examination of various items such as
the mirrors, seatbelts, tyres, exhaust, and so on;
keeping records of all inspections, maintenance and repairs of the vehicle.
For further details on the Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness Test (CVRT), see
www.cvrt.ie.
The RSA advises motorists that it would be useful to have the following items
available for use in your vehicle:
a first aid kit,
at least 1 high-viz vest or jacket (fluorescent and reflective),
at least 1 red warning triangle (this is required for HGVs and buses), and
a torch.
40
The items listed above might be useful in an emergency. You might choose to
carry other items that you feel might be helpful.
REMEMBER
It is an offence to drive an unsafe vehicle on a public road.
Motor vehicles must be tested for their roadworthiness. This section sets out
the minimum standards that your vehicle must meet. You should check the
following on a regular basis:
Tyres
Tread depth: Do not allow your tyres to wear down too much. Most vehicles on
the road must have a minimum tread depth of 1.6mm over the main treads. For
motorcycles and vintage vehicles the minimum tread depth is 1mm. However,
make sure you replace your tyres before they become this worn.
Pressure: Regularly check the pressure of every tyre, including the spare tyre,
and pay attention to the recommended pressure levels. See the manufacturer’s
specifications for correct inflation pressure.
Checking for damage: Regularly examine your tyres for cuts, cracks and bulges,
which could cause unexpected ‘blow-outs.’
Before you get a flat tyre: Check your vehicle and make sure you know how to
change a wheel, that you have a spare wheel and repair kit to hand.
Replacing tyres: For your safety, only fit new and e-marked tyres bought from
a reputable dealer. Do not mix radial and cross ply tyres on any one axle. Tyres
must be the same on any axle.
Temporary use (space saver) spare tyre or repair kit: Only use these tyres to
complete a journey or make a journey to a tyre dealer. Do not travel at a speed
in excess of the recommended speed stamped on the tyre.
REMEMBER
Use of secondhand tyres can be risky and should be avoided because

there is no history of how they have been used or abused.
41
Lights and reflectors

Motor vehicles (except motorcycles or electric vehicles with a maximum speed
of 38km/h) must have the following lights and reflectors:
At the front:
Two headlights (white or yellow)
Two white sidelights
Direction indicator lights (amber only)
At the back:
Two red lights (commonly known as tail lights)
Two red brake lights
Two red reflectors
Number plate lighting
Direction indicator lights (amber only)
42
REMEMBER
Your lights, reflectors, number plate lighting and direction indicators
will be effective only if you keep them clean and in good working order.
Remember:
You must only use fog lights in dense fog or falling snow. Turn them off in
clear weather or you will risk causing glare and may dazzle other drivers.
You may fit high mounted rear brake lights if you wish, but fitting other
optional lighting is controlled by law.
Sections 16, 17 and 20 deal with the required lighting for motorcycles, bicycles
and horse-drawn vehicles.
Before you change or alter the physical appearance of your vehicle, for example by
fitting spot lights, bull bars or ornaments, take care not to increase the risk to road
users, in particular the more vulnerable ones, for example cyclists and pedestrians.
The use of flashing lights, with the exception of direction indicators, is solely
reserved for Gardaí, ambulance and other designated service vehicles. You must
not fit blue or red flashing lights to your vehicle. See www.dttas.ie for details.
A vehicle must have white or yellow lights showing to the front and red lights
showing to the rear, together with amber direction indicators and white or
yellow reverse lamps.
You should not make any technical modifications to your vehicle without
professional advice as these may have legal and safety implications.
You should also inform your insurance company, as some modifications can
invalidate your insurance policy.
It is recommended that dipped headlights only be used when driving or when
stopped in traffic. Avoid having them switched on when stopped at the side of
the road. You should not use headlights when parked. If you need lights when
parked or stopped, use ‘side’ lights or ‘parking’ lights.
If your vehicle is fitted with day time running lights, remember to switch on
your dipped head lights at lighting up time.
REMEMBER
Please note that specific reflective markings must be displayed on HGVs
and their trailers. Please see www.rsa.ie for further information.
43
Windscreens
Type of windscreen: Laminated glass must be used for the windscreens of motor
vehicles registered since January 1986. It must also be used when replacing
damaged windscreens of older vehicles.
Windscreen wipers: Keep your windscreen wipers and wiper blades in good
working condition and keep your windscreen washer liquid topped up.
Clear vision: Keep your windscreen and windows clean and free of clutter to
make sure you can see the road and other road users clearly.
Mirrors
Your vehicle must have mirrors fitted so that you always know what is behind
(rear-view) and to each side (door or wing mirrors).
On large vehicles the fitment of a front mirror, known as a Cyclops mirror, has
the potential to reduce fatalities and serious injuries from collisions between
HGVs and cyclists or pedestrians.
All HGVs must have Cyclops, close proximity and wide-angle mirrors to eliminate
‘blind spots’ and protect pedestrians and cyclists to the front and sides of the
vehicles. This requirement also applies to buses where they have been fitted by
the original manufacturer as part of the vehicles type approval process.
Note:
HGVs registered after 2007 are obliged to have these safety-enhancing mirrors.
From 1 October 2012, the HGV annual roadworthiness test includes a check to
see that you comply with the regulations.
Further details are available at www.rsa.ie.
Additional information is also available from vehiclestandards@rsa.ie or
alternately at 096-25014.
When to use mirrors: You must use your vehicle’s mirrors before signalling,
before moving off, changing lanes, overtaking, slowing down, stopping, turning,
or opening doors.
In addition, you should check your mirrors regularly while driving to see what is
going on behind your vehicle.
Clear vision: As with lights and reflectors, you must keep your mirrors clean, in
good condition and correctly positioned to make sure they are effective.
44
Safety belts
Where safety belts are fitted, you must wear them. The only exceptions are for:
people who wear a disabled person’s belt,
people whose doctors have certified that, on medical grounds, they
should not wear a safety belt,
driving instructors or driver testers during a lesson or a test, and
Gardaí or members of the Defence Forces in the course of their duty.
Private buses and heavy goods vehicles registered since 20 October 2007 must
have seat belts fitted.
Bus owners are required to present documentation at their bus roadworthiness
test certifying that any seat belts fitted to their vehicle meet a minimum safety
standard.
Since October 2011, all buses involved in the organised transport of children
must be fitted with certified seat belt installations. This requirement does not
apply to the transport of children on bus services offered to the general public
(scheduled urban or inter-urban bus services).
REMEMBER
Not wearing a safety belt is a crime. No Seatbelt, No Excuse.
See Appendix 4 for details of seatbelt offences and penalty points.
45
Child restraint systems

Safety belts are designed mainly for adults and older children. Child safety laws
make it compulsory for all children to use the correct child restraint child seat,
booster seat or booster cushion. Children under 150 centimetres tall and less
than 36 kilograms in weight must be restrained in an appropriate child restraint
system when travelling in a passenger car or goods vehicle.
Examples of appropriate restraint systems are baby car seats and booster seats.
You must comply with the following:
Children under 3 years of age must not travel in a car or goods vehicle
(other than a taxi) unless restrained in the correct child seat.
Children aged 3 years or over who are under 150cms in height and weigh
less than 36 kilograms (generally children up to 11 or 12 years old) must
use the correct child seat or booster cushion when travelling in cars or
goods vehicles.
A rearward-facing child car seat must not be used in the front passenger
seat of cars with active airbags.
A child car seat must be in accordance with EU or United Nations –
Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) standards.
Where safety belts have been fitted, they must be worn.
Make sure passengers aged under 17 use the correct seat, booster seat,
booster cushion or seatbelt. All drivers are legally responsible for this.
You will be breaking the law if you fail to comply with the rules above explaining
child restraint system requirements. Specifically, it is an offence for a driver to:
allow a passenger under 17 years of age to occupy a seat without
wearing a seatbelt,
allow a child under 3 years of age to travel in a vehicle without being
restrained by an appropriate child restraint,
allow a child over 3 years of age to travel in a vehicle without being
restrained by an appropriate child restraint, or
allow a child to be restrained by a rearward-facing child restraint fitted to
a seat which is protected by an active frontal airbag.
These offences attract a fixed charge and up to 5 penalty points.
Ensuring a child is properly restrained in a child car seat can reduce injuries by
up to 90-95% for rear-facing seats and 60% for forward-facing seats*.
*Source: AA Motoring Trust
46
Weigh your child to find out

what type of seat would suit them
Weight in kg 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Rearward-
Facing 0-13 It’s the
Baby Seat
Law
<150cm
Forward
Facing
Child Seat
9-18 <36kgs
www.rsa.ie/ checkitfits
Extended
Rearward-
Facing
9-25
Child Seat
High-back
Booster
Seat 15-36
Booster
Cushion
22-36
Weight in kg 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
47
What to remember when using child restraints

Choose a child restraint appropriate to your child’s height and weight.
Use the child restraint for every journey, no matter how short.
Choose a seat that:
• bears an E mark (meaning that it meets United Nations Standard ECE
Regulation 44.03, 44.04 or Regulation 129),
• suits the child’s weight and height, and
• is suitable for the type of car it’s being used in.
There are so many advantages to buying a child car seat brand new,
including knowing its history and being confident that there is no
damage or missing parts.
Fit the child seat correctly, according to the manufacturer’s instructions,
and seek advice from an expert if you’re unsure.
It is safer to fit the seat in the back seat of your car.
It is recommended that you buy a child car seat only from a retailer who will
check that it fits. Make sure it suits your child and can be fitted safely in your
car. For further information go to www.rsa.ie/childsafetyincars.
It is also recommended that you have the fitting of your child car seat checked
regularly. The RSA provides a free child car seat checking service, so please visit
www.checkitfits.ie for more information about when the service will be in your
area.
Restraints for passengers under 17

By law, the driver of a passenger car or goods vehicle must ensure passengers
under 17 years of age wear a safety belt or an appropriate child restraint. You
may receive up to 5 penalty points if your passengers in this age group are not
belted or restrained.
If you would like more information, you can get a booklet and DVD called Child
Safety in Cars from the Road Safety Authority. Check the RSA website for more
details, www.rsa.ie.
48
Roof racks and roof boxes

If you use a roof rack or roof box, you must:
securely fit it to your vehicle,
make sure that the load does not block your view of the road in any direction,
never overload it,
never place the load in a way that might cause it to fall off, and
never load the rack or box in a way that would destabilise your vehicle.
To be safe, you are strongly advised to check that the roof rack or box is
correctly mounted and the load is completely secured before you set off. These
checks also apply if you are using a rear or roof-mounted bicycle rack.
Vehicle registration plates

The law sets down what vehicle registration plates must look like. The two
diagrams below show the only formats that are allowed for vehicles registered
in Ireland on or after 1 January 1991.
Diagram 1: Diagram 2:
Vehicle registration plates must be kept clean and legible. All numbers and
letters must be in plain black text on a plain white reflective background. There
should be no italics or shadows. You must not interfere with a registration
plate.
If you would like more information on vehicle plates, you can get a leaflet from
the following page on Revenue’s website: http://www.revenue.ie/en/tax/vrt/
leaflets/format-vehicle-registration-plates.html.
Other safety responsibilities

As a driver, you have a number of other responsibilities to your passengers.
49
Children in motor vehicles

You must not leave infants or young children on their own in a motor vehicle, even if
you are only away for a short time. The children may face a number of hazards, such as:
a fire breaking out,
difficulty in breathing on a warm day (if all windows are closed), and
being trapped in electric windows, which could result in serious injury or death.
Animals in motor vehicles

Animals should be securely contained when traveling in a vehicle using an
appropriate harness or cage to avoid injury to the animal or to other passengers.
You should never leave animals alone in vehicles. It is cruel and unsafe and can
result in injury to the animal and damage to your vehicle.
Using a mobile phone

You must not drive a vehicle or ride a motorbike while using a hand-held mobile
phone. It is an offence, for which you may receive a fixed charge and up to 5
penalty points.
You must not send a text message or email or read a text message or email
from a mobile phone while driving a vehicle or riding a motorbike. It is an
offence for which a person will face a compulsory court appearance and a fine to
be determined by the judge. There is also the possibility of a prison term of up
to 3 months to be imposed in cases of multiple offences in a 12-month period.
There is no option to take the lesser penalty of penalty points for this offence.
You may only use your mobile phone when you are driving if you are phoning
999 or 112, or you are responding to another type of genuine emergency.
Cyclists should never use a mobile phone when cycling and pedestrians should
be careful when using one.
Personal entertainment systems

As a road user, you should avoid using personal entertainment systems through
earphones. These systems – for example, personal radios and MP3 players –
can distract you, and may prove dangerous when driving or crossing the road.
Cyclists in particular should avoid these systems, as they rely on their hearing
while on the road.
If you do use a personal or in-car system, play it at a volume that does not
distract or prevent you from hearing emergency sirens or car horns.
50
Section 5:
Good driving practice
This section describes how to do the most common driving manoeuvres safely
and with consideration for other road users. It focuses on:
moving off,
your position on the road,
changing traffic lanes,
overtaking,
reversing,
u-turns,
slowing down or stopping,
towing,
day time running lights,
driving at night, and
using a horn.
Moving off
Before moving off, carry out the following safety checks:
• check that all doors, the bonnet and the boot are closed;
• make sure your seat and head restraint are properly adjusted;
• make sure your rear view mirrors are clean and properly adjusted; and
• check that all safety belts (yours and those of your front-seat and back-
seat passengers) are fastened.
Before moving off from the kerb, you must take the appropriate all
around observations, check your mirrors and signal, just before moving
off check the blind spot to the relevant side, over the right shoulder if
moving off to the right or over the left shoulder if moving to the left.
51
When the way is clear, move out and adjust your speed to that of the
normal safe and legal flow of traffic.
Always look in your mirror but remember that there are blind spots, so
always check over your shoulders as well. Traffic and pedestrians may be
coming up beside your vehicle. When moving off from a stationary
position check your blind spots by looking around you.
When you are ready to move off, check your mirrors and signal your
intention to move out into traffic.
Your position on the road

Make sure you drive your vehicle far enough to the left to allow traffic to safely
pass or overtake on the right, but not so far to the left that you are driving on a
cycle lane or blocking or endangering cyclists or pedestrians.
52
What to do if you need to change your road position

If you are overtaking, turning right or passing pedestrians, cyclists, horse
riders, other road users or parked vehicles, make sure it is safe to do so.
Always check in your mirror for any vehicles coming up on your right or
overtaking from behind, and don’t forget to check your blind spots.
Give a clear signal to warn traffic in good time of your intentions and
proceed.
Taking care with buses and pedestrians

You should allow signalling buses back into the stream of traffic after they
let passengers on and off. Be especially careful of pedestrians getting on and
off buses and of children near schools. When driving near schools, always
be prepared to stop. The RSA advises you to drive your vehicle in a defensive
manner, be prepared to stop, sound the horn and brake. Always expect the
unexpected.
Taking care with cyclists

If you are at a junction where there is an advanced stop line for cyclists, you
should allow cyclists to move off ahead of you.
When turning left, all drivers, especially drivers of heavy goods vehicles, must
watch out for cyclists and motorcyclists going ahead or turning.
53
On left turns, watch out for cyclists and mopeds close to the kerb in front of you
or coming up on your left. Do not overtake a cyclist as you approach a junction
if you are turning left, as the cyclist might be continuing straight ahead.
You should give extra space when overtaking a cyclist, as they may need to
avoid uneven road surfaces and obstacles. This is particularly important on wet
or windy days.
In speed zones of up to 50kmh you should keep a distance of at least 1 metre.

In speed zones of over 50kmh you should keep a distance of at least 1.5 metres.
Give the space to ride safe.
Sharing the road with cyclists

Correct road positioning will allow a cyclist to move safely and competently on
the road network.
Drivers should be aware that cyclists may need to change direction from the
normal secondary position on the road (left side of the road) to a more primary
riding position (centre of the road) in order to:
get the best view of the road and junctions ahead.
increase visibility for approaching traffic, especially where a driver’s view
may be blocked.
turn left or right, enter a roundabout, change lanes or approach a bend.
Before changing position on the road, cyclists should ‘look, signal in good
time and look again’ to ensure that it is safe to proceed. Where a cyclist is not
confident in taking up the ‘primary’ position, it may be safer to get off the bike
and cross the roadway on foot where it is safer.
Drivers, always check and give extra space to cyclists, as they may need to
change position to safely avoid uneven road surfaces and obstacles.
54
Changing traffic lanes

Don’t move from one traffic lane to another without good reason.
You must give way to traffic already in the lane into which you are moving.
REMEMBER
Signalling does not give you the right of way.
How to change lanes safely

If you have good reason to change lanes, use your mirrors and check in
plenty of time to ensure that the way is clear. To check your blind spot
when travelling at speed, take a quick sideways glance to check the
position of a vehicle that may have disappeared from your view in the
mirror.
Signal your intention and change lane when it is clear and safe to do so.
When in a lane or approaching a junction, obey any road signs or
markings (usually arrows) indicating the direction that traffic in those
lanes must take.
55
Overtaking
Only overtake if it is safe for you and other road users. Be particularly careful of
features that may hinder your view of the road ahead, such as hills, dips, bends,
bridges, pedestrian crossings or roads narrowing. Pay attention to the rules on
road signs or markings (continuous, broken, single, double white lines) covered
in Section 6.
How to overtake safely

Make sure the road ahead is clear so you have enough distance to overtake and
get back to your own side of the road without forcing any other road user to
move to avoid you.
Never directly follow another overtaking vehicle.
Give way to faster traffic already overtaking from behind.
Before overtaking check that the way is clear, check in your mirror and
check your blind spots to ensure another vehicle is not approaching from
behind. Give your signal in good time, move out when it is safe to do so,
accelerate and overtake with the minimum of delay.
When you are well past, check the mirror, signal and gradually move in
again making sure not to cut across the vehicle you have passed.
Take extra care when overtaking a vehicle displaying a ‘LONG VEHICLE’
sign. This means that the vehicle is at least 13 metres long and you will
need extra road length to pass it and safely return to the left-hand side of
the road.
You must not break the speed limit, even when overtaking.
56
REMEMBER
You must normally overtake on the right. However, you are allowed to
overtake on the left in the situations listed below.
You may overtake on the left when

You want to go straight ahead when the driver in front of you has moved
out and signalled that they intend to turn right.
You have signalled that you intend to turn left.
Traffic in both lanes is moving slowly but traffic in the left-hand lane is
moving more quickly than the right-hand lane – for example, in slow-
moving stop-start traffic.
You must not overtake when

You are at or near a pelican crossing, zebra crossing or at pedestrian
signals.
A traffic sign or road marking prohibits it.
You are approaching a junction.
You are on the approach to a corner, bend, dip in the road, hump-back
bridge, brow of a hill or on a narrow road.
You are in the left-hand lane of a dual carriageway or motorway when
traffic is moving at normal speed.
It would cause danger or inconvenience to another road user.
What to do when somebody overtakes you

Continue at the same pace, unless it becomes unsafe to do so.
Keep as near to the left as is safe.
Do not accelerate.
Be alert in case the overtaking vehicle suddenly pulls back in front of you.
57
Reversing
How to reverse safely
Check for nearby pedestrians and traffic by looking carefully all around, in
front of and behind you, over both your shoulders, directly through your
rear window and in your mirrors.
Take special care where small children may be gathered, such as schools,
playgrounds, residential roads, car parks or your own driveway.
If your view is restricted, ask for help when reversing.
Give way to other traffic or pedestrians.
When reversing from a major road onto a minor road, wait until it is
safe to reverse slowly far enough into the side road to allow you to take
up the correct position on the left-hand side when rejoining the major
road.
Take extra care when reversing if it is dark.
If you are in doubt, get out of your vehicle and check the area.
You must not reverse from a minor road onto a major road as it is unsafe
to do so.
When parking in your own driveway or in a car park, you should, where
possible, reverse ‘in’ which enables you to safely drive out.
U-turns
You must not make a U-turn unless traffic conditions make it completely safe to
do so.
Check there are no signs or road markings prohibiting a U-turn, for

example a continuous centre white line.
Check that the road is not one way.
Look for a safe place, where you can see clearly in all directions.
Give way to all other road users.
Check carefully for cyclists and motorcyclists.
58
Do not delay or prevent pedestrians from crossing safely.

Make sure there is sufficient room to complete your manoeuvre safely
and smoothly.
No U-turn
(See Section 9 for rules and guidelines on turning)
Slowing down or stopping at the side of a road

Check in your mirror to make sure you can slow down and stop safely.
You must signal your intention when changing course and pulling in to stop.
In addition to your indication you can signal your intention to slow down
either through the brake lights or by moving your right arm up and down
outside your vehicle window (shown below) if you think your brake lights
might not be seen or might not be working. If they are not working, have
them repaired as soon as possible.
59
You should not leave your headlights on when stopping at the side of the
road, including laybys or private property. If you need to leave your lights
on, you should use your ‘side’ or ‘parking’ lights only.
Use a traffic lay-by if one is provided or pull in and stop close to the left-
hand edge of the road.
Towing
If you are towing another vehicle or a trailer (including a boat trailer or a
caravan), remember the following points.
Make sure the tow bar or other towing device is strong enough and is
attached securely so that it does not break or become loose when used.
Make sure the breakaway brake or secondary coupling is in place and
secured.
A ‘breakaway brake’ attached to a trailer is a braking device that can

automatically stop the trailer if it becomes detached from the towing vehicle
while moving. A ‘secondary coupling’ is usually a safety chain or wire rope or
other similar connection which ensures the trailer stays attached to its towing
vehicle if the main coupling fails or becomes detached. A secondary coupling is
not needed if the trailer is equipped with a breakaway brake. Further
information on these devices is available on www.rsa.ie.
Tow ball
Draw bar
Trailer
coupling
Towing (drawing)
Trailer
vehicle
Tow bar Jockey wheel

Breakaway brake
Do not allow a distance of more than 4.5 metres (about 15 feet) between
the vehicles or the vehicle and the trailer.
60
If more than 1.5 metres separates the vehicles, use some warning device
such as a white flag of at least 30 centimetres squared to draw attention
to the tow bar.
If you need to tow another vehicle using a rope or strap – for example, a
broken down vehicle – you should only do so to the nearest convenient
safe place of repair.
If towing a vehicle that has its own steering gear, make sure somebody
remains in that vehicle to take charge of the steering.
If towing a vehicle, the person who steers the towed vehicle must hold a
licence to drive the same category of vehicle.
Make sure a trailer is fitted with brakes if it has a Maximum Authorised
Mass (MAM) of more than 750kg or is more than half the laden weight
of the drawing vehicle (whichever is lower). This includes a parking
brake and a breakaway brake. Older trailers that don’t have a
breakaway brake must have a secondary coupling (a chain or wire rope)
fitted instead.
A combination of vehicles or an articulated vehicle more than 13 metres
long must display a ‘LONG VEHICLE’ sign or signs on the back of the last
trailer.
Loads must be safely distributed and securely tied down. You should avoid
carrying loads that extend over the side of the trailer while it’s being towed.
Loads may extend over the side and rear of trailers provided the following limits
are not exceeded:
61
Loads (other than poles intended for use by telephone or electricity

services) must not project more than 3 metres beyond the rearmost part
of a trailer.
Loads overhanging to the rear by more than 1 metre must be marked
during the day with a red flag or cloth which is at least 300 millimetres
square (about 12 inches square). However, at night time, overhanging
loads must be fitted with a red reflector and a red light.
Loads (other than loose agricultural produce which is not baled or in
crates) must not project more than 300 millimetres (about 12 inches
square) over the outermost point of the side of the trailer. At night, these
loads must be fitted with lights showing a white light to the front and a
red light to the rear. These lights must be placed as close as possible to
the outermost point of the load.
If possible, loads should be evenly distributed across the trailer and
positioned in such a way as to keep the nose weight (that is, the weight
exerted by the trailer drawbar on the coupling) within the recommended
limits for the drawing vehicle. Consult the owner’s handbook for further
details. If you have to carry a load that cannot be evenly distributed,
make sure it is properly restrained and that individual axles or the
drawbar are not overloaded. You might have to reduce the overall load to
achieve this.
When towing a trailer, the maximum speed at which the vehicle can
travel may be different from the posted speed limit. Please see page 114
for more information.
Further information on towing different loads safely and calculating the towing
capacity of a vehicle is available on www.rsa.ie.
Driving at night
Make sure your lights, indicators, reflectors and number plate lighting are clean
and in good working order so that you can see clearly and be seen at all times.
A clean windscreen is especially important when driving at night.
You must drive at a speed that allows you to stop within the distance covered
by your lights. Assuming good driving conditions on an unlit road, the
headlights of a typical car let you see for about 100 metres. Dipped lights will
let you see for about 30 metres and a car travelling at 100km/h will cover this
distance in about a second.
62
Keep your headlights adjusted properly. If they are out

of line, they are less effective and may dazzle oncoming
traffic, even when dipped.
Even with the best headlights, you can see less at night
than during the day. Pedestrians and unlit bicycles are
extremely difficult to see in the dark, particularly if you
have to deal with the glare of oncoming lights.
Some junctions are marked with special coloured studs
or delineator posts to help road users to see where a
junction is as they approach it at night or during periods
of poor visibility. Junction delineator post
Daytime running lights

‘Daytime running lights’ refers to driving with dipped headlights during
daytime. The use of dipped headlights can help reduce the number of deaths
and serious injuries on our roads.
Make sure to turn on your dipped head lights at lighting up time as daytime
running lights are not suitable or safe to use at night time.
If your vehicle is not fitted with daytime running lights, you should drive with
your dipped headlights on during the daytime.
63
When to use headlights

If conditions require you to use headlights to drive safely, you must use them.
Use dipped headlights at night or main beam headlights as appropriate. When
in doubt, turn them on. Make sure that the red lights and number plate lighting
at the back of your vehicle are working.
Use dipped headlights:
just after the beginning (dusk) and before the end (dawn) of lighting-up hours;
as long as they are needed to let you see clearly;
when stopped in traffic;
when meeting other traffic;
in built-up areas where there is good street lighting;
on continuously lit roads outside built-up areas;
when following behind another vehicle;
where there is dense fog, falling snow or heavy rain;
when daylight is fading; and
generally to avoid inconveniencing other traffic.
It is good practice to use dipped headlights or to dim or dip your lights instead
of using only sidelights in built-up areas where there is good street lighting.
Use main beam headlights in situations, places and times outside of
those listed above.
Use fog lights only during dense fog or falling snow. You must turn them
off at all other times.
It is recommended that, if stopped (other than in traffic), you do not
leave your headlights on and switch to your ‘side’ or ‘parking’ lights
instead. You should not leave headlights on when parked.
What to do if you are dazzled by another vehicle’s headlights

Slow down and stop if necessary.
Always watch for pedestrians or cyclists on your side of the road.
If the dazzle is from an oncoming vehicle, avoid it by looking towards the
verge (edge of your side of the road) until the vehicle has passed. If the
dazzle is from a vehicle behind you and reflected in your mirror, operate
the night-driving mode on the mirror.
64
Driving carefully behind other vehicles

Section 8 covers the importance of keeping a safe distance behind vehicles in
front of you. In particular, don’t drive on the tail lights of the vehicle in front. It
gives a false sense of security and may lure you into driving too close or too
fast, or both. If you see red vehicle lights in front of you, dip your headlights to
avoid dazzling the driver of the vehicle ahead.
Using a horn
Only use a horn to:
warn other road users of on-coming danger; or
make them aware of your presence for safety reasons when reasonably
necessary.
Remember, the horn does not give you the right of way.
Do not use a horn in a built-up area between 11.30 at night and 7 in the
morning unless there is a traffic emergency.
REMEMBER
You must drive having due regard to other road users.
65
Section 6:
Traffic signs and road markings
You must know what traffic signs and road markings mean before you attempt
to drive on a public road. This section focuses on the signs that you as a driver
will come across most often. Sections 21 to 25 covers a range of the most
important signs currently used on Irish roads.
You must know and understand these signs and respond correctly when you see
them on the road.
Traffic signs and roadway markings are divided into three broad categories:
Regulatory,
Warning, and
Information.
Sometimes signs from different categories are used together to improve road
safety.
Different types of signs are used for bus and cycle lanes, motorways and
railway crossings and bridges. There is also a special series of warning signs for
roadworks. These are all outlined at the end of this section.
Regulatory signs
These indicate what you must do under road traffic law, so all road users must
obey them. Regulatory signs are divided into a number of groups:
Upright signs;
Road markings; and
Traffic lights.
This section concentrates on regulatory upright signs and road markings.
Section 7 covers traffic lights in detail.
66
Upright signs
What they look like:
These generally come in two formats. Their shape can be circular, octagonal,
triangular or rectangular, as shown in the examples below:
a white background with a red border and black letters, symbols or
numbers, and
a blue background with white symbols or letters.
Zonal restriction
Stop Yield Yield – no parking of
large vehicles
No entry to
No entry 100km/h Parking prohibited
vehicles
Tram lane Start of Contra flow

Turn left
on right cycle track bus lane
Please note that it is a fixed charge offence of €60 to ignore the ‘No entry to
vehicles’ sign pictured above.
67
The sign below applies to drivers of HGVs and large non-passenger vehicles. It
means that vehicles with the number of axles shown (or more) cannot use the
road during the times shown without a permit. You should check the
information plate or the permit to confirm the time limits and any restrictions
that apply.
No entry to goods vehicles (by

Information plate
reference to number of axles)
The signs below apply to all drivers of vehicles which may exceed the weight,
width or length restrictions on certain roads. You must comply with such signs.
It is an offence to proceed past such signs if your vehicle exceeds the maximum
weight, width or length. This offence attracts a fixed charge of €60.
maximum design
maximum axle
maximum width maximum height gross vehicle
loading weight
sign sign weight sign
sign
(safety)
68
Stop and Yield signs

As you can see from the diagram, the upright Stop sign is a red octagon with a
white border. It is the only regulatory sign of this shape. Stop signs appear at
junctions with major roads. If you approach a Stop sign, you must stop
completely before entering the major road, no matter how quiet it might
appear.
Stop
The upright Yield sign shown is just one version of this sign. Other versions are
the same shape and colour but might say ‘Yield Right of Way’, or ‘Géill Slí’. If
you see a Yield sign on the road, usually near a junction or roundabout, you
must give way to any traffic on a major road ahead and you must not proceed
onto the main road until it is safe to do so. Make sure you allow enough time to
complete your manoeuvre. It is better to be safe than sorry.
Yield Géill Slí
Traffic lane control signs

These traffic lane control signs will be found on national roads or motorways.
When the signs are operational, the amber lights at the top and bottom will
flash in turn.
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A green arrow pointing down means the lane is open and you can proceed in
that lane.
Go (lane open)
A red X means the lane is closed. You must stop. You must not pass this sign. It
has the same effect as a stop sign.
Stop (lane closed)
A green arrow pointing to the left means you must move into the left-hand lane.
In doing so you must observe the general rules of the road about safely
changing lanes.
Move into the left-hand lane
A green arrow pointing to the right means you must move into the right-hand
lane. In doing so you must observe the general rules of the road relating to
safely changing lanes.
Move into the right-hand lane
Where a driver proceeds beyond one of the above traffic lane control signs other
than in accordance with the sign or without yielding, they will be liable for a
fixed charge of €60.
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One-way streets
When you are approaching a one-way street, you may see one of two regulatory
signs. If you are at the entrance to a one-way street, you will see the ‘Proceed
Straight Ahead’ regulatory sign. If you are approaching the ‘wrong’ end of a
one-way street, you will see the regulatory road markings shown below to
indicate ‘No Entry’ and you must not enter past those markings.
You may also see an upright ‘No Entry’ sign with the road markings.
Straight ahead No entry No entry to vehicles
Driving in a one-way street

Even though all traffic on a one-way street is travelling in the same direction,
you should still drive on the left-hand side. You may leave the left-hand side
only if you intend to overtake or turn right up ahead. You may drive on either
side of a traffic island, but take note of arrow markings on the road.
Only change lanes if you have to. If you have to change lanes, check your
mirrors and any blind spots for any traffic coming up behind you or overtaking
you. When the way is clear, signal your intention and move, giving way to any
traffic already in the lane.
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When turning right from a one-way street, drive as close as you can to the right-
hand side.
Remember that the road at the end of a one-way street may be two-way. You
may see the warning sign below if it is.
Two-way traffic
Streets for pedestrians

The regulatory sign below shows that the street is closed to all road users
except pedestrians at the time shown on the information plate underneath.
Pedestrianised
street
Road markings
Road markings are a traffic sign in the form and design of a marking on the
surface of the road. They have the same status as upright signs. Road users
must obey these road markings.
The diagrams below show the most common types of road marking and what
they mean.
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Road markings What they mean
Single or double These divide two lanes of traffic traveling

continuous white in opposite directions. All traffic must
lines along the keep to the left of the line (except in an
centre of the road emergency or for access).
Longer white These divide two lanes of traffic traveling

lines or shorter in opposite directions. These warning
gaps between lines alert drivers to hazards such as
the lines along restricted vision, approach to a junction,
the centre of the approach to a roundabout, a hill, crests,
road bends and continuous white line ahead.
You must not cross them unless it is safe
to do so.
Short broken white These divide two lanes of traffic travelling

lines along the in opposite directions. You must not cross
centre of the road them unless it is safe to do so.
Double broken These divide two lanes of traffic traveling

white lines along in opposite directions. These alert drivers
the centre of the to continuous white lines a short distance
road ahead. As a driver, you must not cross
them unless it is safe to do so.
A broken white These divide two lanes of traffic traveling
line with a single in opposite directions. The driver must
white line along obey the line that is nearest to them. In
the centre of the this picture, the driver in the car must
road remain to the left of the continuous
white line.
A single broken This road contains a hard shoulder, which is

yellow line along normally only for pedestrians and cyclists.
the side of the If a driver wants to allow a vehicle behind
road them to overtake, they may pull in to
the hard shoulder briefly (but do not
continue driving in the hard shoulder)
as long as no pedestrians or cyclists
are already using it and no junctions or
entrances are nearby.
Different rules exist for hard shoulders on
motorways. See Section 11 for details.
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Road markings What they mean
A broken white Yield The driver must give right-of-way to

line crossing the any traffic on a major road ahead.
left-hand lane. The yield line usually appears with an
A white triangular upright Yield sign.
Yield symbol may
also be provided
with the Yield line.
A continuous white The driver must come to a complete

Stop line crossing stop before entering a major road.
the left-hand lane. The stop line sometimes appears with
The word STOP may an upright Stop sign.
also be written near
or at the Stop line.
An advanced stop Cyclists may position themselves in

line for cyclists, front of other traffic at a junction
which is in front controlled by traffic lights.
of the stop line for The motor vehicle driver must wait
other traffic behind the first white line they reach
and not cross into the shaded area.
The driver must also give cyclists
enough time and space to move off
when the lights turn green.
A turning box This shows where to position a vehicle

showing a white if you want to take a right turn. Do
arrow in a white not proceed into the box through a
edged box, found at red light.
junctions controlled If oncoming traffic means you cannot
by traffic lights take a right turn immediately, you
must wait in the box until you can
safely take the turn.
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Warning signs
These signs warn you of hazards ahead, such as roundabouts, crossroads,
dangerous bends or anything else that would call on you to drive more
carefully. You should always take special care when you see a warning sign. If
you fail to observe these signs, you could create a hazard.
What they look like

All warning signs have the same format. They:
are diamond or rectangular in shape;
have a yellow background with a black border; and
use a black symbol to show the hazard ahead.
They are also upright, meaning they are at the side of the road or mounted on a
wall instead of painted onto the road surface.
This diagram shows some of the most common warning signs.
Series of
Dangerous corner
Roundabout ahead dangerous bends School ahead
ahead
ahead
Tram lane Chevron board

Crossroads T-junction
warning sign for (a sharp change of direction to the right)
pedestrians
Section 22 has more examples of warning signs.
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Roadwork signs
These signs differ from other warning signs. You should always take extra care
and reduce your speed when you see these signs.
The signs are:
rectangular or diamond in shape; and
orange with a black border and black symbols or words.
The images below are examples of these signs.
Temporary traffic
End of detour Roadworks ahead Flagman ahead
signals ahead
The movement of vehicles at or near roadworks is controlled by law.
Stop and Go traffic control at roadworks

When roadworks are being carried out you must stop when you see the Stop
sign (pictured below). You may only proceed through or past the roadworks
when the Go sign (Téigh) is displayed. It is an offence not to obey these signs.
Where plant or machinery is crossing the roadway and no matter what direction
you approach from, you must stop when you see the Stop sign (pictured below).
You must obey these road signs. The signs can be operated by mechanical or
manual means.
Manual traffic control sign at roadworks
Stop Either form of Go or Téigh can be used
There are more signs displayed in Section 23.
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Variable Message Signs (VMS)

These signs provide information in an electronic format and are designed to
inform you of a range of issues relating to roads, roadworks and road safety. The
content of the sign will change, depending on the situation. You should pay
particular attention to these signs and messages.
Information regarding speed limit New road layout ahead

Mobile VMS (displaying text Mobile VMS (displaying

message) chevrons)
Arrow formats for mobile VMS
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Information signs
As their name suggests, these signs give information about directions and
distances from your current location.
What they look like

There are three formats for information signs:
blue signs with white letters on motorways,

green signs with white letters, which are on national roads, and
white signs with black letters, which are on local and regional roads.
Advanced direction signs
Motorway National road National road Regional road
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Motorway information signs

All motorway signs are blue. The following table identifies the most common
signs and what they mean.
Motorway signs What they mean
There is an entrance to a motorway

Motorway
ahead and the road users listed on the
ahead
sign must not enter the motorway.
The road user is now entering a

Entry to motorway and must obey motorway
motorway rules. This sign usually appears beside the
‘motorway ahead’ sign.
Countdown The driver is 300 metres from the next

sign exit off the motorway.

sign exit.

sign exit.
Motorway
There are 500 metres to the end of the
ends 500m
motorway.
ahead
End of The driver has reached the end of the

motorway motorway.
An additional lane is joining the

Lane gain sign
motorway.
Indicates distance to the next exit and

Next exit sign
supplementary routes.
Emergency
Motorists must follow a particular symbol
closure of
in order to re-join the motorway at the
sections on the
next junction.
motorway
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Section 11 covers the main rules on motorway driving. It is an offence to

disobey these rules.
Markings for merging and diverging traffic (hatched markings)

The diagrams show how the markings can be used for:
merging traffic – for example, where two lanes of traffic become one,
and
diverging traffic – for example, where channelling traffic taking a left

turn away from traffic going straight ahead.
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Markings for separating traffic (hatched markings)

Hatched markings can also be used for separating traffic travelling in opposite
directions (in what are called central median islands).
If you see these markings on a road, you must not enter the area they cover.
A 2-plus-1 road consists of two lanes in one direction of travel and one lane in
the other direction. The two-lane section allows for safe overtaking and
alternates with a one-lane section roughly every 2 kilometres.
There may be a safety barrier in the centre of the road which separates the two
directions of traffic and prevents drivers from overtaking in the one-lane section.
If vehicles need to turn right, they can do so at junctions.
In other cases, drivers who need to turn right or turn around may first turn left
onto a minor road and perform a U-turn in the area provided for that purpose.
They can then resume their journey as originally intended.
A form of 2-plus-1 road already exists on some climbing lanes on national primary
roads – the uphill stretch is two lanes and the downhill stretch is just one.
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Traffic calming signs

Some towns and villages use road features, signs and markings for traffic
calming, which generally involves slowing the pace of traffic and managing
its flow at junctions. The type of signs used for traffic calming are regulatory,
warning and information. When you enter one of these towns or villages, you
will see an information sign that may be combined with the town or village
name and a speed limit sign.
In these towns, expect the following speed reducing measures:
traffic islands,
gateways,
mini-roundabouts,
build-outs,
chicanes,
pinch points, and
ramps.
You may also come across the following signs on residential roads in built-up
areas. These signs indicate that the road includes ramps, speed cushions or
speed tables.
Mini-Roundabout
Ramps on road
ahead
Traffic calming Slow Zone
Please note that it is a fixed-charge offence of €60 plus one penalty point to violate
the rules relating to mini-roundabouts, the information sign for which is shown above.
Urban slow zones (30Km/h) for housing estates

Slow zones are usually found in self-contained areas with local roads and low traffic
volumes. Slow zones are usually accompanied by other traffic calming measures
such as speed bumps. Road users should take extra care and expect the unexpected.
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Special signs and markings for buses, trams, rail

and light rail
There are special regulatory signs and markings used to show the parts of a
road that are reserved for particular vehicles – namely buses, bicycles, trams
and light rail. The signs can be regulatory, warning or just for information. The
design of these signs is consistent with the design of regulatory, warning and
information signs.
This section deals with the more common signs that you will see as a road user.
You should take care when you see any signs for buses, bicycles, trams, rail and
light rail.
Bus signs
Bus lanes
Bus lanes are sections of road reserved for buses, whether public or private.
Taxis and bicycles may also use some bus lanes.
Where there is a bus lane, you will see an upright blue and white sign on
the side of the road on a pole, and on the roadway there will be markings of
a continuous white line and the words ‘Lána Bus’. You must obey the road
marking and the sign. The white plate shows when the section of road is meant
only for the buses shown. Normally, bus lanes operate from 7am to 7pm or
during peak hours. Outside these times, all traffic may use them. You should
check the information plate to confirm the time limits that apply.
There are two types of bus lane:
with-flow, and
contra-flow.
With-flow bus lane Contra-flow bus lane
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A with-flow near-side bus lane, shown below, runs in the same direction as the
traffic beside it. It can be used by bicycles and taxis as well as buses, and is
normally reserved during the periods shown on information signs at the start of
the lane.
Advance Advance
With-flow bus lane With-flow bus lane
information sign for information sign Information plate
on left (near-side) on right (off-side)
with-flow bus lane for off-side bus lane
Contra-flow bus lane

A contra-flow bus lane runs in the opposite direction to the traffic beside it. It is
reserved only for buses, which generally means that no other traffic may use it,
day or night, unless signs authorise its use by cyclists.
Contra-flow bus lane
If a ‘Yield’ sign appears at the end of the bus lane, the bus must give way to
other vehicles as it merges back into normal traffic.
Bus-only streets
As their name suggests, these streets are intended only for buses. Other traffic
may use them only to get access to a building or side road.
Bus only street
Section 10 covers the rules on parking in bus lanes.
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Trams and light rail signs

Road users must be familiar with signs for tram tracks for on-street trams (such
as the Luas in Dublin city and suburbs).
Regulatory signs for tram lanes

The blue signs pictured below show that a tram lane is running beside a traffic
lane ahead. A driver can only enter the tram lane to overtake another vehicle
when it is safe to do so.
Tram lane on left Tram lane on right
The red and white sign pictured below shows that a pedestrian may not walk
beyond the point where the sign is placed.
No entry for pedestrians to tramway
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A ‘No Entry’ sign with the information plate ‘Except Trams – Ach amháin Tramanna’
means that the street is only for trams and no other traffic is allowed enter it.
Tram only street Tram and access only street
A ‘No Entry’ sign with the information plate ‘Except Trams and Access – Ach
amháin Tramanna agus Rochtain’ means that a driver or cyclist may enter the
street if they need to enter or leave a building.
Remember, when approaching junctions where there is a tram line:
obey traffic lights, and
keep yellow junction boxes completely clear.
For more information on traffic lights, see Section 7. For more information on
types of junctions, see Section 9.
Warning signs for tram lanes
Pedestrians should cross tram tracks only where they see the sign pictured
below. It displays a tram symbol and the words ‘Féach gach treo - LOOK BOTH
WAYS’ to indicate a tramway crossing point.
The alternative text that may be shown on this warning is ‘Féach ar dheis, LOOK
RIGHT’ or ‘Féach ar chlé, LOOK LEFT’.
Look both ways Look right Look left
When in the vicinity of tramways, pedestrians are advised to:

stop, look both ways, listen;
walk, do not run;
always use designated crossing points; and
obey signs and listen for warning horns and tram chimes.
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Cyclists need to take special care because tram tracks can be slippery, especially
during wet or icy weather. The Luas warning sign for cyclists is shown below.
Slippery for cyclists
In particular, cyclists should avoid braking while on tram rails. They should
always cross tram rails at a right angle or as close to it as possible.
They should take care to avoid getting their bicycle wheels caught in the groove
of the tram rails.
Road users should be aware of the overhead wires used by trams. This is
particularly important for drivers carrying loads and people carrying long items.
All road users should be careful not to risk electrocution by touching overhead
wires, even indirectly.
Overhead electric cables Tramway crossing ahead Lána tram road marking
The LÁNA TRAM roadmarking sign may be used to draw attention to the
presence of tram tracks. It is an information sign to tell you there is a section of
road used by trams and vehicles. You should be aware that trams are controlled
by a different type of light signal and that you need to be extra careful.
Tram proceed Tram stop
Drivers must not follow a tram through a traffic light controlled junction
unless permitted to do so. For further information go to: www.luas.ie/-rules/
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Railway level crossings
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A railway level crossing is an intersection where a road or passage crosses a

railway track.
Drivers and other users should be aware of the different types of crossing, and
should know how to cross safely. You must always approach a level crossing
with care.
This section outlines the different types of level crossings and the correct and
safe way to use them.
As you approach any railway level crossing you must obey the signs and
roadway markings, slow down and be prepared to stop.
You must not enter a yellow box area unless you can clear it without stopping.
You must never stop on the railway tracks.
At unattended level crossings:
Use the Rail Cross Code each time you cross:

Always expect a train
Stop, Look and Listen
• Stop – at least two metres before the railway line
• Look – right and left, watching for the lights of approaching trains
• Listen – for a train horn or whistle
Give way to trains
Let any approaching train pass, then look right and left again
When the railway is clear, cross quickly.
If there are gates, shut and fasten them after you. It’s the law.
REMEMBER
Never stop a vehicle on the railway tracks.
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Emergency actions at level crossings

If your vehicle stalls or an animal strays on the railway:
Move everyone well clear of the railway.
Leave the animal or vehicle where it is.
Tell the railway controller, using the phone number displayed at the
crossing.
State the ‘crossing number’ shown at the crossing.
This
identification
number is
different for
each level
crossing
Example ‘crossing number’ plate shown at a level crossing
Unusual movements across level crossings

Drivers of very high vehicles should note that at level crossings with overhead
electrified lines, such as on the DART network, the safe headroom is 5 metres
(16ft 4ins).
You should contact the railway in advance, using the phone number displayed
at the level crossing, when arranging special events such as matches, funerals
or processions that will involve the use of the level crossing.
At level crossings with iron gates or automatic half-barriers, or on minor roads
where protection is by traffic lights only, you should contact the railway, using
the phone number displayed at the level crossing, to get permission before
crossing with:
awkward vehicles – for example, long, low, wide, heavy or slow, vehicles,
vehicles carrying dangerous goods or exceptional loads, and
crowds of people or herds of animals.
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How to use different types of level crossings safely

1. Unattended railway level crossings with iron gates
These unattended level crossings are found on minor roads. The railway is
normally guarded by iron gates which must be kept shut – there is no other
protection. The user has the responsibility to open and shut the gates after use.
It’s the law.
These crossings can be dangerous to use and drivers should use all available
help to cross safely. It is preferable for drivers to use a bridge or an attended or
automated level crossing where one is available.
Level crossing ahead, guarded

by gates or lifting barrier
Drivers – what you should do:

Prepare
STOP clear of the gates.
Switch off phone and music systems.
Open windows on driver and passenger sides.
Read instructions at the crossing.
Get a helper to operate the gates if possible.
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Give way to trains
Drive across safely

First walk across and open both gates.
Drive forward and STOP two metres clear of the railway line.
Apply your handbrake.
Look right and left and listen.
Drive across quickly when the railway is clear.
Stop well clear of the tracks on the opposite side.
Drivers – what you must do:

Shut gates at unattended level crossings
You must shut and fasten the gates as soon as you and any person,
animal or vehicle under your care has passed through.
Even if the gates are open when you arrive, you must shut and fasten
them after you to protect others.
Failure to shut and fasten the gates is an offence.
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REMEMBER
Stay Alert...
STOP, LOOK and LISTEN
Give way to trains
Think safety
Always shut and fasten the iron gates
Failure to do so is an offence.
2. Attended railway level crossings with gates or barriers operated by

railway staff
These level crossings are manually operated by railway staff. The level crossing
is only open to the public when the gates are fully open to the road.
Level crossing ahead,

guarded by gates or
lifting barrier
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Slow down approaching the crossing.
Be prepared to stop if necessary.
3. Automated railway level crossings protected by road traffic lights only

These level crossings have no barriers or gates. Users must obey the road traffic
lights at these open level crossings.
Level crossing ahead,

unguarded by gates or
lifting barrier

Obey the rules for traffic lights.
If you have already entered the crossing, move clear as quickly as possible.
Don’t drive onto the railway track until you can see enough free space on
the other side.
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4. Automated railway level crossings with barriers and flashing red lights
These level crossings have barriers and flashing lights. The barriers
automatically come down when a train is approaching. The amber light is the
same as an amber traffic light – stop safely when the amber light shows.
Flashing red lights have the same meaning as a steady red traffic light – you
must stop safely when they show.
Level crossing ahead with lights and

barriers. Crossing may also have
audible warning alarms.

Obey the rules for traffic lights.
If you have already entered the crossing, move clear as quickly as possible.
Wait for all lights to go out and barriers to be raised before moving on.
Don’t drive onto the railway line until you can see enough free space on
the other side.
REMEMBER
A flashing red light always means stop
You must never zigzag around the barriers of a level crossing
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Pedestrians crossing the railway
Pedestrians – what you should do:

Prepare
Switch off phones and music systems.
Read any instructions at the crossing.
Contact the railway in advance, using the phone number displayed at the
level crossing:
• if you are arranging special events such as matches, funerals or
processions that will involve the use of the level crossing
• to get permission before crossing the railway with crowds of people or
herds of animals at a level crossing with iron gates or automatic half-
barriers, or on minor roads where protection is by traffic lights only
Take extra care with a wheelchair, pram or buggy.
Beware
Never trespass onto a railway line.
Always expect a train.
Supervise children near the railway.
Keep dogs on a lead.
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Only cross at a designated level crossing.

Obey traffic lights, where provided.
If crossing with a pram, wheelchair or bicycle, you should cross the tracks
carefully to avoid getting the wheels caught in the groove.

Give way to trains
REMEMBER
STOP, LOOK and LISTEN
Give way to trains
Never trespass onto the railway
Pedestrians – what you must do:

Shut gates at unattended level crossings
You must shut and fasten the gates as soon as you and any person,
animal or vehicle under your care has passed through.
Even if the gates are open when you arrive, you must shut and fasten
them after you to protect others.
Failure to shut and fasten the gates is an offence.
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REMEMBER
Always shut and fasten the iron gates.
Emergency actions at level crossings

If your vehicle stalls or an animal strays on the railway:
Move everyone well clear of the railway.
Leave the animal or vehicle where it is.
Tell the railway controller, using the phone number displayed at the
crossing.
State the ‘crossing number’ shown at the crossing.
This
identification
number is
different for
each level
crossing
Example ‘Crossing number’ plate displayed at a level crossing
Cyclists and horse riders crossing the railway

As you approach a level crossing, you must obey the signs, slow down
and be prepared to stop.
You must obey the Rules of the Road.
Follow the relevant instructions and emergency actions applying to
pedestrians at railway level crossings.
Cyclists – cross at right angles to the tracks or else dismount to avoid
getting the wheels caught in the groove.
Cyclists and horse riders – dismount and walk across the railway line at
iron-gated level crossings and at passages.
For further information go to www.rsa.ie/Safety at Level Crossings.
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Railway bridges and overhead structures

Introduction
A railway bridge is a structure where a road or passage crosses a railway track
by a bridge either under or over the railway. As you approach a railway bridge,
you must obey any signs and roadway markings.
You will see an information notice similar to the one shown below on railway
bridges. This sign plate gives an identification number for the bridge and Iarnród
Éireann’s emergency contact phone number.
This bridge
identification
number is different
for each railway
bridge
Example Railway Bridge Identification Plate
Emergency actions – reporting bridge incidents

You must report immediately any incident of your vehicle striking a railway
bridge or structure whether or not damage is obvious. Drivers must use the
emergency telephone number to contact Iarnród Eireann following any incident
at a bridge, stating the nature of the incident and the bridge identification
number on the sign.
If you cannot make contact immediately at this number, you must immediately
notify a member of An Garda Síochána.
REMEMBER
You must report any incident of your vehicle impacting a railway

structure.
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Bridge under the railway with height restriction
Goalposts
Bridge
Identification
Plate with
emergency
contact
details.
This is an example of a bridge with a height restriction under the railway. The
sign below is a regulatory height restriction sign, which may appear on a height-
restricted railway bridge. You must not pass unless your vehicle is lower than
the height shown on the sign.
Height restriction
In the case of arch bridges, the indicated height is available only over a certain
width of the arch. This width is shown by ‘goalposts’.
As you approach a bridge under the railway, you may see an advance warning
sign such as the ‘restricted headroom’ sign below showing the height restriction
that applies at the bridge. The height restriction is written first in feet and
inches and then in metres.
Low bridge ahead

(restricted headroom)
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Your vehicle, including any load being carried, must be lower than the height
shown on the warning sign. It is very important to know the height of your
vehicle and of any load being carried before you start your journey.
You may also encounter advance information signs with warnings such as the
signs below.
Advance information sign for low clearance railway bridge
REMEMBER
Know your height. Know your route.
Bridge over the railway

This is an example of a bridge over the railway. There can be restrictions on
vehicles entitled to use these bridges. These restrictions will usually be related
to vehicle weight, width and number of axles.
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These are some of the signs that you may see at a bridge over a railway.
As you approach a railway bridge you must obey any road signs and roadway
markings.
Examples of weight restriction signage
Maximum Gross Weight Maximum Axle Weight
The total weight of your

If any axle on your vehicle
vehicle including its load
exceeds this weight, you
must weigh less than this
cannot proceed beyond the
to safely proceed beyond
sign.
the sign.
Other signs
Maximum Gross Weight (Safety) Maximum Vehicle Width
If your vehicle’s gross

Your vehicle must be
weight exceeds that
narrower than the width
specified on the sign, you
shown to be permitted to
cannot proceed beyond
proceed beyond the sign.
the sign.
Road tunnel signs

These lane control signs are found above each traffic lane at, or on, the
approach to the entrance to a road tunnel and at regular intervals inside a road
tunnel. When the signs are operational, the amber lights at the top and bottom
will flash in turn.
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A green arrow pointing down means the lane is open and you are allowed to
proceed in that lane.
Go (lane open)
A red X means the lane is closed. You must stop. You must not pass this sign. It
has the same effect as a stop sign.
Stop (lane closed)
A green arrow pointing to the left means you must move into the left-hand
Move into the left-hand lane
A green arrow pointing to the right means you must move into the right-hand
Move into the right-hand lane
The following sign means that goods vehicles and large non-passenger vehicles
with three or more axles cannot use the right-hand lane of the carriageway. You
must travel in the left-hand lane of the carriageways in a road tunnel.
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In a tunnel, goods vehicles cannot use right-hand

lane (by reference to number of axles)
The regulation does not apply when:

a red X is displayed over the left-hand lane, which means the lane must
not be used;
a green arrow is displayed over the right-hand lane, which directs all
vehicles to use the right-hand lane; or
the left-hand lane is blocked.
There are two forms of speed limit signs in tunnels.
A standard speed limit sign applies where there is a fixed speed limit in a
tunnel. You must obey the speed limit and remember this is the
maximum permitted speed, not the required speed.
30km/h 40km/h 50km/h 60km/h 80km/h
Where the speed limit can vary in a tunnel, you will see a variable
message sign, which is a black square with a red circle and numbers in
white or yellow. The speed limit is shown by the numbers and will vary
according to traffic conditions and road safety considerations. You must
obey the speed limit and remember this is the maximum permitted
speed, not the required speed.
km/h km/h km/h km/h km/h
km/h
30km/h 40km/h 50km/h 60km/h 80km/h
When driving in some tunnels you may see electronic overhead signs, along with road
markings (chevrons) which combined advise you of the minimum distance you should
keep between you and the vehicle ahead of you. These signs should be obeyed.
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Section 7:
Traffic lights and signals
This section builds on Section 6, which covers traffic signs and road markings.
This section covers two general forms of traffic signals:
traffic lights, which direct the flow of traffic, and
signals given by motorists and cyclists to indicate their intent.
Traffic lights
These include lights controlling junctions and pedestrian crossings.
A red light means ‘Stop’. If the light is red as you approach it, you must not go
beyond the stop line at that light or, if there is no stop line, you must not go
beyond the light.
A green light means you may go on if the way is clear. Take special care if you
intend to turn left or right and give way to pedestrians who are crossing. A
green light is not a right of way – it is an indication that you can proceed with
caution.
REMEMBER
A green light is not a right of way, it is an indication that you may

proceed with caution, but only if the way is clear.
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An amber light means that you must not go beyond the stop line or, if there
is no stop line, you must not go beyond the light. However, you may go on if
you are so close to the line or the light when the amber light first appears that
stopping would be dangerous.
A green arrow (also known as a filter light) means that you may move on in the
direction of the arrow, assuming it is safe and the way is clear, even if a red
light is also showing.
If you wish to turn right at a set of traffic lights that has an arrow to the right
(or white rectangular box with white arrow), drive into the junction when you
see a green light. Take care not to block any oncoming traffic. Then, when it is
safe, finish your turn. You should only wait for the filter arrow for turning right
when you are in the junction and if it would be dangerous to finish your turn
before the filter light appears.
A flashing amber arrow pointing left can appear at a junction with another road.
It means that you may move on past the traffic light, but only if you first give
way to traffic already coming through the junction on the other road.
Remember that a flashing amber light at a pelican crossing means you must
yield to pedestrians. See Section 18, on pedestrian lights.
REMEMBER
You should always approach traffic lights at a speed that will allow you
to stop if the amber light appears.
Note: If the traffic lights at a controlled junction are out of order, you must first
stop at the control line and only proceed when it is safe to do so ensuring you
yield to all other traffic who have right of way.
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Cycle track lights

A red light showing a figure of a cyclist means that the cyclist must stop
at the traffic light.
A green light showing a figure of a cyclist means the cyclist may move
beyond the light as long as this does not put other road users in danger.
A flashing green light or an amber light showing a figure of a cyclist
means the cyclist may not cross the road unless they had started crossing
when there was a steady green cyclist light.
REMEMBER
Cyclists – you must obey the traffic lights and may only proceed past a
green traffic light if it is safe to do so.
Signals by motorists and cyclists

A motorist must always signal before they change their course. This means
signalling clearly and in good time before:
moving off,
turning right or left,
changing lanes,
overtaking,
slowing down, or
stopping.
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Signalling
Signals are an indication of intent – they do not confer a right of way. The law
requires you to signal properly before moving off, turning right or left, changing
lanes, overtaking, slowing down or stopping. You must signal clearly and in
good time.
If you are concerned that, for whatever reason, your direction indicators or stop
lamps are not giving an adequate signal, use clear, decisive hand signals as well.
An indicator is not a right of way.
Before you start to manoeuvre, you must exercise due care and attention with
particular heed to other road users, road conditions and how your driving will
impact other road users.
Always take care, especially when you:
intend to change lane;
turn across oncoming traffic;
drive onto or exit from a roundabout; and
drive into or reverse into a parking space.
Hand signals
Make sure you use hand signals to help, rather than confuse, other road users.
Make sure you are familiar with the hand signals shown on the next two pages.
Be prepared to use the appropriate hand signal where it will help others to
understand your intentions.
Learner drivers should be guided by their approved driving instructor on when
and where a hand signal might be particularly useful. For example:
when turning right just after changing position to pass stationary traffic
on the left; or
to indicate to oncoming traffic that you intend to give way at a
pedestrian crossing; or
where you believe another road user may not be able to see your flashing
indicators; or
where you believe your indicators are not working (you should have them
repaired before continuing your journey).
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The signals for cyclists and motorcyclists also apply to motorists and people
in charge of horse-drawn vehicles and agricultural machinery not fitted with
indicators.
The following are the hand signals to be used:
Hand signals to be given to traffic behind you
I am going to move out or

turn to my right.
I am going to turn to my left.

Note that the car driver moves his
arm and hand in an anti-clockwise
direction.
I am going to slow down

or stop.
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Hand signals to be given to a pointsman and oncoming traffic
I want to turn right.
I want to turn left.

Note that the car driver points the
right forearm and hand with the
fingers extended to the left.
I want to go straight on.
I want to slow or stop.
The signals for the cyclist apply also to a motorcyclist and to a person in charge
of a horse-drawn vehicle.
REMEMBER
Signals show only what you are intending to do – they never give you
right of way.
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Section 8:
Speed limits
A vehicle must not be driven at a speed exceeding that which will enable its
driver to bring it to a halt within a distance the driver can see to be clear.
This section describes the rules for keeping pace in traffic and the speed limits
that apply on different types of road and to different vehicles.
As a driver, you must always be aware of your speed and judge the appropriate
speed for your vehicle, taking into account:
driving conditions;
other users of the road;
current weather conditions;
all possible hazards; and
speed limits.
Driving conditions relate to the volume of traffic around you and the quality of
the road.
Other users of the road include motorcyclists, cyclists, pedestrians, school
children, animals and all others you, as a driver, should expect to see on the
road.
Possible hazards include anything you can see that could cause an emergency,
such as oncoming traffic if you are turning onto a major road. They also include
anything you cannot yet see and anything you can reasonably expect to happen,
such as a pedestrian walking onto the road in front of you, a child running onto
the road between parked cars, or animals on the roadway. It includes your own
physical and mental state while driving (for example whether you are stressed
or tired) and the condition of your vehicle.
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Driving safely in traffic – the two-second rule

Your vehicle is your responsibility. You must be in control at all times.
You must keep your vehicle to a speed that allows you to stop it:
safely, in a controlled way;
on the correct side of the road;
within the distance that you can see to be clear; and
without risk or harm to you, your passengers and any other users of the
road.
In traffic, the distance between your vehicle and the one in front of you is
known as the ‘safe headway’. Keep a safe headway by ensuring you are at least
two seconds behind the vehicle in front. This is known as the ‘two-second rule’.
You can use the following steps to check if you are obeying the rule:
On a dry road, choose a point like a lamp post or road sign.
When the vehicle in front passes that point, say out loud, ‘Only a fool
breaks the two-second rule’.
Check your position in relation to your chosen point as you finish saying
this. If you have already passed the point, you are driving too close to the
vehicle in front and need to pull back.
In wet weather, double the distance between your vehicle and the one in
front of you by saying ‘Only a fool breaks the two-second rule’ twice.
If travelling in more severe conditions such as snow, fog and ice, you
may need to repeat ‘only a fool breaks the two-second rule’ 4 or 5 times.
Use a fixed point to help measure a two-second gap.
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REMEMBER
Never drive closer than indicated by the two-second rule. If you drive
too close to the vehicle in front (tailgating) and the other driver brakes
suddenly, you may not have enough time to react. If you run into the
vehicle, you will be liable for any damage caused.
Cruise control
Avoid using cruise control in heavy rain, hail, snow, fog and icy conditions.
Cruise control can potentially reduce the control you have over your vehicle and
impact on your reaction time in dealing with a hazard.
Avoid driving too slowly

In normal road and traffic conditions, keep up with the pace of the traffic
flow while obeying the speed limit. While you must keep a safe distance
away from the vehicle in front, you should not drive so slowly that your
vehicle unnecessarily blocks other road users. If you drive too slowly, you risk
frustrating other drivers, which could lead to dangerous overtaking. However,
remember: you must not drive at a speed at which you cannot stop the vehicle
within the distance you can see to be clear ahead.
Speed limits
Signed speed limits set the maximum speed at which vehicles may legally travel
on a section of road between speed limit signs, assuming the vehicles are not
restricted in any way.
The signs indicate the maximum speed at which your vehicle may travel on a
particular road or stretch of road, not the required speed for the road.
There are two types of speed limit:
speed limits that apply to roads; and
speed limits that apply to certain types of vehicles.
Speed limits on roads

All public roads have speed limits. In most cases, a ‘default’ speed limit applies.
This automatically applies to a particular type of road if there is no speed limit
sign to show otherwise.
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The following table sets down the default speed limits for different roads under
the Road Traffic Act 2004.
Type of road Speed limit
Motorway
120kmh
(Blue Signs - M numbers)
National roads (primary and

secondary) 100kmh
(Green Signs - N numbers)
Non-national roads (regional

and local) 80kmh
(White Signs - R or L numbers)
Roads in built-up areas, such as

50kmh
cities, towns and boroughs
Special speed limits for roads

in built up areas and densely 30kmh
populated areas.
Local authorities can apply special speed limits to roads, for example:
at particular times, such as when children are entering or leaving schools
(See Section 19);
on different sides on a dual carriageway;
at selected locations such as a tunnel, where the limit may be lowered if
one lane must be closed;
where there is a series of bends; and
at roadworks.
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If the local authority sets a special speed limit, you will see one of the signs below.
Speed limit signs, like most other regulatory signs, have a red border, white
background and black numbers and letters. They show the speed in kilometres per hour
(kmh). (For more information on regulatory and other traffic signs, see Section 6.)
30kmh 40kmh 50kmh 60kmh
80kmh 80kmh 100kmh 120kmh
The main speed limit signs on national primary and other roads are sometimes
followed by small repeater signs to remind you of the road’s speed limit.
No vehicle other than fire engines, ambulances or Garda vehicles may exceed
the road speed limit at any time.
REMEMBER
The alternative design for the 80kmh speed limit sign, outlined above,
may be provided:
• on a local road to indicate that a speed limit of 80kmh applies; or
• at locations where the local authority has determined that this
special speed limit applies.
Periodic speed limits

Normally, speed limits apply 24 hours a day and all year round. In certain
situations, local authorities can apply a special speed limit to certain stretches
of road for particular periods of time or particular days. Outside these times or
days, the usual speed limit at that location is in force.
An example of a periodic speed limit is one used near school grounds. One way
to show this special limit is through a standard upright sign with an information
plate underneath that shows the periods and days when the speed limit applies.
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Electronic periodic
Electronic periodic
speed sign at
speed sign
school
Another way of showing the speed limit is an electronic speed limit sign which
when lit up shows the speed limit in white numbers within a red border against
a black background. Outside the special speed limit periods, the sign remains
blank. Sometimes the electronic sign can be mounted on a grey backing board
with two amber lights, which may flash when the sign is lit up.
The sign School Children Crossing Ahead that includes two amber flashing
lamps may appear beside periodic speed limit signs to alert you to the presence
of school children.
You must not break the periodic speed limits while they are in force.
Checking speed
From time to time and on various stretches of road, Gardaí or other authorised
agencies may use certain equipment to check if vehicles are obeying the speed
limit. It is against the law to supply, carry or use any device that can detect or
interfere with any speed monitoring equipment under Garda or other
authorised agencies’ control.
Speed camera ahead
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Speed limits for vehicles

Some drivers must obey speed limits for their vehicles as well as speed limits for
the roads on which they are travelling.
The table below outlines the speed limits that apply to different vehicles.
Vehicle speed limit Type of vehicle to which it applies
65 kilometres an hour A single or double deck bus or

(65kmh) coach designed for carrying
On all roads standing passengers
80 kilometres an hour
A goods vehicle with a maximum
(80kmh)
authorised mass (MAM) of more
On all roads except
than 3,500 kilograms
motorways
90 kilometres an hour A goods vehicle with a maximum

(90kmh) authorised mass (MAM) of more
On motorways than 3,500 kilograms
80 kilometres an hour Any vehicle towing a trailer,

(80kmh) caravan, horsebox or other
On all roads attachment
(80kmh) A single or double deck bus or
On all roads except coach that is not designed for
motorways or dual carrying standing passengers
carriageways

(100kmh) A single or double deck bus or
On motorways or dual coach that is not designed for
carriageways where no lower carrying standing passengers
speed limit is in place
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If the vehicle and road speeds are different, the driver must obey the lower
of the two. For example, if a bus designed to carry standing passengers is
travelling on a road with a speed limit of 80kmh, it cannot travel faster than its
vehicle speed limit of 65kmh. But if it is travelling on a road with a speed limit
of 50kmh, it must obey this limit regardless of the maximum speed at which it
might otherwise be allowed to travel.
Stopping distance for cars

Many drivers have a false belief that if the car in front starts braking, they can
react, brake and come to a stop, still leaving the same distance between the
two vehicles.
The total minimum stopping distance of your vehicle depends on four things:
your perception time,
your reaction time,
your vehicle reaction time, and
your vehicle braking capability.
Your perception time is how long it takes you to see a hazard and for your brain
to realise it is a hazard requiring you to take immediate action. This can be as
long as 0.25 to 0.5 of a second.
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Your reaction time is how long you take to move your foot from the accelerator
to the brake pedal once your brain understands you are in danger. Your reaction
time can vary from 0.25 to 0.75 of a second or more. It can be as long as 1.5
seconds.
These first two components of stopping distance are down to you, and they
can be affected by alcohol, drugs, tiredness, fatigue or lack of concentration.
A perception and reaction time of 4 seconds at 100kmh means the car travels
110 metres before the brakes are applied (this is more than the length of a
football pitch).
Once you apply the brake pedal it will take time for your vehicle to react. This
depends on the condition of your vehicle and, in particular, the condition of the
braking system.
The final factor that determines your total minimum stopping distance is the
vehicle’s braking capability. This depends on many things, for example:
brakes;
tyre pressure, tread and grip;
the weight of the vehicle;
the vehicle’s suspension; and
road surface.
Table 5: The RSA recommends you allow a minimum stopping distance under
dry conditions of (see table below):
Minimum Reaction Minimum Braking Total Minimum Stopping
Speed (km/h)
Distance (m) Distance (m) Distance (m)
6 6 12
8 10 18
10 15 25
12 21 33
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Minimum Reaction Minimum Braking Total Minimum Stopping

Speed (km/h)
Distance (m) Distance (m) Distance (m)
16 36 52
20 50 70
24 78 102
Source Transport Research Laboratory, UK, 2012, © Road Safety Authority, 2012
Table 6: The RSA recommends you allow a minimum stopping distance under
wet conditions of (see table below):
Minimum Reaction Distance Minimum Braking Distance Total Minimum Stopping
Speed (km/h)
(m) (m) Distance (m)
4 5 9
6 10 16
8 17 25
10 26 36
12 37 49
14 50 64
16 65 81
20 101 121
24 145 169
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It is worth noting that from 50kmh to 100kmh, the total braking distance of
your car can increase from at least 26 metres to at least 101 metres. When you
double the speed of your car, you multiply the total braking distance nearly four
times.
Remember a 5kmh difference in your speed could be the difference between life
and death for a vulnerable road user like a pedestrian.
Hit by a car at 60kmh, 9 out of 10 pedestrians will be killed.
Hit by a car at 50kmh, 5 out of 10 of pedestrians will be killed.
Hit by a car at 30kmh, 1 out of 10 pedestrians will be killed.
Source RoSPA UK
The RSA recommends you allow a minimum overall stopping distance of (see
table below):
Total Minimum Stopping Distance (m)
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Skidding
Any factor which reduces the grip of your tyres on the road is a possible source
of skidding. Wet or greasy roads, overloading, worn or improperly inflated tyres,
mud, leaves, ice, snow, harsh acceleration, sudden braking, or excessive speed
for the conditions can all cause or contribute to a skid.
‘Aquaplaning’ occurs when a car is being driven on a wet road and a film of
water builds up between the tyres and the road surface.
When that happens, the car loses contact with the road, and braking and
steering are affected.
REMEMBER
Distances outlined above are absolute minimums: the average stopping
distance can be significantly longer.
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Section 9:
Junctions and roundabouts
This section outlines the correct way to approach and drive at junctions and
roundabouts.
Junctions
If you see a ‘Stop’ sign (shown below), you must stop at the sign or at the stop
line on the road, if provided, even if there is no traffic on the road you would
like to enter.
Stop
If you see a ‘Yield’ sign or yield line (shown below), you must slow down, but
you do not have to stop completely unless you need to wait for any oncoming
traffic to pass.
Géill Slí
Section 6 has more information on these and other regulatory signs.
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Right of way
Traffic travelling straight ahead in either direction along a major road
generally has right of way at all times.
If you are at a junction where the roads are of equal importance, the
traffic on your right has right of way. You must let that traffic pass before
you move on. It is important to understand that the right of way is not
an absolute right. You must proceed with caution while showing regard
for other users of the road.
If you are approaching a T junction, the traffic already on the road you
are joining has right of way. This means any traffic on the road ending at
the junction must wait for the other traffic to pass before turning left or
right.
If you are turning right at a junction, the traffic coming straight through
the junction from the opposite direction has right of way.
If you plan to turn right at a junction and a vehicle from the opposite
direction wants to turn into the same road, the vehicle that is turning
left has right of way. If yours is the vehicle turning right, you must wait
for the other vehicle to turn first.
If you are approaching a junction with a major road, you must yield to
other traffic. This means giving right of way or letting them pass before
you enter the road you are joining.
Vehicles do not have an automatic right of way on the road. The overriding rule
is, in all circumstances, to proceed with caution.
You must always yield to:

pedestrians already crossing at a junction;
pedestrians on a zebra crossing;
pedestrians on a pelican crossing when the amber light is flashing; and
pedestrians and traffic when you are moving off from a stationary
position (for example from your position at a stop sign or a parking
space).
To avoid doubt and in the interest of road safety, a vehicle should always yield
to pedestrians.
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You must also yield to:

traffic already turning at a junction;
traffic in another lane when you wish to change lanes; and
traffic on a public road when you are coming out of a private entrance.
Stop, look, listen, and look again. This is your duty when entering the roadway.
Motorists should watch for cyclists emerging from the end of a cycle track, and
watch for mopeds and motorcycles emerging from junctions. Bicycles, mopeds
and motorcycles might be difficult to see because of their small size.
It is important to understand that the right of way is not an absolute right of
way. You must proceed with caution, having regard for other road users.
Turning right from a major road onto a minor road
Check your mirrors well in advance and check blind spots, if appropriate,
for traffic following behind you, and give a right hand signal.
As soon as you can do so safely, take up a position just left of the middle
of the road or in the space provided for right-turning traffic.
Where possible, leave room for other vehicles to pass on the left.
Do not turn the steering wheel until you are ready to make the turn.
When a safe gap occurs in oncoming traffic, finish your turn so that you
enter the left-hand side of the road into which you are turning.
Do not cut the corner when you turn. Do not make a ‘swan neck’ by
passing the correct turning point and then having to turn back into the
road you want to enter.
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Turning right from a minor road onto a major road
Check your mirrors well in advance for traffic following behind you and
give a right turn signal.
of the road.
If you are at a junction controlled by a Stop or a Yield sign, wait at the
entrance to the junction until the road is clear in both directions.
Where possible, leave room for other vehicles to pass on the left.
When a safe gap occurs in traffic coming from both directions, finish your
turn so that you enter the left-hand side of the road onto which you are
turning.
Be alert for road markings which direct you to follow a certain course.
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Turning right at a crossroads

When turning right at a crossroads and a car coming from the opposite direction
is also turning right, if possible you should both try to turn back to back
(pictured below). This allows you and the other driver to see oncoming traffic
and allows the traffic to see you.
Turning back to back
If you cannot do this, you may turn near-side to near-side if necessary. This
means starting the turn while the vehicles are still facing each other.
Turning near side to near side
Turning right from a one-way street

Drive as close as you safely can to the right-hand side of the one-way street.
Look out for areas where two lanes may be allowed for turning right.
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Turning left from a major road to a minor road

Check your mirrors well in advance for traffic following behind you.
Give a left-turn signal and, when safe, slow down.
Keep as close as you safely can to the left-hand edge of the road, using
your mirrors to watch for cyclists or motorcyclists coming up on your left.
At a controlled junction, watch for flashing amber arrows that allow you
to proceed to the left if no traffic is approaching from the right.
Where possible, leave room for other vehicles to pass on the right.
Make the turn, keeping close to the left-hand edge. Do not hit or mount
the kerb.
Turning left from a minor road to a major road
Check your mirrors well in advance for traffic following behind you.
Give a left turn signal and slow down.
If you are at a junction controlled by a Stop or a Yield sign, wait at the
entrance to the junction until the road is clear.
At a controlled junction, watch for flashing amber arrows that allow you
to proceed to the left if no traffic is approaching from the right.
If a left-turn slip lane is provided, you should use it.
When it is safe, finish your turn so that you enter the left-hand side of
the road onto which you are turning.
Take care not to swing wide when you turn and always give way to pedestrians
and cyclists crossing the junction before you start any turn.
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Yellow box junctions

These junctions consist of patterns of criss-cross yellow lines.
REMEMBER
You must not enter the yellow box junction unless you can clear it
without stopping.
An exception is when you want to turn right. In this case, you may enter the
yellow box junction while waiting for a gap in traffic coming from the opposite
direction. However, don’t enter the box if to do so would block other traffic that
has the right of way.
Do Don’t
Yellow box junctions can also be found at railway level crossings or tramway
crossings. Never enter these yellow box junctions unless you can leave them
without stopping. Section 6 has more information on traffic signs and road
markings.
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Junctions and dual carriageways
Dual carriageways are roads with two or more lanes of traffic travelling in each
direction. The outer or right-hand lane in each direction is the lane nearest to
the centre of the dual carriageway.
You must normally drive in the left-hand lane of a dual carriageway. You may
use the outer lane of a two-lane or three-lane dual carriageway only:
for overtaking; and
when intending to turn right a short distance ahead.
Turning left onto a dual carriageway

Drive as close as you safely can to the left-hand edge of the approach
road.
Watch for oncoming traffic.
Take the turn when it is safe to do so.
Keep to the left-hand lane on the dual carriageway and build up your
speed to that of the normal flow of traffic, subject to the speed limits and
road conditions.
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Crossing a dual carriageway or joining it by turning right

of the road.
If the median (the space in the central dividing strip) is too narrow for
your vehicle, wait on the minor road until you can clear both sides of the
carriageway, and complete your turn in one go.
If the median is wide enough for your vehicle, when it is safe to do so
you may proceed and stop and wait in the median space until there is a
safe gap in traffic.
Finish your crossing or turn into the second half of the dual carriageway
and build up your speed to that of the normal flow of traffic, subject to
speed limits and prevailing road conditions.
If another vehicle is already blocking the median space, wait on the minor road
until there is enough space to clear the first half of the road without stopping
on the carriageway.
When driving a large vehicle, it is generally not safe to treat each half of the
dual carriageway as a separate road. You should remain on the minor road until
you can cross both sides of the dual carriageway without having to stop.
Always take care when you are behind large vehicles or vehicles towing trailers
when they are turning. Remember, a long vehicle or combination needs extra
room to finish a turn. Cyclists, motorcyclists and pedestrians, in particular,
should be extra careful when near these vehicles.
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Turning right from a dual carriageway

Follow the normal procedure and move into the right-hand lane. If there
is a deceleration lane, move into it.
At the junction, turn into the median space and wait for a safe gap in
traffic.
When it is safe to do so, finish your turn and move into the left-hand lane
of the road you are entering.
Roundabouts
Not every roundabout is the same. They are different shapes and sizes and can
have different numbers of exits. Some are controlled by traffic lights. Regardless
of the size of roundabouts, the general rules below must be applied.
The purpose of a roundabout is to:
reduce delays – traffic flows smoothly compared to the stop and go traffic
at normal intersections such as at traffic lights;
significantly reduce the risk of collisions; and
reduce pollution – emissions from vehicles on roundabouts are less than
they would be at traffic light junctions.
Golden rule
This ‘golden rule’ should help motorists to drive safely at any roundabout
regardless of the number of exits:
Think of the roundabout as a clock.
If taking any exit from the 6 o’clock to the 12 o’clock position, motorists
should generally approach in the left-hand lane.
If taking any exit between the 12 o’clock to the 6 o’clock positions,
motorists should generally approach in the right-hand lane.
If there are road markings showing you what lane you should be in,
follow those directions. Traffic conditions might sometimes mean you
have to take a different approach but, in the main, the ‘golden rule’ will
help you to drive safely on almost any roundabout.
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Approaching a roundabout
Conditions at roundabouts may vary. When you are coming up to a
roundabout, look for directional arrows, road markings or signs which
might be indicating which lane you should use for the exit you’re taking.
Move into the correct lane in good time. Use the 12 o’clock ‘golden rule’
to help you plan a safe course of action unless road signs or road
markings indicate otherwise.
Treat the roundabout as a junction. You must yield to traffic coming from the
right or traffic already on the roundabout, but keep moving if the way is clear.
Making a left turn

Approach in the left-hand lane, indicate ‘left’ as you approach, and continue
until you have taken the left exit.
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Going straight ahead (any exit between 6 o’clock and the 12

o’clock position)
Approach in the left-hand lane (unless road markings say otherwise) but do not
indicate ‘left’ until you have passed the exit before the one you intend to take.
Where traffic conditions dictate otherwise, for example a long line of traffic in
the left lane signalling left or roadworks in the left lane, you may follow the
course shown by the red line.
When leaving the roundabout take extra care at all exits, checking for other
road users – for example, cyclists and motorcyclists who may be continuing on
the roundabout.
Taking any later exits (those from 12 o’clock to the 6 o’clock

position)
Approach in the right-hand lane (unless road markings say otherwise), indicate
‘right’ on your approach and leave your indicator on until you have passed the
exit before the one you intend to take. Then change to the ‘left’ turn indicator.
Move over towards the left on the roundabout and continue signalling left to
leave.
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In all cases watch out for and give plenty of room to:
pedestrians who may be crossing the approach and exit roads,
traffic crossing in front of you on the roundabout, especially vehicles
intending to leave by the next exit,
traffic that may be straddling lanes or positioned incorrectly,
motorcyclists,
cyclists and horse riders who may stay in the left-hand lane and signal
right if they intend to continue round the roundabout,
long vehicles (including those towing trailers), which might have to take
a different course approaching or on the roundabout because of their
length. Watch out for their signals.
REMEMBER
Conditions at roundabouts may vary. Exercise caution at all times. In

particular, be aware of traffic signs, traffic lights, road markings and
traffic coming from your right when approaching roundabouts.
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Section 10:
Parking
This section covers the rules on parking safely.
Parking
General rules
Where possible, park facing in the direction of traffic flow.
Park close to, and parallel with, the kerb or edge of the road, except at
any location where straight or angled parking bays are marked out on the
surface of the road.
Where a parking bay is marked out on a road, you must park your vehicle
fully within the parking space.
Apply the handbrake.
Switch off the engine.
Leave the vehicle in first gear or reverse, or, in the case of an automatic,
select P.
Before opening any doors, check for other road users nearby, in particular
motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians.
Open your doors only when you need to and keep them open only for as
long as necessary.
Get out of your vehicle only when it is safe and you and your passengers
are not blocking other road users.
Passengers should exit on the kerbside.
Lock your vehicle as you leave it.
You should not leave headlights on when parked.
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How to make sure your vehicle is parked safely

Make sure you do not interfere with normal traffic flow and that your vehicle
does not disturb, block or endanger other road users.
Dos 3 Don’ts 7
Do park as close as possible to the kerb Don’t park opposite another vehicle on a
or edge of the road. narrow road.
Do make sure the sides of your vehicle

are parallel to the kerb or edge, unless a Don’t double park.
traffic sign indicates otherwise.
Do park facing in the same direction as

Don’t park at roadworks.
the traffic.
Don’t park at the entrance or exit of a

Do make sure your vehicle can be seen
fire station, Garda station, ambulance
at night.
station or hospital.
Do park courteously, without blocking Don’t park where you would block other
other road users’ views of a traffic signal road users’ views of a traffic signal or the
or the road ahead. road ahead.
Do park where you would not block the Don’t park where parking is forbidden
entrance to a property unless you have by traffic signs or road markings (see
the owner’s permission. section 6).
Don’t leave headlights switched on when

parking at the side of the road, or just off
the side of the road.
REMEMBER
Drivers can quickly become dazzled and disorientated by headlights

of parked or stopped vehicles. If you need to have lights on in these
circumstances, you should use only ‘side’ or ‘parking’ lights. You should
not leave headlights on when parked.
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The following traffic signs and road markings show where parking is not allowed
or is allowed only at certain times.
Traffic signs
These signs and their information plates show that you can park only during
certain periods (sign 1) or outside certain periods (sign 2).
Sign 1 Sign 2
Parking permitted Parking prohibited
The sign below shows a clearway – an area of road that must be kept clear for
moving traffic during certain times of the day (usually busy periods). The times
when stopping or parking is prohibited are shown on an information plate under
the sign.
Other vehicles may stop during these times only if they are waiting in a line of
traffic, but they are not allowed to park, even if disc or metered parking is
normally available.
Clearway
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Road markings
This single yellow line usually has an upright information plate nearby.
Together, the road marking and information plate mean you must not park
during the times shown.
The double yellow lines mean no parking at any time.
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No parking
Even if you do not see a particular ‘no parking’ sign or yellow line on the road,
you must not stop or park:
in a designated disabled persons parking space unless you display a
‘reserved for a person with a disability’ permit. Wheelchair users need to
use the extra-wide, special parking bay to open their car door fully. This
will allow a person to get from a wheelchair to a vehicle or from a vehicle
to a wheelchair. Normal parking bays are too narrow to give the access
needed by wheelchair users, so other road users must not park in the
designated disabled persons parking spaces. It is an offence to do so.
where there are white or yellow zig-zag lines on either side of pedestrian
lights or either side of pelican or zebra crossings;
wholly or partly on a zebra or pelican crossing or at pedestrian lights;
15 metres before or 5 metres after a pedestrian crossing or traffic lights;
near a school entrance where there are yellow zig-zag lines along the
edge of the roadway enclosing the words ‘SCHOOL KEEP CLEAR’;
near an entrance or exit from a Fire, Ambulance or Garda station;
within an area marked as a bus stop or taxi rank - white roadway
markings line the areas and, in addition show the word ‘BUS’ at a bus
stop and ‘TAXIS’ at a taxi rank;
where there is a single or double continuous white line along the centre
of the road;
wholly or partly on a footpath, a grass margin, a cycle lane or track or a
median strip;
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within 5 metres of a road junction unless parking spaces are clearly

marked;
on a part of a road reserved for casual trading during trading hours;
in a contra-flow bus lane at any time or in a with-flow bus lane during the
hours the bus lane is in force;
in a loading bay (reserved for goods vehicles to use while loading or
unloading goods for a maximum period of 30 minutes) – roadway
markings show the word ‘LOADING’ repeated across the entrance of the
parking area;
in an entrance or exit for vehicles to or from a premises, unless
authorised by the occupier of the premises;
in a tram lane during the period the tram lane is in force (tram lanes
operate on a 24-hour basis unless an alternative period is shown on an
information plate beside the lane);
on the approach to a level crossing;
where the kerb has been lowered to help wheelchair users.
REMEMBER
You must not park in any way which interferes with the normal flow of
traffic, or which obstructs or endangers other road users.
You must never park:

at a corner, a bend, the brow of a hill or on a hump-back bridge;
where there is a sharp dip in the road; or
anywhere that blocks the view of a school warden or junior school
warden service – this restriction does not apply to a vehicle displaying a
disabled persons parking permit.
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Disc parking
Disc parking operates in built-up areas to restrict parking during certain times of
the day. You will see the regulatory sign and information plate pictured below
in areas covered by disc parking. When you park, you must buy a disc for a set
period of time and leave the parking space by the time this period ends. You
must not park again in the same street within one hour of leaving a disc-parking
space. The restriction does not apply to a vehicle displaying a parking permit for
a person with a disability.
Parking permitted Disc parking
Clamping or removing vehicles

Some local authorities have introduced systems to combat illegal parking. If
your vehicle is parked illegally, a clamp may be fixed to a wheel, or your vehicle
may be towed to another place and have a clamp attached there, or your
vehicle could be removed and locked up in a vehicle pound. You must then pay
a fee to remove the clamp or have your vehicle returned to you.
Dangerous parking
If you park in a way that is likely to cause danger to other road users, for
example, if it forces a pedestrian out onto the roadway, a Garda can decide that
you have committed an offence of dangerous parking, for which you may be
liable to a fixed charge of €80 and up to 5 penalty points.
REMEMBER
Always ensure not to endanger other road users – particularly

vulnerable road users – when parking. In particular, never park on a
footpath.
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Section 11:
Motorways and tunnels
Motorways are roads that help reduce journey times by separating traffic and
removing road junctions. They are probably the safest way of moving large
volumes of traffic, mainly because they remove the risk of head-on collision.
However, compared with other types of road, they carry a greater risk of pile-ups.
This section covers the rules on who can drive on a motorway, the meaning of
motorway signs, how to overtake safely and how to join and leave a motorway safely.
See section 25 for a list of common signs you will see on a motorway.
There is an entrance to a motorway ahead

Motorway ahead and the road users listed on the sign must
not enter the motorway.
The road user is now entering a motorway
and must obey motorway rules.
Entry to motorway
This sign usually appears beside the
‘Motorway ahead’ sign.
Toll plaza ahead There is a toll plaza 7km ahead.
The driver is 300 metres from the next exit

Countdown sign
off the motorway.
Countdown sign The driver is 200 metres from the next exit.
Countdown sign The driver is 100 metres from the next exit.
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Motorway ends There are 500 metres to the end of the

500m ahead motorway.
The driver has reached the end of the

End of motorway
motorway.
Lane gain sign An additional lane is joining the motorway.
Indicates distance to the next exit and

Next exit sign
supplementary routes.
Tourist information sign for an alternative

Alternative route
route off the motorway.
Authorised Area reserved for use by specifically

vehicles only authorised vehicles only.
Garda only Area reserved for use by Garda vehicles only.
Motorway toll
Toll charges for various vehicle types.
charges
Toll plaza
Information on toll plaza lanes.
information
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General rules
The signs below appear as you are about to enter or join a motorway. The sign
on the left shows that the following must not enter a motorway:
Motorway ahead Motorway ahead Entry to motorway
people who do not hold a full driving licence for the category of vehicle
they are driving,
vehicles incapable of a speed of at least 50kmh,
vehicles with an engine capacity of 50cc or less,
invalid carriages or motorised wheelchairs,
vehicles that do not use inflated tyres,
cyclists,
pedestrians, and
animals.
Motorway speed limits

The maximum speed limit on a motorway is 120km per hour unless:
there are signs stating another speed limit – for example, warning signs
to highlight roadworks,
you are driving a vehicle that is subject to a lower limit such as a bus or
truck, or
a permanent lower speed limit is in force for traffic safety reasons.
Remember, your total stopping distance at 120km per hour in dry conditions is
102 metres (27 car lengths). This is about the length of a soccer pitch.
The ordinary speed limit for HGVs is 90kmh on motorways (where no
lower speed limit is in place).
The ordinary speed limit for buses (that are not designed for carrying
standing passengers) is 100kmh on motorways or dual carriageways
(where no lower speed limit is in place).
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Joining the motorway

When entering the motorway, be careful and pay attention, and let traffic already
on the motorway pass. You must follow the steps below when joining a motorway.
Use the acceleration lane to build up your speed before merging into
traffic on the motorway.
Signal early to other motorists that you intend to merge.
As you approach on the slip road, check in your mirrors and your blind
spot for a safe gap in traffic in the left-hand lane of the motorway.
Obey road signs and road markings.
Do not drive on hatched markings before merging into traffic on the
motorway.
Give way to traffic already on the motorway.
Adjust your speed as you join the motorway so you match, as near as
possible, the general speed of traffic in that lane.
Auxiliary lanes are found on some motorways. They normally link the ‘on’ ramp
of the road you are leaving with the next available ‘off’ ramp (see page 146).
Treat each lane change as a separate manoeuvre. Stay in the left-hand lane
long enough to adjust to the speed of traffic before attempting to overtake.
On the motorway
You must only drive ahead. No turning or reversing is permitted.
You must progress at a speed and in a way that avoids interference with
other motorway traffic.
You must not drive on any part of the motorway that is not a carriageway
– for example, a hard shoulder – except in case of emergency.
You must not stop or park on any part of the motorway unless your
vehicle breaks down or you are signalled by a Garda to do so.
You must not pick up or set down anybody on a motorway.
REMEMBER
If you find yourself driving against the flow of traffic, pull in immediately to
the hard shoulder and stop. Contact the Gardaí by dialling 999 or 112. Do
not attempt to turn your vehicle. Wait for help in a safe place.
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Using lanes properly

It is very important that you understand the purpose of each lane on a
motorway. To help explain how and when to move from one lane to another,
each lane is given a number. The picture below shows that Lane 1 is the lane
nearest the auxiliary lane or hard shoulder. This is also known as the ‘inside
lane’. On a two-lane motorway, the lane nearest the central median is Lane 2
(also called the ‘outside lane’). On a three-lane motorway, this lane is Lane 3.
Lane 1
The normal ‘keep left’ rule applies. Stay in this lane unless you are overtaking.
Lane 2
On a two-lane motorway, use this for overtaking only and move back into Lane 1
when you have finished. You may also use this lane to accommodate traffic merging
from the left.
On a three-lane motorway, you may stay in this centre lane while there is
slower moving traffic in Lane 1.
Lane 3
If you are travelling on a three-lane motorway, you must use this lane only
if traffic in lanes 1 and 2 is moving in queues and you need to overtake or
accommodate merging traffic. Once you’ve finished overtaking, move back to
your left and allow faster traffic coming from behind to pass by.
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You must not use the lane nearest the central median, that is, the outside lane
(Lane 2 or Lane 3, depending on the number of lanes), if you are driving:
a goods vehicle with a maximum authorised mass of more than 3,500
kilograms, such as a lorry or heavy goods vehicle;
a vehicle towing a trailer, horsebox or caravan; or
a single or double deck bus or coach that is designed for carrying
standing passengers.
It is a fixed-charge offence of up to €120 and 3 penalty points for a vehicle listed
above to drive on the outside lane of a motorway (which may be Lane 2 or Lane
3, depending on the number of lanes).
You may use it, however, in exceptional circumstances when you cannot
proceed in the inner lane because of an obstruction ahead.
A single or double-deck bus or coach that is not designed for carrying standing
passengers may travel in the outside lane of a motorway and a driver of such a
vehicle will not be guilty of an offence if they do so.
Auxiliary lane
These are normally identified by a broken white line to the right of the auxiliary
lane, with markings that are shorter, closer and wider than the broken white
lines normally seen in lane 1, 2 or 3.
When joining the motorway, you may use this lane to adjust your speed
before entering (Lane 1), or you may stay in this lane if you intend to exit the
motorway at the next exit.
If you do not intend to take the next exit off the motorway, you should join the
main section of the motorway (Lane 1) to continue your journey.
If you are already driving on the motorway (Lane 1) and you intend to take the
next exit off the motorway, you may then enter the auxiliary lane (Lane A).
If you are already driving on the main section of motorway (Lane 1, 2 or 3), you
should not enter (Lane A) if your intention is not to leave the motorway at the next
exit (unless instructed to do so by the Gardaí or Emergency Service personnel).
Keeping your distance

Section 8 covers the ‘two-second rule’ to help you keep a safe distance behind
the vehicle in front. Use this rule on motorways – driving too close reduces your
ability to stop safely, and significantly reduces your vision ahead.
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When in a queue, your instinct may be to get closer to the vehicle in front to
protect your position. Please remember that you must leave enough room in
front of you to allow you to stop safely.
Signalling
Once on a motorway, you must make a signal before every move. For example,
moving from Lane 3 to Lane 1 involves two separate stages.
In stage one you signal once to move from Lane 3 to Lane 2.
In stage two you signal again to move from Lane 2 to Lane 1.
Due to the higher speeds on a motorway, motorists must always signal
their intentions in good time.
An indicator is not a right of way.
Before you start to manoeuvre, you must exercise due care and attention with
particular heed to other users of the road, prevailing road conditions and how
your driving will impact other road users.
Checking traffic around you

Check your mirrors regularly, as you need to have a constant picture in your
mind of what’s going on all around you. Be very aware of your vehicle’s blind
spots as well.
As a driver, you must be able to stop within a distance that you can see to
be clear and you must drive having due regard to other users of the road.
Therefore you should avoid staying in other drivers’ blind spots. Keep your
eyes moving – avoid looking only at the vehicle immediately ahead. Instead,
scan up the queue. Use your view to drive smoothly and avoid unnecessary
braking. If you notice traffic slowing down sharply, use your hazard warning
lights to warn traffic behind you.
Before changing lane, remember ‘mirror, signal, mirror, manoeuvre’. Remember
that traffic may be coming from behind you at speed. Checking your mirrors at
least twice helps you judge the speed of their approach speed and will help you
to see vehicles travelling in your blind spots.
Avoid causing another driver to brake or change lane to accommodate you
while you are on the motorway (aside from joining it). Learn to read the traffic
around you. A vehicle in your mirror on the motorway with its right indicator
flashing is trying to tell you that it’s catching up on you and intends to
overtake your vehicle.
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Overtaking
Overtake only on the right, unless traffic is travelling in slow moving queues
and the traffic queue on your right is travelling more slowly than you are. If you
intend to move from a slower lane to a faster lane, adjust your speed first.
Before you start to overtake, remember ‘mirror, signal, mirror, manoeuvre’,
and look in your blind spots. Check that the way is clear (behind and ahead) and
signal well in advance.
Remember that traffic will be travelling a lot faster than on ordinary roads. Be
particularly careful at dusk, during darkness, and in poor weather conditions
when it is more difficult to judge speed, distance and stopping distance. Signal
and return to your original lane as soon as possible.
Gantries
Gantries are structures used to display traffic signs above traffic lanes on
motorways and dual-carriageways. They are common and display important
information, so make sure you pay attention to them as well as to other signs
along the side of the road.
Variable message signs

Variable message signs such as the one displayed below are used on motorways
to provide messages and information to motorists and to warn of incidents that
may affect traffic conditions and journey times.
Motorists should pay attention to these signs at all times.
Typical LED VMS
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Leaving the motorway

The signs below show the distance to the next exit on a motorway. Plan well
ahead and use these signs to position yourself in good time so you can get into
lane early.
2km to next exit 300m to next exit 200m to next exit 100m to next exit
When you leave the motorway, you will first enter a deceleration lane. If
possible, keep up your speed until you enter this lane, but then slow down and
check for signs showing a lower speed limit. Use your speedometer to make
sure you are obeying the reduced limit. Remember that the slip roads and link
roads between motorways may include sharp bends.
If you miss your exit, drive on to the next exit. You must not attempt to cross
the ghost island or reverse back up the hard shoulder.
When you leave a motorway, or it comes to an end, you will see the signs below.
Motorway ends Motorway ends

End of motorway
1km ahead 500m ahead
Rest areas, lay-bys and motorway services

The best advice is to plan your journey to avoid having to stop on motorways
if at all possible. However, it is important to take regular breaks to rest at
appropriate intervals when travelling long distances. Before you start your
journey, you should plan where you will stop to rest and use motorway services.
The map below shows rest and service areas. Areas marked P are lay-bys where
you can stop safely if necessary. They have no facilities. Do not walk on or
close to the hard shoulder or motorway lanes. Take care when re-joining the
motorway (see advice on page 146).
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Motorway service area

information sign
As the above map shows, there are various motorway services available
throughout the country. Development of these motorway services is ongoing.
Further information on motorway services can be found on the Transport
Infrastructure Ireland website, www.tii.ie.
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The following signs indicate the motorway services which may be available:
Fuel Garage and repairs Telephone Public toilets
Information
Restaurant Refreshments Picnic area Accommodation
point
Stopping and parking

You may only stop or park on the motorway when:
your car breaks down,
a Garda signals you to do so,
there is an emergency (such as a crash),
there are roadworks, or
you are at a toll plaza.
Before you begin a long motorway journey, make sure your vehicle:
is fit to carry out a long journey at motorway speeds,
has the correct tyre pressure,
has enough oil and coolant, and
has enough fuel to at least take you to the next fuel or charging station.
Also make sure that any loads carried or towed are secure and that you have
enough money or a suitable pass if you are using a tolled motorway.
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What to do if your vehicle breaks down

Look out for marked parking areas.
Move your vehicle to the hard shoulder. Park as near to the left as you
can. If you cannot do this, take steps to warn other drivers such as
switching on your hazard warning lights.
Where possible always step over and stay behind the crash barrier,
ensuring your passengers do the same.
Use the roadside phone to contact the Gardaí. This automatically lets
them know your exact location. If you cannot use this phone, use your
mobile but be aware they will need information about your location.
Do not place any warning device such as a triangle on the motorway as it
is too dangerous.
Never try to do repairs yourself on the hard shoulder.
Wear a high visibility vest. Always carry at least two in the vehicle.
Do not walk on the motorway. Leave your vehicle through the left-hand
door and make sure your passengers do the same. Leave animals in the
vehicle or, in an emergency, keep them under control on the verge.
Make sure that passengers keep away from the motorway lanes and hard
shoulder, and keep children under control.
Wait for help on the embankment side of the motorway well behind the
crash barrier.
If, for some reason, you are unable to follow the advice above, you
should stay in your vehicle with your safety belt securely fastened and
switch on your hazard lights.
Before you re-join the motorway after a breakdown, build up your speed
on the hard shoulder before merging into traffic. Be aware that other
vehicles may have stopped on the hard shoulder.
Many motorways (and dual carriageways) now include important
information about location and direction of travel on the surface of the
hard shoulder. This information includes Location Reference Indicator
(LRI) signs and Location Reference Marking (LRM) signs and is aimed at
assisting road users in accurately communicating their location in the
event of an incident or breakdown.
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An LRI sign is an upright sign on a pole and will include the following information:
the motorway or dual carriageway road number you are travelling on;
the direction of travel – this can only be one of N, S, E and W; and
the distance in kilometres from the start point of the motorway or dual
carriageway.
The motorway or dual carriageway

road number you are travelling on
The direction you are travelling
The distance in kilometres from the
start of the motorway or
dual carriageway
Example of motorway LRI sign Example of dual carriageway LRI sign
LRM signs are painted in the hard shoulder parallel to the road and supplement
the LRI upright signs. The LRM indicates:
the route and the direction of travel (the example below indicates that it
Is the M7, heading west);
the distance from the start of the route (the example below indicates a
distance of 72.5km from the start of the M7, heading west)
the direction to the nearest emergency telephone.
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Obstructions
If you become aware of something blocking the flow of traffic ahead, use the
roadside telephone or a mobile phone to tell the Gardaí. Do not attempt to
remove it yourself. Do not use a mobile phone whilst driving.
Emergency closure of sections on the Motorway
These signs are widely and successfully used on the motorway network
throughout Europe and are strategically placed to inform motorists of an
emergency or alternative diversion route for motorways.
There are four shapes — square, triangle, circle and diamond — but each can
be shown filled or in outline, making eight distinct symbols. Close to motorway
junctions, and on roads near to or following the line of a motorway, they are
commonly placed on direction signs.
If a motorway is closed — let’s say because of a collision — then the Gardaí will
close the road at the previous junction and force traffic to leave the motorway.
These signs instruct motorists to follow a particular symbol in order to re-join
the motorway at the next junction.
Diversion routes are carefully chosen to follow roads of a suitable standard and
width to carry all motorway traffic, and may make detours to avoid low bridges
or other obstructions.
Assigning of Diversion Symbols

As the diversion route will generally be travelled in both directions a different
symbol will be assigned to each direction of the diversion route to reduce the
possibility of driver confusion at junctions along the route. Typically the solid
symbols will be used in preference to the hollow symbols due to visibility and
for use on Variable Message Signs (VMS). However this will not always be
achievable where multiple diversion routes interface at shared locations.
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Driving in fog
Dense fog seriously reduces your visibility and makes driving very dangerous.
Our advice is to switch on dipped headlights and fog lamps, reduce your speed
and keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front. If the fog closes in, reduce
your speed further and take your time getting to your destination.
The added danger posed by dense fog is that a collision involving one vehicle can
quickly involve many others, especially if driving too fast and too close to one
another. The greatest risk is of a multiple-vehicle pile-up on roads with higher speeds
such as motorways and dual carriageways. As you enter fog, check your mirrors and
slow down. Use your foot brake lightly so that your lights warn following drivers.
Toll plazas
When approaching a toll, reduce your speed appropriately. Always leave a safe
gap between your vehicle and the vehicle in front. All toll roads in Ireland, with
the exception of the M50 eFlow barrier-free tolling system, are managed by a
conventional barrier-operated toll plaza. For these toll roads, the toll payment
options are:
manual lanes with a toll booth attendant;
automatic coin machine lanes; and
payment by electronic toll tag.
Toll lane signs
This sign shows that a toll collector manually operates the lane
and that all methods of payments are accepted.
This eToll sign is the sign for electronic toll collection. (This is
available in all lanes.)
This sign shows that this is an automatic coin machine lane and
that coins are the only method of payment accepted. No change
will be given in this lane.
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Toll lane signs
This sign shows that credit cards are accepted in this lane.
Heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are not permitted in this lane.
Lane open.
Lane closed.
Tunnels
The general rules of the road and the Road Traffic Acts apply, but specific road
safety issues apply when you are approaching, driving through or leaving a
tunnel.
Dublin Port Tunnel Use dipped beams while

ahead driving in the tunnel
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Approaching the tunnel

Check you have enough fuel in your vehicle before entering the tunnel.
Remove sunglasses.
Switch on dipped headlights.
If available, tune in to the designated FM radio station as this will let you
hear safety instructions during your journey. The station frequency will
be displayed on an information sign at the entrance to the tunnel.
Keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front. Remember, you’re
entering a tunnel and tailgating could create an emergency. The
recommended minimum safe distance for a car or motorcycle is 50
metres and for all other vehicles 100 metres. Always remember the ‘two
second rule’.
When driving in some tunnels you may see electronic overhead signs,
along with road markings (chevrons) which, combined, advise you of the
minimum distance you should keep between you and the vehicle ahead
of you.
Be aware there are restrictions on the use of tunnels by Heavy Goods
Vehicles (HGVs).
• The maximum height will be signposted. You must check this before
you enter the tunnel.
• Wide loads may not be allowed. If you are carrying a wide load, you
must contact the tunnel operators well in advance to see if the load is
allowed.
• Vehicle size – there may be a ban on the use of the right-hand lane in
a tunnel by large goods vehicles or other non-passenger vehicles if the
number of axles on the vehicle equals or is more than the figure shown
on a regulatory sign provided on the approach road to a tunnel.
For detailed information contact the tunnel operator.
159
In the tunnel
Keep in lane and do not overtake.
You must not drive in the right-hand lane in a motorway tunnel if you are
driving a type of vehicle prohibited from using this lane, that is a HGV of
more than 3,500 kilograms, a vehicle towing a trailer, horsebox or
caravan, or a single or double deck bus or coach that is designed for
carrying standing passengers.
Do not turn or reverse.
Do not stop, except in case of emergency.
Obey the speed limits. There are two forms of speed limit signs.
• a standard speed limit sign applies where there is a fixed speed limit.
You must obey the speed limit and remember this is the maximum
permitted speed, not the required speed.
• where the speed limit can vary, you will see variable message signs,
which are black squares with red circles and numbers in white or
yellow throughout the tunnel. The speed limit is shown by the
numbers and will vary according to traffic conditions and road safety
considerations. You must obey the speed limit and remember this
is the maximum permitted speed, not the required speed. ‘Always
remember the two-second rule.’
Keep your distance. The recommended minimum safe distance for a car
or motorcycle is 50 metres and for all other vehicles 100 metres.
Stopping
If you are instructed to stop, you should stop and:
keep a safe distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front;
switch on your hazard warning lights;
switch off your engine;
check your radio for instructions from the tunnel operator;
check all electronic signs in the tunnel for information; and
if necessary, leave the tunnel using the nearest available pedestrian exit.
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Breakdown or a crash
If there is a breakdown or a crash in the tunnel, you should:
switch on your hazard warning lights;
check your radio for instructions;
go to an emergency station and use the emergency phone to tell the
tunnel operator; and
check all electronic signs in the tunnel for information.
Fire in your vehicle

If there is smoke or fire in your vehicle, you should:
leave your vehicle immediately;
go to an emergency station and use the emergency phone to tell the
tunnel operator; and
leave the tunnel by the nearest available exit.
Fire in another vehicle

If there is smoke or fire in another vehicle, you should:
drive out of the tunnel if the fire is behind you; or
if the fire is ahead of you, turn off your engine, leave the vehicle
immediately, and leave the tunnel by the nearest emergency exit.
Leaving the tunnel

Keep a safe speed and position on the roadway.
Follow the road signs.
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Signage in tunnels
Be aware that, as with all emergencies, care needs to be taken to find the safest
evacuation route. Take note of information provided on signage to decide what
action you should take.
Emergency (Tunnel) Fire Extinguisher and

Lay-by Telephone
Fire Extinguisher,
Telephone and Lay-by
Emergency Station Pedestrian Exit
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Section 12:
Assisting Gardaí
An Garda Síochána are responsible for enforcing road traffic law. This section
covers the Garda signals and instructions you must obey when on the road.
Signals
If a Garda is controlling traffic, their signals override all other signals from
traffic lights. This means that if they signal you to stop, for example, you must
do so even if a green light is showing. The signals and their meanings are shown
below. You must understand them so you know how to respond when in traffic.
To beckon on traffic To beckon on traffic To halt traffic approaching

approaching from the front approaching from either side from the front
To halt traffic approaching To halt traffic approaching

from behind from the front and behind
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Instructions
You must do the following if a Garda asks you to:
Show your driving licence, which you must carry at all times when
driving.
Allow the Garda to examine the insurance disc, tax disc and, where
relevant, the NCT and CVRT disc, all of which you must display on your
vehicle.
Produce a certificate of roadworthiness or NCT certificate, as appropriate,
at a named Garda station within 10 days.
Produce a valid motor insurance certificate to a Garda within 10 days of it
being requested. A Garda may ask to see a valid motor insurance
certificate any time up to a month after observing or reasonably believing
that an uninsured vehicle has been used in a public place.
Produce the vehicle registration certificate at any reasonable time.
Stop your vehicle and allow a Garda to check it for defects.
Give your name and address.
Write out your signature.
Give a sample of your breath or saliva. You may be required to provide a
roadside breath or saliva sample at any time when requested by a
member of An Garda Síochána.
Perform ‘impairment tests’. You may be required to perform impairment
tests where a Garda suspects that you are driving under the influence of
drink or drugs. Before conducting such a test, a Garda will ask whether
you have any disability or medical condition which you think might
prevent you from participating in the relevant test.
A Garda may conclude from observing your ability to perform these tests that
your ability to drive is impaired. It is an offence to refuse to perform impairment
tests if required by a Garda.
Gardaí can set up checkpoints to take roadside breath samples without the
need to form the opinion that you have consumed an intoxicant. It is a criminal
offence to refuse to provide a sample.
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If you are arrested for an offence related to alcohol and driving or refusing
to give a roadside breath sample, you will be required to provide a sample of
breath and blood or urine at a Garda station.
Gardaí may also require you to permit a nurse or doctor to take a blood or urine
sample from you in situations where you have been involved in an accident in
which you were driving and are attending at hospital. It is an offence to refuse
to allow a doctor or nurse to take a sample in such situations (unless the doctor
or nurse themselves refuse to take the sample on medical grounds).
Where a person is incapable of complying with this above requirement (for
example, the driver is unconscious), the Gardaí may direct the doctor or nurse
to take a sample of blood from the person. It is an offence for a person to refuse
permission for that blood sample to be subsequently tested (unless they have a
special or substantial reason for their refusal).
If a doctor advises the Garda that the taking of either a urine or blood sample
from the person may adversely affect that person’s health, the Garda will not
make the above requirement of a person or give the above direction to a doctor
or nurse.
Other controls on road users
Officials from the Revenue Commissioners, including Customs, may also
stop and examine vehicles.
Your vehicle may also be impounded by a Revenue Official or Gardaí.
You may also be stopped by the Gardaí working with Transport Officers
from the Road Safety Authority who will check the tachograph and
Operator’s Licence.
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What to do when an emergency service vehicle

approaches
You need to know what to do when you see an emergency vehicle. You must
react quickly, safely and carefully to allow emergency service vehicles to pass.
It is important to be alert and attentive at all times. You should keep noise
levels in your vehicle at a level that allows you to hear the sirens from
emergency vehicles.
Be alert at intersections and observe your surroundings as emergency service
vehicles may come from behind you or from a secondary road.
You should also leave plenty of space between you and the vehicle in front
when stopped in traffic. This will give you room to manoeuvre your vehicle if,
for example, you need to pull in to let the emergency service vehicles pass –
something you cannot do if you are sandwiched between two vehicles in traffic.
Gardaí, fire fighters and ambulances save lives in the course of their work and
every second counts when they are responding to an emergency.
When an emergency vehicle approaches:
Clear the way as soon as you can do so safely when you see the flashing
lights or hear the sirens.
Never mount the kerb unless you absolutely have to and, even then, only
if you are certain that there are no pedestrians there.
Check your rear mirror and both side mirrors to gauge the speed of the
emergency vehicle and also look out for pedestrians, cyclists,
motorcyclists and other road users. Indicate your intention to pull over.
Pull over only in a place which has enough space for the emergency
vehicle to pass you safely.
Stay there until the emergency vehicle has passed. Watch out for other
emergency vehicles as there may be more than one.
Indicate that you are going to pull out again. When it is safe to do so,
gradually merge back into traffic.
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Never ever:
Tailgate or overtake an emergency vehicle with lights or sirens unless
directed to do so.
Race after an emergency service vehicle to get through a traffic light.
Break a red light or speed to allow emergency service vehicles to pass
you unless you’re directed to do so by the Gardaí or emergency service
personnel.
Brake suddenly or block the road.
Overtake a moving emergency service vehicle that is displaying flashing
lights.
Pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists

Pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists should look and listen for emergency
service vehicles.
It is important to think about the route of the emergency service vehicle to
make sure that you are not in its path. Keep in as far as possible on the correct
side of the road.
If you are a pedestrian and there is an embankment or grass verge, you should
use it (if it is safe to do so) in order to keep out of danger. If you are pushing a
pram or buggy, this may not be possible so make sure that you keep in as far as
possible. Try to anticipate the route that the emergency service vehicle is taking
and attempt to alert the emergency service vehicle to your presence on the
road.
If you have children with you, make sure that you are holding their hands at
all times. It is important to wear hi-viz clothing at all times to make sure other
road users can see you. Pedestrians should always wait until emergency service
vehicles have passed before crossing the road at traffic lights, pedestrian lights,
zebra crossings or pelican crossings.
For more information see ‘Sharing the Road with Emergency Service Vehicles –
some basic tips’, available from www.rsa.ie.
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Section 13:
Factors that affect safe driving
The main factors that can affect your driving are:

alcohol;
drugs (prescription and non-prescription);
tiredness and fatigue;
road rage or other forms of aggression.
Individually or together, these factors will:
affect your judgment;
slow your ability to react to and avoid hazards;
cause you to lose concentration; and
make you a less safe and socially responsible driver.
Alcohol
Alcohol is a major factor in crashes that lead to death and injury.
Research proves that even small amounts of alcohol affect your judgment and
ability to drive.
REMEMBER
The only safe advice is to NEVER EVER drink and drive. Could you live
with the shame?
There is no reliable way to tell how much you can drink before you exceed the
legal limit. Our best advice is to never ever drink and drive. Please check the
current levels at www.rsa.ie.
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Penalties for drink driving

Once stopped by An Garda Síochána, a driver may be tested for alcohol and
taken to a Garda station for further testing. In all cases, if a driver fails a
preliminary breath test at the roadside, they will be arrested and required to
provide an evidential breath, blood or urine specimen at a Garda station.
The offence of refusing to provide a sample of breath, blood or urine for
evidential purposes will attract an automatic disqualification of four years for a
first offence and six years for a second or subsequent offence.
Under the system, if a driver is not already disqualified from holding a driving
licence or a learner permit at the time of detection, or has not availed of the
fixed penalty notice option in the preceding three years, and the BAC (Blood
Alcohol Concentration) levels in the body do not exceed 100mg (qualified, non
novice or non professional) or 80 mg (learner, novice or professional) they will be
subsequently served with a fixed penalty notice. Court proceedings will not be
initiated if payment of the fixed charge is made and the disqualification accepted.
The penalties which apply are:
If a driver is tested and their BAC is between 50mg and 80mg, the driver
will be served an on-the-spot fixed penalty notice, receive a fine of €200
and an immediate 3 month disqualification. The driver cannot drive in a
public place the entire of the 3 month calendar period. To drive while
banned is a criminal offence and will lead to prosecution.
If a driver is tested and their BAC is between 80mg and 100mg, they will
be served an on-the-spot fixed penalty notice, receive a fine of €400 and
will be disqualified from holding a licence for six months.
If a driver who is a learner, novice or professional driver is tested, and they
are above the 20mg limit (but less than 80mg), they will be served with an
on-the-spot fixed penalty notice, receive a fine of €200 and be disqualified
from holding a driving licence for three months.
Where a driver is tested and their BAC is above 100mg (or 80mg for a learner, novice
or professional driver), or they have failed to pay a fixed penalty notice, they will have
to go to court where the disqualification periods range from 1 to 6 years depending on
the level of alcohol detected, and whether it is a first or subsequent offence.
REMEMBER
Never ever drink and drive.
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Drugs
It is against the law to drive a car, motor bike, truck, bus, pedal bike or an
animal-drawn vehicle while ‘under the influence of an intoxicant to such an
extent as to be incapable of having control of the vehicle’.
Intoxicants include alcohol and drugs, whether taken separately or together. The
word ‘drugs’ here includes legal prescribed and over the counter (OTC) medicines.
If a Garda suspects you of driving under the influence of drugs, they may require
a saliva sample and for you to perform ‘impairment tests’. Before conducting
such tests, a Garda will ascertain whether you have any disability or medical
condition which you think might prevent you from participating in the relevant
test. These impairment tests may involve the performance of the following five
tests:
a ‘pupil dilation’ test;
a test of your ability to balance;
a ‘walk and turn’ test;
a ‘one leg stand’ test; and
a ‘finger to nose’ test.
It is an offence to refuse to perform impairment tests if required by a Garda.
A Garda may conclude from observing your ability to perform these tests that
your ability to drive is impaired and consequently arrest you. The results of
these tests may be used as evidence, along with any blood or urine samples
taken and tested for the presence of any drugs, in order to convict you of driving
while under the influence of an intoxicant.
The Gardaí can use preliminary drug testing devices, called the Drager Drug
test 5000, at the roadside or in a Garda station to test a person’s oral fluid for
Cannabis, Cocaine, Opiates and Benzodiazepines. If positive, a blood specimen
can be taken, which will be sent to the Medical Bureau of Road Safety (MBRS)
for evidential testing.
If the Garda forms the opinion that you are impaired and you have not had a
preliminary drug test, or the results of that test were negative, they can request
either a blood or urine specimen, which will be sent to the Medical Bureau of
Road Safety for testing.
The penalty for drug driving is the same as for drink driving – a maximum of
€5,000 fine and up to 6 months imprisonment on summary conviction.
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In terms of disqualification periods, for those convicted of the new offence

of being above the threshold for cannabis, cocaine and heroin with no proof
of impairment necessary by the Gardaí, the disqualification period is not less
than 1 year for the first offence, and not less than 2 years for the second or
subsequent offence.
For the existing offence of drug driving while impaired, there is no change to
the penalty or disqualification periods, which are a minimum of 4 years for a
first offence and 6 years for a second or subsequent offence.
Driver tiredness and fatigue

You should not drive while tired or fatigued. Research has shown that tired
drivers are a major road safety risk, both to themselves and to others.
If you are tired and fighting sleep, you are likely to experience ‘micro sleeps’.
These episodes can last up to 10 seconds and can be experienced even when
your eyes are open.
During a micro-sleep of even 4 seconds, your car can travel 100 metres (more
than the length of a football pitch) without you being in control of your vehicle.
All drivers are at risk from driver tiredness but the following drivers are
particularly high risk:
Night workers
People driving home after a night shift
Lorry drivers
Company car drivers
Men (particularly those aged 18–24 and 50+)
Skilled manual workers
Truck drivers fall into several of the above high-risk groups and need to be
particularly careful.
Advice for drivers:

Never drive if you are fighting sleep.
Prepare yourself for driving by ensuring you get enough sleep.
If you are on any medication, check if it causes drowsiness.
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Prepare your journey properly, and plan where you can take a safe break
from driving.
Stop in a safe place when you feel tired.
Drink a cup or two of strong coffee or a caffeinated drink and take a nap
for a maximum of 20 minutes (set the alarm on your mobile phone).
Caffeine takes about 20 minutes to take effect, so if you nap for more
than 20 minutes, you might wake feeling groggy.
After the nap, if it is safe to do so, get some fresh air and stretch your legs.
Note: these measures should only be considered in an emergency and should

not be used on a regular basis. If you are a professional driver, you should
consider what long-term steps you need to take which will help you to get the
sleep that you need.
Do not be tempted to keep driving when you are tired because you are only
minutes from your destination. Many tiredness-related collisions occur within a
few minutes of the driver’s destination as the body begins to relax.
For further advice and information on Driver Tiredness, see RSA leaflet ‘Driver
Tiredness’ which is available to download on www.rsa.ie.
REMEMBER
If you are suffering from a serious lack of sleep, the only cure is sleep.
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Road rage and aggressive driving

If you display road rage as a driver, it means you have uncontrolled anger that
results in intimidation or violence against another driver.
Aggressive driving is inconsiderate, stupid driving. It can involve speeding,
tailgating (driving too close behind another vehicle), failing to use an indicator
for lane changes, recklessly weaving in and out of traffic and over-use of a horn
or flashing headlights.
If another driver is attempting to provoke you, don’t react. Don’t be tempted
to speed up, brake or swerve suddenly. This could cause a crash or make other
drivers think you are confronting them. Instead, stay calm and remain focused
on your driving to complete your journey safely. Always remember that safety is
your number one concern.
Report all incidents to your local Garda station or contact Traffic Watch on:
Lo-Call 1890 205 805.
Litter
Remember: Throwing litter from a vehicle is not only irresponsible but can cause
a hazard to other road users and yourself.
REMEMBER
It is an offence to supply a mechanically propelled vehicle to anyone

who is under 16 years of age for use in a public place. Similarly, it is an
offence to drive a vehicle whilst under age and without the necessary
driving licence or learner permit. The word ‘supply’ means sell, hire,
loan, gift or provide in any other way. If you do, you can be fined up to
€5,000 or face up to six months’ imprisonment.
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Section 14:
Correct behaviour at the
scene of an accident
This section covers what you must do if you have been involved in an accident,
whether with another vehicle, another user of the road or with an object along
the road. It also outlines what to do if you come across an accident.
What drivers must do at an accident or in an

emergency
If you are involved in an accident, you must stop your vehicle and remain
at the scene for a reasonable time. If anyone is injured or appears to
need assistance, the driver of the vehicle must offer assistance. If vehicles
are blocking the roadway or posing a danger to other road users, the
roadway should be marked and the vehicle should then be removed as
soon as possible.
If you are asked by a Garda, you must give your name and address, the
address where the vehicle is kept, the name and address of the vehicle
owner, the vehicle’s registration number and evidence of insurance, such
as the name of your insurance company or a disc or motor insurance
certificate. If there is no Garda at the scene, you must give this
information to any person involved in the crash or, if requested, to an
independent witness.
If you or another person is injured and there is no Garda at the scene, the
accident must be reported to the nearest Garda station.
If you fail to comply with the above requirements, with the intent of escaping
civil or criminal liability, in situations where:
• you know someone has been injured and needs medical attention, or
• you know someone has been killed, or are reckless as to that fact,
you may be convicted and receive a fine of up to €20,000 or a prison term of up
to 10 years.
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If the accident damages property only, and there is a Garda in the

immediate vicinity, you must report it to the Garda. If there is no Garda
available, you must provide this information to the owner or the person
in charge of the property. If, for any reason, neither a Garda nor the
owner is immediately available, you must give all relevant information at
a Garda station as soon as reasonably possible.
REMEMBER
Gardaí must conduct mandatory testing of drivers for alcohol at the
scene of a crash where someone has been injured, or of a driver who
has been injured and removed to hospital.
You are advised, where possible, to take pictures at the scene of an

accident, showing the conditions, the position of vehicles and any
damage done.
Take care when moving damaged or broken-down vehicles and make
every effort to warn oncoming traffic of the accident.
You can warn them by using your hazard lights.
If you need to ask for another road user’s help to warn traffic, do so right
away.
If you have a reflective advance-warning triangle, (heavy vehicles and
buses must have one), place it on the road far enough from the scene of
the accident to give enough warning to approaching traffic. A warning
triangle should not, however, be used on a motorway or in a place where
it would be unsafe.
When placing a triangle, you should take account of prevailing road
conditions, traffic speed and volume. This is particularly important on
motorways and dual-carriageways.
If the breakdown occurs near a bend in the road, make sure you give
warning to traffic on both sides of the bend.
Leaking fuel from a crashed vehicle is dangerous, so be careful
approaching any vehicle after an accident.
Carry at least two high-visibility vests or jackets and a torch in your
vehicle. If there is an accident, wear the vest or jacket and use the torch
to alert other road users to your presence.
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What to do if you arrive at the scene of an accident

Dos 3 Don’ts 7
Do remain calm. Don’t panic – assess the situation before

taking action.
Do switch off the engine and apply the Don’t stay at the scene if there are
handbrake. enough people helping and keeping it
under control.
Do use a reflective advance-warning Don’t get injured yourself – park your

triangle if available, except on a vehicle safely out of the way.
motorway.
Do switch on hazard warning lights and Don’t move an injured person unless
parking lights. there is a risk of fire or of the vehicle
turning over.
Do make sure you are safe as you try to Don’t attempt to lift a car off an injured
help others. person without help.
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Dos 3 Don’ts 7
Do make sure others are safe. You Don’t remove helmets from injured
should keep any injured people warm motorcyclists. Neck injuries are common
by placing coats or rugs around them. in motorcycle collisions, and any attempt
by inexperienced people to remove the
helmet may leave the injured person
paralysed from the neck down.
Do organise bystanders to warn Don’t allow anyone to smoke at, or close

oncoming traffic from both directions, to, the scene.
if this has not already been done. Be
particularly careful at night so that
people giving help are visible (by wearing
reflective armbands or bright clothes or
carrying lit torches).
Do call for help. Contact the emergency Don’t give an injured person anything to
services on 999 or 112. eat or drink.
Accidents involving dangerous goods

If a vehicle carrying petrol, heating fuel or acid is in an accident, you should:
keep well clear of the scene;
position yourself, if possible, to make sure that the wind is not blowing
from the accident towards you;
warn other road users about the danger;
give as much information as possible about the marking labels on the
vehicle when summoning help; and
let the emergency services do any rescuing.
The signs for vehicles carrying hazardous chemicals are shown below.
Harmful to skin Explosive Bio hazard Acid
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If you would like to know more about transporting dangerous goods by road,
contact the Health and Safety Authority (www.hsa.ie) for a guide to the relevant
domestic and EU laws governing this area.
178
Section 15:
Penalty points, fixed charges
and driving bans
Encouraging road users to behave well is important, and Ireland has adopted
a system of penalty points to support this change. This system is a key part of
road safety policy in this country, and is designed to save lives.
If you break the law, there’s a price to pay. The system will record your failure
and the penalty on your driver licence record. For minor offences, the penalty is
a sum of money, a fixed charge, and points that attach to your licence record:
penalty points. For more serious offences you may be brought to court. The
system applies to both full licence and learner permit holders.
If you break the law and are caught, you will be fined and you will build up
penalty points.
REMEMBER
A first-time learner driver who receives 7 points in a 36-month period

will be banned from driving for 6 months.
A novice driver who receives 7 points in a 36-month period will be

banned from driving for 6 months.
A fully licensed driver who receives 12 points in a 36-month period will

be banned from driving for 6 months.
This section describes how penalty points and fixed charges work and outlines
the points and charges that apply to road traffic offences. For a list of all current
penalty point offences and fixed charges, see Appendix 4 or www.rsa.ie.
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Penalty points
The penalty points system covers offences that relate to road safety. Offences
can be detected either:
by Gardaí directly; or
by safety cameras, in the case of speeding.
If a Garda stops you for committing an offence

You must show your driving licence or learner permit, and give your
name and current address, if asked.
You will receive a fixed charge notice by post.
You have the choice to pay the fixed charge within the time allowed (up
to 56 days) or let the matter go to court.
Penalty points will be applied to your licence record 28 days after the
notification has been sent to you. This notification will be issued when
you pay the fixed charge or if you are convicted of the offence in court.
If your vehicle is recorded breaking the speed limit

If you are the registered owner of the vehicle, you will receive the fixed
charge notice.
If you were not driving the vehicle when the offence took place, you must
give the Gardaí the name and address of the driver of your vehicle within
28 days. If you do, the named driver will receive the fixed charge notice.
If you don’t, you will be assumed to be the driver of the vehicle when the
offence took place.
Penalty points will be applied to the driver’s licence record either when
the charge is paid or when the driver is convicted of the offence in court.
REMEMBER
Most penalty point offences attract a fixed charge. Some offences will
result in a mandatory court appearance without the option of only
paying a fixed charge.
For more information on penalty points, visit the RSA website www.rsa.ie.
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Fixed charge system

This system applies to many offences, including most of the penalty point
offences.
How it works
You receive a fixed charge notice setting out:
• the details of the offence;
• the fixed charge amount to be paid; and
• where that charge can be paid.
You have 28 days to pay the fixed charge.
If you do not pay the charge within this time, it increases by 50%. You
then have another 28 days to pay the increased charge.
If you do not pay it, the matter goes to court.
The Unaccompanied Learner Driver

The owner of a vehicle who allows an unaccompanied learner or unlicensed
driver to drive their vehicle is liable to have their vehicle seized by the Gardaí
and could face a fine of up to €1,000.
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A vehicle being driven by an unaccompanied learner driver will be detained by Gardaí.

A learner driver detected of driving unaccompanied faces
an €80 fine and two penalty points if paid within 28 days;
a €120 fine and two penalty points if paid within the next 28 days; and
a €120 fine and four penalty points if convicted in court.
A lower threshold of penalty points leading to disqualification will apply to any
driver who is granted their first learner permit on or after 1 August 2014 while
they drive under a learner permit, and subsequently during the first two years
while they drive under their first full driving licence.
Note: Under the Graduated Driver Licence GDL system, learner drivers must
always be accompanied by a fully qualified driver (not a novice).
Driving bans
If you build up 12 or more penalty points (as a fully licensed driver) or 7
or more penalty points (as a learner or novice driver) in 36 months:
• you will receive a notice telling you that you have been banned from
driving for 6 months from a particular date; and
• you will have to post your driving licence to the NDLS within 14 days of
the start of the driving ban.
You will be banned from driving if you are convicted in court of an
offence such as drink driving, dangerous driving or leaving the scene of a
crash. You will be banned from driving as a result of the conviction alone,
no matter how many penalty points are on your licence record.
The courts can issue driving bans for any offences involving vehicles, not
just the offences already resulting in automatic bans. The court will
decide the length of the ban in each case.
If you are convicted in court, you may be fined and, in some cases, face a
prison term.
REMEMBER
It is an offence not to surrender your licence.
It is an offence to drive while banned from doing so.
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Section 16:
Rules for motorcyclists
Motorcycles represent less than 1 in 50 of all licensed vehicles in Ireland, but

motorcycle users account for 1 in 8 road deaths. In a crash, motorcycle and
moped users have less protection than drivers or passengers in vehicles.
This section is aimed at motorcyclists, including those who use mopeds, and
describes how you can keep yourself safe on the road. Trained motorcyclists
around the world prove every day that biking can be a fun, safe and satisfying
activity if you have appropriate skills, the right attitude to safety and the benefit
of education and training.
Licence
You must hold a current driving licence or learner permit for a motorcycle or
moped. See section 1 for information on licences and permits and the categories
of vehicle they cover.
As a motorcyclist on a learner permit you must display an ‘L’ on a yellow
fluorescent tabard to give greater awareness to other road users that you are a
learner and that additional care may be required. The ‘L’ must conform in size
and colour to the normal ‘L’ plate.
If you have recently obtained your first driving licence (full driving licence) you
will be classified as a ‘Novice’ driver and must display N plates on a yellow
fluorescent tabard. This tabard must be worn over your clothes and the plates
should be clearly visible on the front and rear of your body.
Insurance and tax

You must display a current motor tax disc and have insurance cover before you
can take your motorcycle or moped on a public road.
All new first time learner permit holders for motorcycles must undertake Initial
Basic Training (IBT) with an approved IBT instructor, before they can ride a
motorcycle unsupervised.
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What is IBT?
InitiaI Basic Training (IBT) is a training course that teaches basic riding skills to
learner motorcyclists. In its basic form, IBT is a 16-hour course broken into 4
modules focusing on theory and practical skills, to be taken in sequence.
When you have completed each IBT Module on your IBT course, your instructor
will record the details of your training in your logbook and, once all modules
have been completed, issue you with a Certificate of Satisfactory Completion.
You must keep your Certificate with your learner’s permit and carry it with you
whenever you are riding on the public road or in a public place, as you may be
asked to produce it by a Garda.
You can then apply for your practical driving test.
Carrying passengers
You must not carry a passenger if you hold a learner permit as this is illegal. If you
wish to carry a passenger, make sure your full licence and your insurance policy
allows you to do so. The rider must make certain the passenger is wearing a
properly fitted crash helmet. The rider should make certain the passenger wears
appropriate PPE (Personal Protection Equipment, that is, motorcycle jacket,
trousers, gloves and boots – all properly fitting). A rider must not carry more than
one pillion passenger, who must sit on a proper seat. They must face forward and
be capable of resting both both feet on the footrests. Riders must not carry a
pillion passenger unless their motorcycle is designed to do so.
184
Daylight riding
Make yourself as visible as possible from the side, as well as the front
and rear.
Wear a white helmet and fluorescent clothing or strips.
Use dipped headlights. Even in good daylight, they may make you more
visible.
Night-time riding
Wear reflective clothing or strips to improve your chance of being seen in
the dark. These reflect light from the headlamps of other vehicles,
making you more visible from a long distance.
Lights
You must have on your motorcycle or moped:
a white or yellow head lamp;
a red rear lamp;
a red rear reflector; and
a number plate light on the back.
To be seen at all times, bear the points below in mind:

Use your dipped headlights at all times.
Use headlights at night and during the day when visibility is seriously
reduced.
Slow down, and if necessary stop, if you are dazzled by oncoming
headlights.
Use full headlights when appropriate to do so.
Use your hazard warning lights when your motorcycle or moped is
stopped in a dangerous place.
Make sure all sidelights and rear number plate lights are lit at night.
185
Personal protective equipment

Wear appropriate clothing and a secure helmet every time you get on your bike.
Protective clothes
Jackets and trousers should give you enough protection from impact,
abrasion, cold and weather conditions.
Use body armour on exposed areas such as the back, knees, elbows,
shoulders, hips and shins. This should be adjustable so it fits snugly and
does not move in a crash.
You should wear a good reflective jacket, to make you more visible on
the road.
Wear protective gloves, and footwear that comes above the ankle at
least.
REMEMBER
It is a fixed charge offence of €80 to use a motorcycle without wearing

a helmet or to permit a passenger to ride on a motorcycle without
wearing a helmet.
186
Helmets
Buy from reputable dealers. Try several different sizes and makes. Make
sure the dealer knows how to assess fit.
Never buy or use second-hand helmets.
Never lend your helmet to someone else.
If your helmet is damaged, replace it.
Read the manual for your helmet and follow the care instructions.
Clean your visor gently with warm soapy water.
Use a helmet with a clear visor. If you use a dark visor, it will be almost
impossible for you to see oil on a wet road.
Replace the visor if it is scratched.
Make sure your helmet is securely fastened. An unsecured helmet is
illegal and useless in a crash.
Do your research before you buy. Ensure all equipment meets EU
standards.
NOTE: The strap retention system

Different makes and types of helmet come with different ‘strap retention
systems’, e.g. D-rings, clip and buckle, quick-release, etc. Whichever type of
helmet is chosen, it is essential to ensure that the retention straps fitted to the
shell of the helmet have some type of restriction system to prevent the strap
pulling through the buckle, e.g. ‘a stitched folded ridge across the end of the
strap’. The danger in not having such a restriction system on the straps is that,
in the unfortunate event of an accident or collision, the helmet may offer little
or no protection as the strap could potentially pull through the buckle, releasing
the helmet from the rider’s head, resulting in death or serious injury.
Eye and ear protection

Use ear protection on long journeys.
If you wear an open-face helmet (one without a chin bar), make sure you
wear eye protection.
When riding a motorcycle, do not use a personal entertainment system.
187
Personal protective equipment

Without Protective Equipment With Protective Equipment
Serious brain injury Helmet with eye protection
Damage to hearing Ear protection
Built-in shoulder protection
Shoulder injury
Abrasion resistant jacket
Back injuries
Severe lacerations Built-in elbow

protection
Built-in back
Heavy bruising
protection
Severe loss of skin
Motorcycle gloves
(reinforced and padded)
Hand and finger damage
Leather pants
(abrasion resistant)
Infections from road contact Built-in knee pads
Abrasions and nerve damage
Severe skin loss

Motorcycle boots
(secure and reinforced)
Toes amputated
Based on the Tr anspor t Accident Commission, Austraila, 2001
188
Riding a motorcycle
As a motorcyclist you must obey the law governing traffic. You need to develop:
a high level of attention;
an awareness of likely hazards;
good anticipation; and
excellent observational skills.
You also need to make the most of the advantages of height, positioning,
flexibility and manoeuvrability a motorcycle provides. The ability to sense
danger in a situation develops only with experience, so you should always ride
within your abilities.
Always make sure that the road space you intend to enter is completely safe,
and be aware that others may be looking at larger objects and not the narrow
profile of the motorcycle. Gravel chips, sand, pools of water and rough surfaces
can seriously destabilise motorcycles and can be a cause of crashes. Reduce
speed before hazards such as these, and continue riding with extreme caution.
189
Follow the rules below.

Avoid riding between traffic lanes.
Keep well clear of other vehicles when passing them. Remember that
drivers might not always see you in their ‘blind spots’.
If your machine is fitted with indicators and a brake light, use them.
However, if other road users cannot see these signals, or if you think they
might not be working, you should give clear hand signals as well. See
section 7 on hand signals.
Use rear-view mirrors if your motorcycle or moped is fitted with them.
Remember, though, not to rely on your mirrors when moving off,
changing lane, turning right and overtaking. You should also look over
your shoulders and check any ‘blind spots’.
Your motorcycle tyres must have a tread depth of at least 1 mm, but you
should replace them before they become this worn.
190
Tactics for surviving as a motorcyclist

1. Watch your surroundings.
Watching your surroundings means watching:
into the far, middle and near distance; and
behind you, using your mirrors and checking over your shoulders, before
changing position or turning.
2. Keep your distance.

Use the ‘two second rule’ (see Section 8). In wet or icy conditions, always
leave a bigger gap.
3. Be seen.
Make sure your position is correct. Use dipped headlights and wear high
visibility clothing (such as a neon vest and ‘Sam Browne’ reflective belt).
4. Do not surprise others.

Never do anything on the road that could cause another road user to slow
down, brake or swerve or that could startle pedestrians.
5. Think like other road users.

Anticipate how other road users might react.
6. Read the road.

In other words, ride to current road, weather and traffic conditions.
7. Adopt the right speed for the conditions.

Never let others dictate your pace.
8. Never ride your bike after consuming alcohol or drugs.

9. Trust your machine by maintaining it properly.
Follow the acronym POWDERS and check petrol, oil, water, damage,
electrics, rubber (tyres) and security.
You can get more detailed information on safety and on caring for and
maintaining your motorcycle in the booklet ‘This is Your Bike’ from the Road
Safety Authority. Phone Lo-Call 1890 50 60 80, e-mail info@rsa.ie or visit the
website www.rsa.ie.
191
Section 17:
Rules for cyclists
This section covers the rules for keeping your bicycle roadworthy, wearing
proper equipment and cycling safely and considerately. You must also be
familiar with the rules on cycle tracks (see pages 194–195) and hand signals (see
Section 7).
Keeping your bicycle roadworthy

Your brakes, tyres, chain, lights, reflector and bell must all be in good
working order.
Your bicycle should be the right size to allow you to touch the ground
with both feet.
When carrying goods, you should use a proper carrier or basket and take
care that nothing is hanging loose.
At night you must carry a lamp showing a white or yellow light to the
front and a lamp showing a red light to the back. These are the minimum
lighting requirements laid down by law. However, to be even more
visible to motorists at night, you should:
• add strips of reflective material to the bike (white to the front and red
to the back);
• wear a reflective armband; and
• wear a ‘Sam Browne’ reflective belt or reflective vest.
REMEMBER
Check your gear, be seen, wear a helmet and listen – never listen to
music or use radios or mobile phones when cycling.
192
Bicycle checklist
Handlebars should be square with the frame and level with the saddle.
Movement should be neither too stiff nor too loose.
When on the saddle, both feet should just touch the ground.
Your wheels should be straight and in line. Replace wheels if they are
buckled or out of alignment.
Tighten loose spokes and replace any that are damaged.
Make sure your tyres are properly inflated, with a good tread.
Make sure mudguards are secure and well clear of the wheels.
Check your gears and get them adjusted when necessary.
Check your brake cables and adjust them when necessary. Replace them
when frayed.
Make sure the closed ends of brake shoes face the front.
Make sure brake blocks are close to the rim of the wheel. Replace worn blocks.
Check pedals and replace them when worn or broken.
Make sure your lamps are white or yellow to the front, and red at the back.
Use a red reflector. Replace batteries when necessary and clean lenses.
Make sure your bell is within easy reach of your thumb.
Oil all moving parts.
Wear a cycle helmet at all times.
193
A bicycle should have the following braking system:

If it has one fixed wheel or is designed for a child under 7 years of age, it
must have at least one brake.
If it is designed for an older child or an adult, or if neither wheel is fixed,
it must have two brakes – one brake acting on the front wheel and
another for the back wheel.
Protective clothing and equipment

As a cyclist, you are a vulnerable road user and your bicycle will not protect you if there
is a crash. The law does not require you to wear a helmet. However, in the interest of
road safety, and in your personal interest, you should wear a helmet when cycling.
When buying a helmet:

Look for a mark to show that it has been made to a recognised national
standard.
Check that it does not restrict your field of vision or your hearing.
When you own a helmet you should:

Replace it when it is damaged or dropped.
Adjust the straps on your helmet to fit you correctly. Always check the
manufacturer’s instructions.
Bicycle trailers
Carrying children on bicycles exposes them to the dangers of the road.
Bicycle trailers are generally low to the ground. Due to their low profile, HGV
and car drivers may not be aware of them immediately behind the bike. To help
counteract this, a flag pole should be attached to the rear of the trailer with the
flag being approximately level in height with the rider’s helmet. For overall safety,
the trailer should display two red lights (one each side of the trailer), especially
when travelling in poor lighting conditions. Towing a trailer will have an adverse
effect on the handling of a bicycle. The way you corner may have to be adapted,
and stopping times may increase as a result of the increased weight of the trailer.
In busy urban areas you will have to take account of the extra width, especially in
cycle tracks where you might take up the full width of the lane.
194
If you intend to use a child seat for carrying a child on your bicycle, make
sure that it is fit for purpose and securely fitted by a competent person.
Make sure your child is wearing a suitable cycle helmet and check that the
seat’s restraining straps are in good condition. Be aware of the risk of your
child’s feet getting caught in the wheel spokes. The seat should have secure
foot straps. Ensure clothing like scarfs and shoe laces cannot get caught in
the wheels.
Cycling safely
Positioning: You may need to change direction from the normal
secondary position on the road (left side of the road) to a more primary
riding position (centre of the road) in order to:
• get the best view of the road and junctions ahead.
• increase visibility for approaching traffic, especially where a driver’s
view may be blocked.
• turn left or right, enter a roundabout, change lanes or approach a
bend.
Before changing position on the road, you should ‘look, signal in good
time and look again’ to ensure that it is safe to proceed. If you are not
confident in taking up the ‘primary’ position, it may be safer to get off
the bike and cross the roadway on foot where it is safer.
195
Make sure you keep to the left. Always look behind and give the proper
signal before moving off, changing lanes or making a turn.
You must obey the rules of the road, particularly those that relate to
traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, pelican crossings and zebra
crossings.
Keep both hands on the handlebars except when signalling or changing
gears.
Keep both feet on the pedals.
Do not take up a position on the ‘inside’ of a large vehicle out of view of
the driver. Instead, stay behind if the large vehicle has stopped at a
junction with the intention of turning left.
Keep clear of the kerb – riding clear will make you more visible and help
reduce unsafe overtaking.
When turning left, keep close to the left-hand side of the road, watch out
for pedestrians and give the proper signal in good time.
Beware of blind spots – all vehicles have blind zones and a driver may not
be able to see you!
If you cannot see the driver, the driver cannot see you, so stay back and
stay safe.
When turning right, get into the centre or just left of centre of the
right-turning lane. This helps to prevent a vehicle overtaking you whilst
you are changing direction. Look behind and give the proper signal
before you move out and ensure traffic in that lane is not going straight
ahead. On steep hills or busy roads, pull into the left-hand side of the
road and wait until there is a break in traffic in both directions to let
you make the turn safely.
When cycling alongside traffic stopped in line, be aware of gaps in the
traffic to allow other vehicles to turn across the stationary lane. The view
of the car that is turning may be blocked due to the traffic build-up.
In poor weather conditions, or if you are not confident about taking up
the position for turning right as outlined above, it may be safer to get off
your bike and cross the roadway on foot. Where available, you should use
a pedestrian or controlled crossing.
Wear reflective clothing at all times.
196
REMEMBER
Cyclists put themselves and other road users at risk when they do not
stop as required at traffic lights.
In the company of one or more cyclists, you must have due regard to other
users of the road, and you must take full account of prevailing road conditions.
Sometimes it may be safe to cycle two abreast, but you must not cycle in a
manner likely to create an obstruction for other road users.
Cycle tracks
A cycle track or lane is a reserved part of a roadway for bicycles and wheelchairs,
but not motorcycles.
Some cycle tracks are bordered by a continuous white line on the right-hand
side. These are only for bicycles and motorised wheelchairs, so no other drivers
may use them or park in them.
Other cycle tracks have a broken white line on the right-hand side. Other drivers
may make temporary use of this type of track if there is no cyclist on it.
Cycle tracks are reserved 24 hours a day, unless an upright information sign at
the start of or the side of the track shows another period of time.
A cycle track can also be a reserved part of a footpath or other area off the road.
If a cycle track is two-way, meaning bicycles travelling in opposite directions
at the same time can use it, cyclists should stay as near as possible to the left-
hand side of their track.
You must obey cycle track lights.
Cycle track information signs

with numbers referring to
mapped cycle routes
197
REMEMBER
Cyclists should wherever possible use any cycle track provided.
Rules on cycle tracks for other road users

Driving
No vehicle (other than a motorised wheelchair) may cross into or over a
mandatory cycle track unless the driver is entering or leaving a place or a side
road. A mandatory cycle track is a cycle track that is bounded by a continuous
white line.
Parking
No driver may park a vehicle in a mandatory cycle track.
A driver may park in a non-mandatory cycle track for up to 30 minutes, but only
if they are loading or unloading their vehicle and there is no alternative parking
available. Remember the basic duty of care and do not obstruct a cycle track.
If a driver parks their vehicle in a cycle track that operates for only some of the
day (shown on an information plate under the cycle track sign), they must move
the vehicle by the time the next operating period starts.
If there is no information plate, it means the cycle track operates all the time
and no parking is allowed.
Start of cycle track End of cycle track Information plate
198
The table below sets out particular road traffic rules on cycling which you must obey.
Dos 3 Don’ts 7
Do cycle in single file when overtaking. Don’t ever ride or attempt to ride a
bicycle while under the influence of
alcohol or drugs.
Do allow extra space when overtaking Don’t ever ride on or across a footpath,
parked vehicles as the doors may open other than where a cycle track is
suddenly. provided on the footpath.
Do cycle on cycle tracks where they are Don’t ever hold on to a moving vehicle.
provided.
Do cycle in single file if cycling beside Don’t ever cycle side-by-side with more
another person would endanger, than one cyclist.
inconvenience or block other traffic or
pedestrians.
Do cycle in single file in heavy traffic Don’t ever cycle against the flow of traffic
on one-way streets.
Do give your name and address, if Don’t ever cycle through red traffic
requested, to a Garda. lights or pedestrian lights.
Do obey signals given by a Garda or Don’t ever cycle on a motorway.

school warden.
Do obey all rules applying to road traffic Don’t ever cycle in a contra-flow bus
signs and road markings, including signs lane, unless signs authorise it.
and signals at traffic lights, pedestrian
crossings, pelican crossings, level crossings
and zebra crossings.
Do know the meaning of hand signals Don’t ever cycle without appropriate
for cyclists and use them when cycling. lighting during hours of darkness.
199
Cycling offences included in the fixed charge system

Description of Offence Fixed Charge
Cyclist driving a pedal cycle without reasonable consideration €40
No front lamp or rear lamp lit during lighting-up hours on a
€40
pedal cycle
Cyclist proceeding into a pedestrianised street or area €40
Cyclist proceeding past traffic lights when the red lamp is
€40
illuminated
Cyclist failing to stop for a School Warden sign €40
Cyclist proceeding beyond a stop line, barrier or half barrier
at a railway level crossing, swing bridge or lifting bridge, €40
when the red lamps are flashing
The table below lists the actions that you should take or avoid taking in the
interests of your safety and that of other road users.
Dos 3 Don’ts 7
Do keep well back when cycling behind Don’t ever hold on to or lean against
a motor vehicle in slow-moving traffic. stationary vehicles.
Do take extra care on wet or icy roads Don’t ever weave in and out of moving
or when it is windy. traffic.
Do use your bell as a warning device Don’t ever carry a passenger unless
only. your bicycle has been built or specially
adapted to carry one.
Do take extra care and look well ahead for Don’t ever use a personal entertainment
uneven road surfaces, drains and other system when cycling.
obstructions so that you do not have
to swerve suddenly in front of another
vehicle.
Do use a bus lane, and be extra Don’t ever use a mobile phone while
vigilant when a bus is stopped and cycling.
about to move off from the stop.
200
Cyclists on roundabouts
Be particularly careful when approaching a roundabout.
Be aware that drivers may not see you easily.
Watch out for vehicles crossing your path as they leave or enter the
roundabout.
Take extra care when cycling across exits.
Give plenty of room to long vehicles on the roundabout, as they need
more space. Do not ride in the spaces they need to use to get around the
roundabout. Be aware of the driver’s blind spots. If you can’t see the
driver, they can’t see you. It may be safer to wait until they have cleared
the roundabout before you go on it.
201
Section 18:
Rules for pedestrians
Pedestrian deaths account for 1 in 5 deaths on our roads. This section covers the
rules on walking along and crossing roads.
The most important rule for all pedestrians is to behave responsibly, exercise
care and not endanger or inconvenience other users of the road.
Walking beside or along a road

If there is a footpath, you must use it.
If there is no footpath, you must walk as near as possible to the right-
hand side of the road (facing oncoming traffic).
Do not walk more than two abreast. If the road is narrow or carries heavy
traffic, you should walk in single file.
You should always wear bright and hi-viz clothing during the day and
reflective clothing at night when walking outside built-up areas.
You should always carry a torch when walking at night time.
You should always be aware of other road users.
Crossing the road

Follow the DOs and DON’Ts below to make sure you cross the road safely.
Dos 3 Don’ts 7
Do look for a safe place to cross. Don’t cross at a corner or bend in the road.
Do stop and wait near the edge of the Don’t cross near the brow of a hill.
path. If there is no path, stand close to
the edge of the road.
Do look right and left and listen for traffic. Don’t cross near or at parked vehicles.
Do let any traffic coming in either direction Don’t cross where there are guard rails
pass, then look right and left again. along the footpath.
202
Dos 3 Don’ts 7
Do walk briskly straight across the road Don’t hold onto or climb onto moving
when it is clear. vehicles
Do continue to watch and listen for Don’t run across the road.
traffic while crossing.
Taking care near buses or trams

Take extra care if crossing a road where there is a bus lane (especially a contra-
flow bus lane), cycle lane or tram track. You should also be careful when getting
on or off buses and when crossing the road at or near bus stops.
REMEMBER
Never cross in front of a stopped bus.
Safe crossing places

Use the following places to cross the road safely.
Zebra crossing
This is marked by yellow flashing beacons. The actual crossing area is marked by
black and white ‘zebra’ stripes.
Drivers must stop to let you cross. As they approach the crossing, they should
slow down and be prepared to stop. They must stop behind the stop line if there
is one and must not enter any part of the crossing.
203
Drivers must not overtake or park within areas covered by zig-zag markings on
either side of the crossing. Section 10, on parking, has more information.
You do not have the right-of-way over other traffic until you actually step
onto the crossing. Never step onto the crossing if this would cause a
driver to brake or swerve suddenly.
You must not cross within the area marked by zig-zag white lines if these
are provided on either side of a zebra crossing. If they are not provided,
you must not cross within 15 metres of the crossing.
If there is a central island, treat each side as a separate crossing.
Always watch carefully for approaching traffic. Place one foot on the
crossing to indicate that you wish to cross. Wait until traffic has stopped
before you start crossing.
Pedestrian lights
Pedestrian lights consist of a set of traffic lights for drivers and a set of light
signals for pedestrians. Usually there is a push button for pedestrians. When you
press it, the traffic lights will turn to red after a short while.
Do not cross while the ‘wait’ or ‘red man’ light is showing.
Cross with care when the ‘cross now’ or ‘green man’ is showing.
If there is a central island at the pedestrian lights, the ‘green man’ or
‘cross now’ sign will let you cross only as far as that. You must then press
the push button at another set of lights to cross the rest of the way.
For vision-impaired pedestrians, an audible bleep signal or a vibrating panel
on the push button may be in place to indicate when it is safe to cross.
204
Pelican crossing
At this crossing, an amber light will flash for a short period after the red light for
drivers goes out. Similarly, the ‘green man’ light for pedestrians will flash for a
short time before changing to the ‘red man’ light. A flashing amber light at a
pelican crossing gives priority to pedestrians on the crossing.
Traffic lights
If you are crossing at traffic lights, but there are no signals for pedestrians,
check the lights in both directions. When the traffic on the road you wish
to cross is governed by a red light, cross carefully. Look out for traffic that
might be turning onto the road you wish to cross and remember that some
traffic lights allow traffic to proceed in some lanes when other lanes are
stopped. Be especially careful at junctions with filter lanes.
Uncontrolled crossing places

Generally uncontrolled crossing places (courtesy crossings) are designated
shared areas of road. They are coloured, slightly raised or patterned cobbled
sections of road, and drivers should be aware of the potential dangers of
pedestrians approaching or crossing on them.
It is also important to point out that pedestrians do not have an automatic right
of way when using these crossings. Pedestrians need to be alert and aware that
traffic may suddenly approach from either direction.
205
Pedestrians
Pedestrians should only enter uncontrolled crossing places (courtesy crossing)
ensuring that all traffic is aware of their presence if crossing the road.
Motorists
Motorists entering uncontrolled crossing places (courtesy crossing) should react
by driving very slowly, aware of the potential dangers of pedestrians using the area.
A traffic island can be provided to help pedestrians. These are safer places to
cross because the crossing is divided into two parts.
Don’t cross the road in the area in front of a truck. This is a truck driver’s blind spot.
REMEMBER
If you can’t see the driver, they can’t see you.
206
Section 19:
Respecting other road users
This section is aimed at motor vehicle drivers and builds on the information in
Section 5 on good driving practice.
Your vehicle does not have greater right of way than any other road user, so,
for safety reasons, you should drive defensively. This means expecting the
unexpected and making way for other road users when necessary.
Some of the actions you might need to take in normal conditions include:
making way for an ambulance, fire engine or Garda vehicle;
watching and stopping for children emerging from between cars; and
waiting until a vehicle has started its left-hand turn before you emerge
from a side road.
To make sure all road users are safe, be aware of your responsibilities towards:
pedestrians, children, older people, people with disabilities and
wheelchair users;
cyclists and motorcyclists; and
any animal traffic on the road.
This helps drivers to become safer and more socially responsible, not only to
themselves, but to their families and other road users.
Pedestrians
As a driver, you must not put a pedestrian at risk. In particular, you must give
way to pedestrians:
on or at a zebra crossing (even if they are only waiting to cross);
on or at a pelican crossing, when the amber light is flashing;
crossing the road, if you are moving off from a stationary position (for
example at a traffic light or a parking space); and
at a junction, if they have started crossing the road.
207
Watch out for pedestrians who might attempt to cross the road suddenly from
between parked vehicles. Make extra allowances for older people, people with
disabilities and children. Watch for pedestrians walking to and from buses.
REMEMBER
It is an offence to drive a vehicle partly or fully along or across a

footpath, unless you are crossing a footpath to enter or leave a building
or other place beside it.
Children
Children have less experience than other people in using the road, so you
should make extra allowances for their behaviour.
Take care when you are:
driving beside footpaths where there are young children;
coming out from side entrances or driveways;
driving in car parks; and
reversing, in particular where there are young children. You cannot see a
small child behind your vehicle through your mirrors or back window. If
in doubt, get out and check.
Schools
Do not park at a school entrance. Thoughtless parking can confuse parents and
their children or block the entrance or exit of a school. It can also force children
onto the road to get around your vehicle.
It is an offence if your vehicle blocks a footpath or a cycle track.
You should also take care near school buses, especially if overtaking a bus that
children are boarding or leaving. School buses are clearly marked with stickers.
Do not leave any room for doubt. If you see school children, particularly young
children, you may use your horn to let them know you are there.
208
Be careful near children who are cycling. Take extra care near a school, where
cyclists may emerge in groups. Remember, it is hard to predict a young cyclist’s
balance and behaviour.
School wardens
Adult school wardens provide safe road crossing places for children outside
or near schools. They wear a hat and an overcoat, which include reflective
material. Wardens carry a special sign and are allowed by law to stop traffic.
When a warden raises the ‘Stop’ sign (shown below on the left), you must stop
and remain stopped until:
the school children have crossed the road;
the sign is lowered; and
the school warden has safely returned to the footpath.
209
Junior school wardens

Junior school wardens are the senior pupils of primary schools who operate in
teams of six to give the same service given by an adult school warden. When
they want traffic to stop, they give a signal to traffic on both sides of the road.
When the traffic is stopped, the wardens take up their position and guide the
younger children across the road. All vehicles must remain stopped until all the
junior wardens have returned to the footpath.
Never park in a place that blocks a warden’s view. School wardens must be able
to see the road clearly to do their work properly and safely.
Cyclists and motorcyclists

Never put a cyclist or motorcyclist at risk and know your duty to be aware of
them. They are especially vulnerable if there is a crash.
In particular, watch for cyclists and motorcyclists:
at junctions;
where cycle tracks merge with roads;
when you change lanes;
when opening your door to get out of a vehicle;
when stopping and turning, especially when making a left turn; and
when reversing.
The best way to take care near cyclists and motorcyclists is to use your mirrors
and recheck blind spots.
210
Overtaking
Never cut in front of cyclists or motorcyclists when overtaking them. Give them
plenty of space, especially:
in wet or windy weather;
when road conditions are icy;
when they are starting off. Cyclists tend to wobble until they build up
their speed; and
when the road surface is poor. Cyclists and motorcyclists may need to
avoid potholes.
Turning left
On left turns, watch out for cyclists and motorcycles close to the kerb in front
of you or coming up on your left (especially if there is a cycle track on the left).
Do not overtake a cyclist as you approach a junction if you are turning left. The
cyclist might be continuing straight ahead.
Turning right
When turning right through a gap in oncoming traffic (for example at a yellow
box junction), watch out for cyclists who might be moving up on the inside or
might be travelling in a cycle or bus lane running in the opposite direction at
the far side of the road. Also, use your mirrors to check for any motorcyclists
who may be overtaking you as you approach the turn.
211
Cycle tracks and parking

Do not park or drive on cycle tracks. Before you open the door of a parked
vehicle, use your mirrors to check for cyclists and motorcyclists coming up on
your right and give them enough room to pass.
Animal traffic
Always slow down and be prepared to stop when approaching or overtaking
animals. If a person in charge of animals gives a signal to slow down or stop,
you must obey it. Avoid using your horn if animals are in front of you, as it
might frighten them.
If you are travelling on a road where animals are common, you will see a
warning sign like the ones below.
Cattle and farm Deer or wild

Sheep Horses
animals animals
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Section 20:
Other road users
Emergency services vehicles

In the course of their duty, Garda, fire brigade vehicles or ambulances and other
emergency vehicles can be exempt from some of the road traffic law as long as
this does not put other road users in danger. As a user of the road, if you hear or
see a Garda or emergency vehicle approaching under emergency conditions using
a siren or flashing lights, you should exercise caution, and give way if it is safe to
do so. Never ‘tailgate’ an emergency service vehicle (see pages 164–165).
People using agricultural machinery

Tractors
Tractors are governed by normal road traffic laws on driver licensing, insurance,
motor tax and vehicle lighting.
All tractors used in a public place must be fitted with safety frames. The purpose
of the frame is to protect the driver from being crushed underneath if the
tractor overturns. The frame must comply with approved standards.
It is up to the owner or driver to fit a safety cab.
Tractor drivers must carefully transport loose material such as silage, slurry,
sand or gravel, so that the material does not spill onto a public road and cause
a crash. Loads of lime or other dusty materials, offal or other offensive material
must be fully covered with a tarpaulin.
Farmers using agricultural tractors and trailers to haul agricultural produce
must not:
use exceptionally high frames on trailers which could endanger the stability,
steering and braking of an agricultural tractor and trailer combination; or
exceed the maximum legally permissible combination weight or the
design gross vehicle weight.
For more information visit the website www.rsa.ie.
213
Please note:
Further rules relating to various aspects of agricultural vehicles, such as lighting
requirements, weight and dimension requirements, speed disc requirements,
among others, are now in place. Information on these new rules can be found
on www.rsa.ie.
Tractors on the road

A tractor used in a public place must obey the laws governing road traffic.
If you are driving a tractor, you should keep left to let faster traffic pass. Your
driving mirror must provide an adequate view of the road behind you.
Do not carry a passenger unless the tractor is equipped to carry one.
People in charge of animals

Horse-drawn vehicles
The normal rules apply, including the general rule to keep left. The hand signals
to be given by the driver are the same as those given by a cyclist (see Section 7). A
horse-drawn vehicle must be equipped with two red rear reflectors and, at night,
must also carry on the right-hand side of the vehicle a lamp showing a white light
to the front and a red light to the back.
You must not drive a horse-drawn vehicle while under the influence of alcohol
or drugs.
214
Riding or leading horses

If you are riding or leading a horse, you must remain on the left-hand side of the
road and obey all Rules of the Road.
You should wear a high-visibility vest and an approved riding helmet.
When leading a horse, you should walk so as to ensure that you are between the
horse and the traffic, so as to prevent the horse from interfering with the traffic.
When riding one horse and leading a second horse, you must remain on the left-
hand side of the road. You should ensure the led horse is on the left-hand side
of the ridden horse, to ensure that you are positioned between the horse and
the traffic. This is in order to control the led horse, in the interest of the safety
of other users of the road.
Accompanied
horses and ponies
Drivers should take special care when:

approaching riding schools or places where horses are likely to appear,
overtaking horses, especially loose horses or horse-drawn vehicles, and
approaching a horse and rider. If appropriate a driver must stop a vehicle
and allow them to pass.
Driving animals on the road

If you are in charge of animals on a roadway, you must take reasonable steps to
make sure the animals do not block other traffic or pedestrians.
If you are in charge of animals on the road at night, you should carry a lamp
showing a white light to the front and a red light to the back. You should also
wear a reflective armband.
215
Section 21:
Regulatory traffic signs
This section includes the signs that show a road regulation is in place. These
must be obeyed.
Regulatory signs show the course a driver must follow and an action they are
required to take or forbidden to take. They are usually circular and have a red
border and black symbols or letters on a white background. Mandatory
regulatory signs that indicate the direction traffic must take at junctions are
blue and white.
School wardens
Stop Yield Yield No left turn
stop sign
No entry or ‘No Max speed limit

No right turn Parking prohibited Clearway
straight ahead’ 30kmh
Max speed limit Max speed limit Max speed limit Max speed limit Max speed limit
50kmh 60kmh 80kmh 100kmh 120kmh
216
The following is an alternative design for the 80kmh speed limit sign. This sign
may be provided:
on a local road to indicate that a speed limit of 80kmh applies; or
at a location where special speed limit bye-laws specify that the special
speed limit of 80kmh applies in respect of a local road or part of a local
road in a built-up area.
Max speed limit

80kmh
No ridden or
No bicycles accompanied
Speed limits per lane horses
Maximum gross
No entry to Maximum vehicle Maximum vehicle
weight (traffic
vehicles length width
management)
Maximum axle No overtaking for

No horse carriages Height restriction
weight three-axle vehicles
217
No entry for large

Taxi rank vehicles (by reference No U-turn
to weight)
No overtaking Height restriction
Zonal restriction –
Pedestrianised End of the
Parking permitted Disc parking plate no parking of large
street restriction zone
vehicles
Mandatory signs at junctions (white and blue)
Turn left ahead Turn right ahead Turn left Turn right Straight ahead
Keep left Keep right Pass either side Mini roundabout
218
Manual traffic control sign at

roadworks
No entry for No entry to goods

pedestrians to vehicles
tramway (by reference to number
Stop Either form of Go or Téigh can be used of axles)
With flow bus lane With flow bus lane Contra flow
Tram lane on left Tram lane on right
on left on right bus lane
km/h
In a tunnel goods vehicles

Electronic
Start of End of variable speed Variable speed cannot use right-hand lane
cycle track cycle track limit sign limit (by reference to number
(tunnel only) of axles)
Electronic periodic Tram and access

Electronic periodic Tram only street Bus only street
speed limit sign only street
speed limit sign
at school
Pedestrians and Separate bicycle and

Turn back
bicycles only pedestrian lanes
219
Traffic lane control signs: tunnels, national roads and motorways
Move into the Move into the

Go (Lane open) Stop (Lane closed)
left-hand lane right-hand lane
Variable message signs (VMS)
Overhead VMS Mobile VMS displaying text message

Mobile VMS displaying chevrons Examples of VMS chevron formats
220
Section 22:
Warning traffic signs
This section includes signs that warn road users of a hazard ahead. They are
diamond or rectangular in shape and have a black border and black symbols or
letters on a yellow background.
Dangerous corner Mini-Roundabout

Roundabout ahead Merging traffic Two-way traffic
ahead ahead
Dangerous bend Series of Series of Restricted

T-junction
ahead dangerous bends dangerous corners headroom
ahead ahead
Junction ahead with roads of less importance

(the latter being indicated by arms of lesser width)
T-junction Y-junction Side road Crossroads
221
Junction ahead with a road or roads of equal importance
Staggered
Crossroads Side road T-junction Y-junction
crossroads
Advance warning of a major road (or dual carriageway ahead)
T-junction with Crossroads with Advance warning Advance warning

Crossroads
dual carriageway dual carriageway of a stop sign of a yield sign
General purpose warning signs
Drive on left Safe height plate Low flying aircraft Road divides
Merging/diverging Dual carriageway Traffic cross-over Overhead electric

traffic ends ahead cables
Traffic signals Pedestrian crossing Slippery road Road narrows on

ahead ahead ahead both sides
Road narrows from Road narrows from

Tunnel ahead Cyclists
left right
222
Start of a passing Start of a climbing

Lane loss Loop road ahead
lane lane
Sharp rise ahead

Series of bumps or Deer or wild
Sharp dip ahead – for example, Sheep
hollows ahead animals
hump-back bridge
Cattle and farm Accompanied Steep descent

Crosswinds Steep ascent ahead
animals horses and ponies ahead
Unprotected quay, Low bridge ahead

Danger of falling
canal or river (height restriction
rocks
ahead shown)
Level crossing Level crossing Level crossing

ahead, guarded ahead, unguarded ahead with lights
by gates or lifting by gates or lifting and barriers
barrier barrier
223
Stop when lights Automatic level

are red crossing ahead
Chevron board Chevron board

(a sharp change of direction to the left) (a sharp change of direction to the right)
Warning signs for schools and children
School children
School ahead Children crossing
crossing ahead
(in residential area)
Tram signs
Tram lane
Tram lane warning signs for pedestrians Slippery for cyclists
crossing ahead
224
Section 23:
Warning signs for roadworks
This section includes the warning signs for roadworks. Like other warning signs,
these are diamond or rectangular in shape and have a black border and black
symbols or text. However, they are orange in colour instead of yellow.
One-lane crossover One-lane crossover Move to left Move to right

Roadworks ahead
(out) (back) (one lane) (one lane)
Start of central
Move to left Move to right Obstruction End of obstruction
reserve or
(two lanes) (two lanes) between lanes between lanes
obstruction
End of central
Lanes diverge at Lanes rejoin at Two-lanes Two-lanes
reserve or
crossover crossover crossover (back) crossover (out)
obstruction
Single lane (for Road narrows Road narrows Road narrows

Two-way traffic
shuttle working) from left from right on both sides
225
Offside lane (of Nearside lane (of Offside lane (of Nearside lane (of Two offside lanes
two) closed two) closed three) closed three) closed (of three) closed
Two nearside lanes (of three) closed. Offside lane (of Nearside lane (of Two offside lanes
Two alternative styles four) closed four) closed (of four) closed
Two nearside lanes

Side road on left Side road on right Site access on left Site access on right
(of four) closed
Temporary traffic
Flagman ahead Queues likely Hump or ramp Uneven surface
signals ahead
Pedestrians cross Pedestrians cross Overhead electric

Slippery road Loose chippings
to left to right cables
226
Detour ahead Detour to left Detour to right Road closed Diverted traffic left
Diverted traffic Diverted traffic Diverted traffic End of detour Detour destination
Information plates at roadworks
Direction and
Distance Length Direction End
distance
Concealed
Cautionary speed Slow Type of works Use hard shoulder
entrance
Hard shoulder Unfinished road

Barrier board Chevron board Speed limit ahead
closed surface
Manual traffic control sign at roadworks
Flagman ahead Stop Either form of Go or Téigh can be used
227
Section 24:
Information signs
This section includes road signs showing directions and the location of services
or other places of interest to tourists.
Advance direction signs
Motorway National road National road Regional road
Lane destination sign Dublin Port Tunnel ahead
Direction signs (at junctions)
Motorway direction
National road direction signs
sign
228
Regional road Regional road

Local road direction sign
direction sign direction sign
Destination distance sign Town or village sign
Cycle track information signs with numbers

referring to mapped cycle routes
Industrial estate Disabled persons

Slow lane sign Cul-de-sac Airport symbol
symbol parking bay
Alternative route Hospital ahead

Ferry symbol Lay-by ahead sign Lay-by sign
for high vehicles sign
Car park with

Hospital sign facilities for disabled SOS lay-by Speed camera Speed limit change
persons ahead
Advance information sign Advance information sign Alternative route for

for low clearance for low clearance heavy vehicles
229
Supplementary
Traffic calming sign Traffic calming sign Ramps on road
plate
Tourist information signs
Advance sign for

Advance sign for Sign for Óige youth
lay-by with tourism
facilities in lay-by hostels
information
Advance direction to Signing to approved Alternative route off

local services tourist information the motorway
Tourist advanced direction Pedestrian sign to a

Tourist attraction direction sign
sign tourist attraction
Pedestrian sign to a Sign to approved

car park tourist information points
230
Section 25:
Motorway signs
These signs are rectangular with blue backgrounds and white writing or symbols.
Route confirmatory sign

Motorway ahead Motorway ahead Advance direction with Euro Route
sign marker plate
Entry to motorway 300m to next exit 200m to next exit 100m to next exit
Motorway ends Motorway ends

End of motorway
1km ahead 500m ahead
Advance direction sign

Typical lane gain sign for destination Typical 2km next exit sign
231
Toll plaza
Toll plaza ahead Toll charges
information sign
Motorway service area Route confirmatory

information sign sign for M7
Authorised vehicles only Garda only
232
Appendix 1:
List of medical report requirements
If you have any of the diseases or disabilities listed below, you must supply a
medical report when applying for a driving licence.
Diabetes treated by insulin or sulphonylurea tablets. Ask your doctor
whether you are on these or not. There is no need to report diabetes if
managed by other tablets or diet.
Epilepsy.
Stroke or TIAs with any associated symptom lasting longer than one
month.
Fits or blackouts.
Any type of brain surgery – brain abscess or severe head injury involving
in-patient treatment – brain tumour, spinal injury or spinal tumour.
An implanted cardiac pacemaker.
An implanted cardiac defibrillator (ICD).
Repeated attacks of sudden disabling dizziness.
Any other chronic neurological condition, such as multiple sclerosis,
motor neurone disease, Parkinson’s disease or Huntington’s disease.
A serious problem with memory or periods of confusion.
Persistent alcohol misuse or dependency.
Persistent drug misuse or dependency.
Serious psychiatric illness or mental health problems.
Parkinson’s disease.
Sleep apnoea syndrome.
Narcolepsy.
Any condition affecting your peripheral vision.
233
Total loss of sight in one eye.

Any condition affecting both eyes, or the remaining eye if you only have
one eye (not including colour blindness or short or long sight).
A serious hearing deficiency, which has worsened since your last
application or renewal.
Any persisting problem with arm(s) or leg(s) which needs driving to be
restricted to certain types of vehicle, or those with adapted controls.
Severe learning disability.
This list is not exhaustive. For further information on the medical report
requirements, you can visit either www.rsa.ie or www.ndls.ie.
234
Appendix 2:
Laws covering road traffic and safety
This section lists the main laws on which the contents of this book are based. It
divides the laws into Acts and regulations made under the Acts.
Road Traffic Acts

Road Traffic Act 1961
Road Traffic (Amendment) Act 1984
Road Traffic (No.2) Act 2011
Other relevant Acts
Local Authorities (Traffic Wardens) Act 1975
Road Acts 1920, 1993 and 2007
Finance Acts, 1960 and 1976
Finance (Excise Duties) (Vehicles) Act 1952
Dublin Transport Authority Act 1986
Dublin Transport Authority (Dissolution) Act 1987
Transport (Railway Infrastructure) Act 2001
Taxi Regulation Act 2003
Railway Safety Act 2005
Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005
Road Traffic and Transport Act 2006
235
Road Safety Authority Act 2006

Road Transport Act 2011
Motor Vehicle (Duties and Licences) Act 2012
Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) Act 2012
Motor Vehicle (Duties and Licences) Act 2013
Non-Use of Motor Vehicles Act 2013
Taxi Regulation Act 2013
Road Traffic (No. 2) Act 2014
Environment (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2015;
Motor Vehicle (Duties and Licences) Act 2015;
Road Traffic Act 2016.
Regulations made under the Acts

Road Traffic (Construction, Equipment and Use of Vehicles) Regulations
Road Traffic (Construction & Use of Vehicles) Regulations
Road Traffic (Immobilisation of Vehicles) Regulations
Road Traffic (Courses of Instruction) (Learner Permit Holders) Regulations
Road Traffic (Licensing of Learner Drivers) (Certificates of Competency) Regulations
European Communities (Vehicle Testing) Regulations
Road Traffic (Traffic and Parking) Regulations
Road Traffic (Ordinary Speed Limits - Buses, Heavy Goods Vehicles, Etc.) Regulations
European Communities (Driving Theoretical Tests) Regulations
European Communities (Vehicle Drivers Certificate of Professional Competence) Regulations
Road Traffic (National Car Test) Regulations
Road Traffic (Special Permits for Particular Vehicles) Regulations
Road Traffic (Signs) Regulations
Road Traffic (Lighting of Vehicles) Regulations
Road Traffic (Registration and Licensing) Regulations
Road Traffic (Licensing of Drivers) Regulations
Road Traffic (Requirement to have Audible Warning Devices on Vehicles) Regulations
Road Traffic (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations
European Communities (Road Traffic) (Compulsory Insurance) (Amendment) Regulations
236
Road Traffic (Weight Laden of 5 Axle Articulated Vehicles) Regulations

Road Traffic (Insurance Disc) Regulations
Road Traffic Act, 1994 (Part III) Regulations
Road Regulations 1994
European Communities (Motor Vehicles UN –ECE Type Approval) Regulations
European Communities (Passenger Car Entry into Service) Regulations
European Communities (Road Transport) (Working Conditions and Road Safety) Regulations
European Communities (Mechanically Propelled Vehicle Entry into Service) Regulations
European Communities (Road Transport Activities Checks) Regulations
European Communities (Road Vehicles: Type-Approval) Regulations
European Communities (Road Vehicles: Entry into Service) Regulations
European Communities (Motor Vehicles Type Approval) Regulations
Road Traffic (Specialised Vehicle Permits) Regulations
Vehicle Registration and Taxation Regulations 1992
Road Traffic Act, 1994 (Section 17) Regulations 1999
Road Traffic (Ordinary Speed Limits – Certain Vehicles) Regulations 2005
Road Traffic (Speed Limit – Traffic Signs) Regulations 2005
Road Traffic (Traffic Signs – Periodic Special Speed Limits) Regulations 2005
European Communities (Installation and Use of Speed Limitation Devices in Motor
Vehicles) Regulations 2005
European Communities (Compulsory Use of Safety Belts and Child Restraint Systems in
Motor Vehicles) Regulations 2006
Road Traffic Act 2006 (Mobile Phones-Prescribed Numbers) Regulations 2006
Road Traffic Act 2002 (Commencement of Certain Provisions relating to Driving while
Holding Mobile Phone) Order 2006
Road Traffic Acts 1961 to 2006 (Fixed Charge Offence) (Holding Mobile Phone While
Driving) Regulations 2006
Road Traffic (Control of Traffic) Regulations 2006
Road Traffic Act 1994 (Control of Traffic - Exemption Permits) Regulations 2006
Road Traffic Acts 1961 to 2005 (Fixed Charge Offences) Regulations 2006
Road Traffic Act 2006 (Commencement) Order 2007
Road Traffic (Components and Separate Technical Units) Regulations 2007
Road Traffic (Components and Separate Technical Units) (Two and Three Wheel Motor
Vehicle) Regulations 2007
Road Traffic (Recognition of Foreign Driving Licences) Order 2007
237
European Communities (Railway Safety) Regulations 2008

Road Traffic (Retreaded Tyres) Regulations 2008
Local Authorities (Traffic Wardens) Act 1975 (Fixed Charge Offences) Regulations
Road Traffic (Driving Mirrors-Requirements Vehicles) Regulations 2008
European Communities (Recognition of Driving Licences of other Member States)
Regulations 2008
European Communities (Charging of Heavy Goods Vehicles for the Use of Certain
Infrastructures) Regulations 2009
Road Traffic Acts 1961 To 2007 (Fixed Charge offences) (Prescribed Notice and Document)
Regulations 2009
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Licensing of Dispatch Operators) Regulations 2009
Road Traffic (Driving Instructor Licensing) Regulations 2009
Road Traffic (Driving Instructor Licensing) (No. 2) Regulations 2009
Road Traffic Act 2006 (Part Commencement Section 16) (Penalty Points) Order 2009
Road Traffic Act 2002 (Commencement of Certain Provisions) (Penalty Points) Order 2009
Road Traffic (Display of Test Disc) Regulations 2009
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Small Public Service Vehicle Skills Development Programme
and Driver Licence Fee) Regulations 2009
Roads Act 2007 (Declaration of Motorways) Order 2009
European Communities (Road Haulage and Road Passenger Transport Operator’s
Licences) Regulations 2009
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Licensing of Dispatch Operators) Regulations 2009
Railway Safety Act 2005 (Section 26) Levy Order 2010
Road Traffic Act 2002 (Section 9) (Commencement) Order 2010
European Communities (Commercial Vehicles Roadside Check Forms) Regulations 2010
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Wheelchair Accessible Hackneys and Wheelchair Accessible
Taxis - Vehicle Standards) Regulations 2010
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Suitability Inspection and Annual Licence Renewal Assessment
of Small Public Service Vehicles) Regulations 2010
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Grant of Taxi Licences) (Amendment) Regulations 2010
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Wheelchair Accessible Hackneys and Wheelchair Accessible
Taxis - Vehicle Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 2010
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Certain Provisions) (Commencement) Order 2010
Road Traffic (Recognition of Foreign Driving Licences - New Zealand and Taiwan) Order
2010
238
Road Traffic Act 1994 (Section 17) (Prescribed Form and Manner of Statements)
Regulations 2010
Road Traffic Act 1994 (Sections 18 and 19) (Prescribed Forms) Regulations 2010
Road Traffic Act 1994 (Section 22) (Costs and Expenses) Regulations 2010
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Suitability Inspection and Taxi Roof Sign) (Amendment)
Regulations 2010
Public Transport Regulation Act 2009 (Certain Provisions) (Commencement) (No. 2) Order
2010
EC (Commercial Vehicles Roadside Check Forms)(Irish Language Form) Regulations 2011
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Vehicle Age Limit) (Amendment) Regulations 2011
Transport (Alteration of Name of Department and Title of Minister) Order 2011
Road Traffic (Courses of Instruction (Cars) Regulation 2011
Road Traffic Act 2011 (Commencement) Order 2011
Road Traffic (Spray Suppression) Regulations 2011
European Communities (Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road and Use of Transportable
Pressure Equipment) Regulations 2011
Road Traffic (Restraint Systems in Organised Transport of Children) Regulations 2011
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Sections 15 and 17) (Prescribed Forms) Regulations 2011
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Section 13) (Prescribed Form and Manner of Statements)
Regulations 2011
Road Traffic (No. 2) Act 2011 (Commencement) Order 2011
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Certain Provisions) (Commencement) (No. 2) Order 2011
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Fixed Penalty Notice - Drink Driving) Regulations 2011
European Communities (Random Roadside Vehicle Inspection) (Amendment) Regulations
2011
European Communities (End-of-Life Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2011
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Vehicle Size and Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles) (Amendment)
Regulations 2011
Road Traffic (Courses of Instruction) (Motorcycles) Regulations 2011
European Union (International Market for Coach and Bus Services) Regulations 2011
European Union (Occupation of Road Transport Operator) Regulations 2011
European Union (International Road Haulage Market) Regulations 2011
European Union (Motor Insurance) (Limitation of Insurance in relation to Injury to
Property) Regulations 2011
239
European Communities (Road Transport) (Organisation of Working Time of Persons

Performing Mobile Road Transport Activities) Regulations 2012
Light Railway (Regulation of Travel and Use) Bye-laws 2012
Roads Act 1993 (Classification of National Roads) Order 2012
Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012
Railway Safety Act 2005 (Section 26) Levy Order 2012
Road Traffic Acts 1961 to 2011 (Fixed Charge Offences) Regulations 2012
Road Traffic Act 2006 (Part Commencement Section 16(2)(e) (Penalty Points) Order 2012
Road Traffic Act 2002 (Commencement of Certain Provisions) (Penalty Points) Order 2012
Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) Act 2012 (Part 1 and Section
28) (Commencement) Order 2012
Road Traffic (Licensing of Trailers and Semi-Trailers) Regulations 2012
Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations 2012
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Section 21) (Costs and Expenses) Regulations 2012
Road Traffic (Licensing of Drivers) (Fees) Regulations 2012
Traffic Act 2010 (Section 53(3)(c)) (Commencement) Order 2012
Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) Act 2012 (Part 3)
(Commencement) Order 2013
Road Traffic (Licensing of Drivers) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
Road Traffic (National Car Test) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
Road Traffic (Construction and Use of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Revised Vehicle Standards and Fixed Charge Offences)
(Amendment) (Regulations) 2013
Road Traffic (Licensing of Learner Drivers) (Certificates of Competency) (Amendment)
Regulations 2013
European Communities (Vehicle Testing) Regulations 2004 (Revocation) Regulations 2013
Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) Act 2012 (Conferral of
Functions) Order 2013
Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) Act 2012 (Certain Provisions)
(Commencement) Order 2013
Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness (Vehicle Testing) Regulations 2013
Authorisation of Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness Test Operators and Testers
Regulations 2013
Disposal of Condemned Vehicles (Excise) Regulations 2013
240
Road Traffic (Signs) (Amendment) Regulations 2013

Road Traffic (Traffic and Parking) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
Non-Use of Motor Vehicles Act 2013 (Commencement) Order 2013
Non-Use of Motor Vehicles Act 2013 (Commencement) (No. 2) Order 2013
Non-Use of Motor Vehicles Regulations 2013
Road Traffic (Licensing of Drivers) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2013
Pressure Equipment) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
Road Traffic (National Car Test) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2013
Road Transport Operator Licensing (Fees) Regulations 2013
Non-Use of Motor Vehicles (Section 3) Regulations 2013
European Union (End-of-Life Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
European Communities (Vehicle Drivers Certificate of Professional Competence)
(Amendment) Regulations 2013
Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness (Vehicle Testing) (No. 2) Regulations 2013
Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) (Vehicle Maintenance and
Repair) Regulations 2013
Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) Act 2012 (Sections 30, 31
and 39) (Commencement) Order 2013
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Vehicle Licensing and Standards) (Amendment) Regulations
2013
European Communities (Agricultural or Forestry Tractors Type Approval) (Amendment)
Regulations 2013
European Communities (Control of Emissions of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants from
Non-Road Mobile Machinery) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
Vehicle Registration (Identification Marks) Regulations 2013
Taxi Regulation Act 2003 (Local Area Hackney) Regulations 2013
European Communities (Road Vehicles: Type-Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
European Communities (Mechanically Propelled Vehicle Entry into Service) (Amendment)
Regulations 2013
European Communities (Motor Vehicles Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2013
European Communities (Two and Three Wheel Motor Vehicle Entry into Service)
241
European Communities (Road Vehicles: Entry into Service) (Amendment) Regulations

2013
Taxi Regulation Act 2013 (Public Service Contracts) (Commencement) Order 2013
Disabled Drivers and Disabled Passengers (Tax Concessions) (Amendment) Regulations
2014
Taxi Regulation Act 2013 (Commencement) Order 2014
Small Public Service Vehicle (Consolidation and Reform) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic Act 2006 (Restriction on Use of Mobile Phones) Regulations 2014
European Communities (Motor Vehicles Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2014.
European Communities (Two and Three Wheel Motor Vehicle Entry into Service)
Road Traffic (Plating and Speed Rating of Agricultural Vehicles) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic (Construction, Equipment and Use of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations
2014
Road Traffic (Lighting of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic (Construction and Use of Vehicles) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2014
European Union (End-of-Life Vehicles) Regulations 2014
Road Transport Operator Licensing (Fees) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic (National Car Test) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic (Traffic and Parking) (Car Clubs and Electrically Powered Vehicles)
Regulations 2014
Road Traffic (Signs) (Amendment) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic Act 2014 (Section 10(a) and (f)) (Commencement) Order 2014
Road Traffic Act 2014 (Sections 1 and 2) (Commencement) Order 2014
European Union (Charging of Heavy Goods Vehicles for the Use of Certain Infrastructures)
Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness (Vehicle Licensing) Regulations 2014
European Union (Paints, Varnishes, Vehicle Refinishing Products and Activities)
Road Traffic (Recognition of Foreign Driving Licences) (Ontario) Order 2014
European Communities (Driving Theoretical Tests) (Amendment) Regulations 2014
242
European Communities (Vehicle Drivers Certificate of Professional Competence)

Road Traffic (Speed Limit - Traffic Signs) (Local Roads) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic Acts 1961 to 2014 (Small Public Service Vehicle) (Fixed Charge Offences)
Regulations 2014
Road Safety Authority (Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness) Act 2012 (Commencement)
(Penalty Points - Certificate of Road Worthiness) Order 2014
European Communities (Agricultural or Forestry Tractors Type Approval) (Amendment)
Regulations 2014
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Impairment Testing) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Impairment Testing) (Commencement) Order 2014
Road Traffic (Fixed Charge Offences) Regulations 2014
Road Traffic Act 2006 (Commencement) (Penalty Point - Speed Limitation Devices) Order
2014
Road Traffic Act 2014 (Section 10 (a) to (e) and (h)) (Commencement) Order 2014
Road Traffic (Weight Laden of 5 Axle Articulated Vehicles) Regulations 2014
Disposal of Condemned Vehicles (Excise) Regulations 2014
Taxi Regulation (Small Public Service Vehicle) Regulations 2015
European Communities (Road Transport) (Organisation of Working Time of Persons
Performing Mobile Road Transport Activities) (Amendment) Regulations 2015
National Vehicle and Driver File (Access) Regulations 2015
European Union (Occupation of Road Transport Operator) Regulations 2015
Road Traffic Act 1994 (Detention of Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 2016
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Section 54(d)) (Defective or Worn Tyres) (Commencement) Order
2016
Road Traffic (Recognition of Foreign Driving Licences) (Newfoundland and Labrador) Order
2016
Road Traffic (Fixed Charge Offences - Tyres) Regulations 2016
Road Traffic (Traffic and Parking) (Amendment) Regulations 2016
Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) (Amendment) (No. 3)
Regulations 2016
Taxi Regulation (Small Public Service Vehicle) Regulation 2016
243
Road Traffic (Signs) Regulations 2017

Commercial Vehicle Roadworthiness (Vehicle Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2017
European Union (Facilitation of Cross-Border Exchange of Information on Road-Safety-
Related Traffic Offences) Regulations 2017
European Communities (Road Vehicles: Entry into Service) (Amendment) Regulations
2017
European Communities (Road Vehicles: Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 2017
Pressure Equipment) (Amendment)(No. 2) Regulations 2017
Pressure Equipment) (Amendment) Regulations 2017
European Union (Road Transport) (Working Conditions and Road Safety) Regulations 2017
National Vehicle and Driver File (Access) (Amendment) Regulations 2017
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Sections 15 and 17) (Prescribed Forms) (Amendment) Regulations
2017
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Medical Exemption Certificate) Regulations 2017
Road Traffic (Large Public Service Vehicles) (Licensing) Regulations 2017
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Part 3) (Commencement) Order 2017
Road Traffic Act 2016 (Part 5 and section 36(d)) (Commencement) Order 2017
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Section 36(1) (Prescribed Notice) Regulations 2017
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Part 3) (Fixed Charge Offences) Regulations 2017
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Section 35(6))(Prescribed Document) Regulations 2017
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Section 44(3)) (Prescribed Notice) Regulations 2017
Road Traffic Act 2010 (Impairment Testing) (Amendment) Regulations 2017
Road Traffic (Recognition of Foreign Driving Licences)(British Columbia) Order 2017
Road Traffic (National Car Test) Regulations 2017
Vehicle Clamping Act 2015 (Commencement) Order 2017
244
Appendix 3:
Useful websites
Driving tests and theory tests

Driver Theory Test www.theorytest.ie
Driving Test http://www.rsa.ie/RSA/Learner-Drivers/

The-Driving-Test/Apply-online/
Information on the driving test www.rsa.ie
Information on driving licensing www.ndls.ie
Safety
Road Safety Authority www.rsa.ie
Health and Safety Authority www.hsa.ie
Transport Infrastructure Ireland www.tii.ie
Vehicle testing
National Car Test www.ncts.ie
Vehicle registration
Information on registration plates www.revenue.ie
Government bodies
Luas www.luas.ie
Dublin Port Tunnel www.dublinporttunnel.ie
245
Transport Infrastructure Ireland www.tii.ie
Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government www.housing.gov.ie
Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport www.dttas.ie
Department of Education and Skills www.education.ie
Revenue Commissioners www.revenue.ie
An Garda Síochána www.garda.ie
Commission for Railway Regulation www.crr.ie
Iarnród Éireann www.irishrail.ie
Road Safety Authority www.rsa.ie
Weather services
Met Éireann www.met.ie
246
Appendix 4:
Penalty points and fixed charge offences
Table 1: Offences
‘m’ means incurring
a mandatory Penalty Points and Fixed Charge
court appearance Fixed charge €
Notices with effect from December 2014
Amount
Penalty Penalty Amount
paid in
Offences incurring penalty points points on points on paid in 28
next 28
payment conviction days
days
Using a vehicle with defective or worn tyres 2 4 80 120
Learner permit holder driving unaccompanied by

2 4 80 120
qualified person
Failure to display N-plate or tabard 2 4 60 90
Failure to display L-plate or tabard 2 4 60 90
Contravention of ban on U-turns 2 4 60 90
Breaking rules for using mini-roundabouts 1 3 60 90
Proceeding beyond no entry to vehicles sign 1 3 60 90
Proceeding beyond a traffic lane control sign other

than in accordance with such sign or without 1 3 60 90
yielding
Using vehicle in a public place without an

3 5 60 90
authorisation plate
In a public place, using vehicle with altered and

3 5 60 90
inaccurate authorisation plate
247
‘m’ means a mandatory court appearance Fixed charge €
Amount
paid in
next 28
days
Using vehicle not equipped with a speed limitation

device or using a vehicle equipped with a speed
3 5 60 90
limitation device not complying with requirements
specified in regulations
Proceeding beyond maximum vehicle length sign

1 3 60 90
where length exceeds maximum displayed
Proceeding beyond maximum vehicle width sign

1 3 60 90
where width exceeds maximum displayed
Proceeding beyond maximum design gross vehicle

weight (safety) sign where design gross vehicle 1 3 60 90
weight exceeds maximum displayed
Proceeding beyond maximum vehicle axle loading

weight sign where vehicle axle loading weight 1 3 60 90
exceeds maximum specified
Using vehicle (car) without test certificate (NCT) 3 5 60 90
Holding a mobile phone while driving 3 5 60 90
Dangerous overtaking 3 5 80 120
Failure to stop a vehicle before stop sign or stop

3 5 80 120
line
Failure to yield right of way at a yield sign or yield

3 5 80 120
line
Crossing continuous white line 3 5 80 120
Failure by vehicle to obey traffic lights 3 5 80 120
Failure to drive on the left hand side of the road 2 4 60 90
Contravention of prohibition of driving vehicle

along or across median strip (the boundary 2 4 60 90
between two carriageways)
248
Amount
paid in
next 28
days
Failure to stop for school warden sign 2 5 80 120
Failure to leave appropriate distance between you

3 5 80 120
and the vehicle in front
Failure to comply with mandatory traffic signs at

2 4 80 120
junctions
Parking a vehicle in a dangerous position 3 5 80 120
Speeding 3 5 80 120
Driver of car or goods vehicle not wearing safety

3 5 60 90
belt
Failure by driver to comply with rear seat belt

3 5 60 90
requirements for passengers under 17 years of age
Driver of car or goods vehicle permitting child

under 3 years of age to travel in it without being 3 5 60 90
restrained by appropriate child restraint
Driver of car or goods vehicle permitting child to

be restrained by rearward facing child restraint 3 5 60 90
fitted to a seat protected by active frontal air-bag
Driver of bus not wearing safety belt 3 5 60 90
Driving vehicle before remedying dangerous defect m 3 Court fine
Driving dangerously defective vehicle m 5 Court fine
Using commercial vehicle without certificate of

m 5 Court fine
roadworthiness
Bridge strikes, and so on m 3 Court fine
249
Amount
paid in
next 28
days
Failure to act in accordance with a Garda signal 1 3 80 120
Entry by driver into hatched marked area of

1 3 80 120
roadway, for example, carriageway reduction lane
Failure by driver of vehicle to obey traffic rules

at railway level crossing, swing bridge or lifting 2 5 80 120
bridge
Driving a vehicle on a motorway against the flow

2 4 80 120
of traffic
Driving on the hard shoulder on a motorway 1 3 80 120
Driving a vehicle (subject to an ordinary speed

limit of 90 km/h or less) on the outside lane on a 1 3 80 120
motorway
Failure to obey requirements at junctions, for

example, not being in the correct lane when 1 3 60 90
turning onto another road
Failure to obey requirements regarding reversing

of vehicles, for example, reversing from minor 1 3 60 90
road onto main road
Driving on a footpath 1 3 60 90
Driving on a cycle track 1 3 60 90
Failure to turn left when entering a roundabout 1 3 60 90
Failure to stop when so required by a member of

2 5 80 120
the Garda Síochána
Failure by driver of vehicle to yield right of way 2 4 80 120
Driving without reasonable consideration 2 4 80 120
250
Amount
paid in
next 28
days
Failure to comply with prohibitory traffic signs 1 3 60 90
Failure to comply with keep left or keep right signs 1 3 60 90
Failure to comply with traffic lane markings 1 3 60 90
Illegal entry onto a one-way street 1 3 60 90
Driving a vehicle when unfit m 3 Court fine
Breach of duties at an accident m 5 Court fine
Driving without insurance m 5 Court fine
Using vehicle – (a) whose weight un-laden exceeds

maximum permitted weight, (b) whose weight
laden exceeds maximum permitted weight, or (c) 1 3 200 300
any part of which transmits to ground greater
weight than maximum permitted weight
Driver found to be driving carelessly m 5 Court fine
Drink driving offences (in all cases where the BAC

is between 50 mg and 80 mg of alcohol per 100 disqualified disqualified 200
millilitres of blood)
Drink driving offences (learner/novice/professional

driver where the BAC is between 20 mg and 80 mg disqualified disqualified 200
of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood)
Drink driving offenses (non-learner, non-novice,

non-professional driver where the BAC is between disqualified disqualified 400
80 mg and 100 mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood)
12 penalty points = Automatic Disqualification

7 penalty points = Automatic Disqualification, where the person was first issued with a learner
permit on or after 1 August 2014, during the period the person drives under a learner permit and
during the first two years while the person drives under a first full driving licence
251
Table 2 – Traffic offences included in the fixed charge system
Fixed charge €
If paid
If paid within within a
General description of offence
28 days further 28
days
Using motor cycle without wearing crash helmet 80 120
Permitting passenger not wearing crash helmet to be carried on

80 120
motor cycle
Using vehicle not equipped with prescribed lamps and

60 90
identification mark lighting
Using trailer not equipped with prescribed lamps and identification

60 90
mark lighting
Using vehicle not equipped with prescribed rear projecting load

60 90
lamp or lateral projecting load lamp
Using trailer not equipped with prescribed marker lamp 60 90
Using public service vehicle not equipped with prescribed internal

60 90
lighting
Table 3 – Cycling offences included in the fixed charge system
General description of offence Fixed charge €
Cyclist driving a pedal cycle without reasonable consideration 40
No front lamp or rear lamp lit during lighting-up hours on a pedal cycle 40
Cyclist proceeding into a pedestrianised street or area 40
Cyclist proceeding past traffic lights when the red lamp is illuminated 40
Cyclist failing to stop for a School Warden sign 40
Cyclist proceeding beyond a stop line, barrier or half barrier at a railway level
40
crossing, swing bridge or lifting bridge, when the red lamps are flashing
252
Appendix 5:
Representative vehicles for the driving test
To do the driving test, a person must use a vehicle type that represents the licensing
category which they want to get a licence for. For example, if you want a licence to
drive a truck, then you must come to the test and be tested in a truck. In this way, the
test applicant is tested using a vehicle that allows them to show they will be capable
of driving any vehicle in the broader licence category if they pass the test. The test
requirements reflect a typical vehicle in the mid-range of the particular category.
Please note that maximum authorised mass (MAM) is also known as design
gross vehicle weight (DGVW). Please visit www.rsa.ie for further information.
Two-wheeled or three-wheeled, other than with twinned wheels,

mechanically propelled vehicle, not capable of being manually
propelled. The machine must have a cylinder capacity not exceeding
AM 50cm3, in the case of an internal combustion engine, or a maximum
continuous rated power of no more than 4 kilowatts in the case of
an electric motor. The vehicle must have a design speed of at least
25kmh but not more than 45kmh.
A Category A1 motorcycle, other than with twinned wheels, without

sidecar, with a cylinder capacity of at least 115cm3 and not exceeding
125cm3, and capable of a speed of at least 90kmh, with an engine power
A1
not exceeding 11kW and with a power to weight ratio not exceeding
0.1kW per kg. If the motorcycle is powered by an electric motor, the
power to weight ratio of the vehicle shall be at least 0.08kW per kg.
A Category A2 motorcycle, other than with twinned wheels, without

sidecar, with a cylinder capacity of at least 395cm3, and an engine power
of at least 20kW, but not exceeding 35kW, and with a power to weight
A2
ratio not exceeding 0.2kW per kg, and not derived from a vehicle of more
than double its power. If the motorcycle is powered by an electric motor,
the power to weight ratio of the vehicle shall be at least 0.15kW per kg.
A Category A motorcycle, other than with twinned wheels, without

sidecar, with a cylinder capacity of at least 595cm3, an unladen mass
A of more than 175kg, and an engine power of at least 50kW. If the
motorcycle is powered by an electric motor, the power to weight ratio
of the vehicle shall be at least 0.25kW per kg.
253
Four-wheeled vehicles (for example, cars or light vans), having a maximum

B authorised mass not exceeding 3,500kg, with passenger accommodation
for not more than 8 people and capable of a speed of at least 100kmh.
A combination, made up of a Category B test vehicle which should be

either (a) a length of at least 4.25 metres, or (b) a 4 wheel drive vehicle
and a trailer with a maximum authorised mass of between 1,400–
3,500kg, capable of a speed of at least 80kmh, which does not fall
within Category B. The cargo compartment of the trailer must consist
of a permanent, closed box body which is at least as wide and as high
as the motor vehicle, and at least 2.4 metres long. The closed box body
may be slightly less wide than the motor vehicle, provided that the view
BE to the rear is only possible by use of the external rear-view mirrors of
the motor vehicle. The trailer must be presented with a real total mass
(the actual weight of the trailer including the necessary load) of at least
800kg, having due regard for safety, stability, manufacturer’s guidelines
and legal limits of the combination.
To meet the Real Total Mass requirement, you are required to place 30
four-inch (100 X 220 X 450mm) solid concrete blocks in the trailer. The
blocks should be evenly distributed across the trailer in such a way as
to keep the nose weight within recommended limits.
Vehicles (larger vans or light trucks) with passenger accommodation

for not more than 8 people, a maximum authorised mass of at least
4,000kg, but not more than 7,500kg, a length of at least 5 metres and
C1 capable of a speed of at least 80kmh. The vehicle must be fitted with
anti-lock brakes and recording equipment (tachograph). The cargo
compartment shall consist of a permanently mounted cube shaped
closed box body, which is at least as wide and as high as the cab.
Vehicles (rigid trucks) with passenger accommodation for not more

than 8 people, a maximum authorised mass of at least 12,000kg, a
length of at least 8 metres, a width of at least 2.4 metres, capable of a
speed of at least 80kmh.
The vehicle must be fitted with anti-lock brakes, be equipped with a
gearbox having at least 8 forward ratios and providing for a manual
C selection of gears by the driver, and with recording equipment
(tachograph). A Cyclops mirror must be fitted where required (see
page 43). The cargo compartment shall consist of a permanently
mounted cube shaped closed box body, which is at least as wide
and as high as the cab. The vehicle must be presented with a real
total mass (the actual weight of the vehicle including any load if
necessary) of at least 10,000kg, having due regard for safety, stability,
manufacturer’s guidelines and legal limits.
254
A combination made up of a Category C1 test vehicle, and a

trailer with a maximum authorised mass of at least 2,000kg. The
combination must be at least 8 metres in length, and must be
capable of a speed of at least 80km/h. The combination must have a
maximum authorised mass of not more than 12,000kg, and the gross
vehicle weight of the trailer must not exceed the unladen weight of
the drawing vehicle.
C1E The cargo compartment of the trailer must consist of a permanent,
closed box body which is at least as wide and as high as the cab,
and have a length of at least 2.4 metres. The closed box body may
also be slightly less wide than the cab, provided that the view to the
rear is only possible by use of the external rear-view mirrors of the
motor vehicle. The trailer must be presented with a real total mass
(the actual weight of the trailer including the necessary load) of at
least 800kg, having due regard for safety, stability, manufacturer’s
guidelines and legal limits of the combination.
Either (a) an articulated vehicle, or (b) a combination of a Category

C test vehicle and a trailer of at least 7.5 metres in length. Both
the articulated vehicle and the combination must have passenger
accommodation for not more than 8 people, at least 4 axles, a
maximum authorised mass of at least 20,000kg, a length of at least 14
metres, a width of at least 2.4 metres and be capable of a speed of at
least 80 kmh.
The vehicle must be fitted with anti-lock brakes, be equipped with a
CE gearbox having at least 8 forward ratios and providing for a manual
selection of gears by the driver, and with recording equipment
(tachograph). A Cyclops mirror must be fitted where required. The cargo
compartment shall consist of a permanently mounted cube shaped
closed box body which is at least as wide and as high as the cab. The
articulated vehicle or the combination must be presented with a real
total mass (the actual weight of the combination including any load if
necessary) of at least 15,000kg, having due regard for safety, stability,
manufacturer’s guidelines and legal limits of the combination.
Vehicles (minibuses) having passenger accommodation for more

than 8 people, but not more than 16 people, a maximum authorised
D1 mass of at least 4,000kg, a length of at least 5 metres and capable of
a speed of at least 80kmh. The vehicle must be fitted with anti-lock
brakes, and recording equipment (tachograph).
255
Vehicles (buses) having passenger accommodation for more than 16

people, a length of at least 10 metres, a width of at least 2.4 metres
D
and capable of a speed of at least 80kmh. The vehicle must be fitted
with anti-lock brakes and recording equipment (tachograph).
A combination made up of a Category D1 test vehicle and a trailer with

a maximum authorised mass of at least 1,400kg, capable of a speed of
at least 80kmh. The cargo compartment of the trailer must consist of a
permanent, closed box body which is at least 2 metres wide, 2 metres
high, and have a length of at least 2.4 metres. The combination must
D1E have a gross vehicle weight of not more than 12,000kg, and the gross
vehicle weight of the trailer must not exceed the unladen weight of
the drawing vehicle. The trailer must be presented with a real total
mass (the actual weight of the trailer including the necessary load) of
at least 800kg, having due regard for safety, stability, manufacturer’s
guidelines and legal limits of the combination.
W Works vehicles and land tractors.
256
Glossary
Abreast Side by side

Acceleration Speeding up
Arrhythmia Irregular or abnormal heart beat
Axle A pin, pole, or bar that connects a pair of opposite wheels
on a vehicle
Blind spot An area that a driver or other road user cannot see directly
or with their mirrors. This requires them to turn or look
sideways to see other road users
Blow out Sudden tyre failure
Build outs Kerbing which extends from the side of the road to reduce
traffic speed
Cardiovascular diseases Diseases involving the heart and blood system
Central median island An area in the centre of a road which separates
approaching flows of traffic or a pedestrian crossing
Central nervous system Brain and spinal cord
Cerebrovascular diseases Diseases involving blood vessels in the brain
Certificate of Professional
Competency (CPC) A certificate drivers must have before they can drive a HGV
or a bus for a living
Chicane A traffic-calming measure to make vehicles slow down and
weave between traffic lanes
Chevron board Traffic warning signs with hatched markings
indicating a sudden change in direction
Cross-ply tyres Tyres with cords made of steel and other materials, which
cross at various angles to strengthen the side of the tyre
and its tread
Deceleration Slowing down
Defects Faults, such as broken mirrors, missing lights
Design Gross Vehicle
Weight (DGVW) The manufacturers specifications of Gross Vehicle Weight
(GVW see below)
257
Diverging Moving apart. For example, traffic taking a right turn when
other traffic is moving straight ahead or traffic leaving a
motorway
Fixed-wheel bicycle A bicycle you can back-pedal to brake. It has one wheel
which cannot rotate independently of the pedals
Gantries Overhead steel structures across carriageways to hold up
signs
Garda Síochána Ireland’s national police service
Ghost island A marked area on the road that shows where a motorway
and a slip road meet
Graduating Moving from one stage to the next
Gross vehicle weight (GVW) The weight of a vehicle together with the maximum load it
is designed to carry
Hard shoulder A part of the road that is divided by broken or continuous
yellow lines from the rest of the road and should be used
only by certain road users in certain situations
Hatched marking Chevron markings on the road which help separate traffic
lanes
Hazard Anything that could be a source of danger on the road
Intoxicant Something that can affect a person’s behaviour,
perception, mood or alertness
Invalid-carriages Vehicles specially designed or built for people with
disabilities. This does not apply to conventional motor cars
which are specially adapted for disabled people and which
are permitted to use a motorway
MAM Maximum Authorised Mass
National road A major road linking urban areas and consisting of
motorway roads identified by ‘M’ route numbers, for
example M1, and other routes identified by ‘N’ route
numbers, for example N11
Land tractor Commonly called ‘an agricultural tractor’, these vehicles
are designed to work on land in connection with
agricultural, forestry or land drainage-type operations and
are driven on a public road only when proceeding to or
from the site of such work
Lighting-up hours The period that starts one half-hour after sunset on any day
and expiring one half-hour before sunrise on the next day.
Luas The tram system operating in Dublin city and suburbs
258
Manoeuvre Any action to steer or change the course of a vehicle, such

as moving off, changing lanes, leaving a roundabout,
turning left or right, taking U-turns or reversing
Median space A gap provided in the centre of a dual carriageway to allow
vehicles to cross through or turn onto another road
Merging Coming together. For example, traffic entering a motorway
from a slip road and joining other traffic
Moped A light motorcycle of 50cc or less that has a maximum
speed of 45kmh
Motorcycle engine capacity Cubic capacity or cc of engine
Motorcycle power rating Engine power output
Muscular atrophy Wasting of muscles
Nearside Left-hand side
Negligence Failing to act with reasonable care
Night-driving mode (mirror) Darkened reflection which reduces dazzle
Non-national road A local or regional road linking villages and towns within a
county or district identified by an R or L number sign
Offside Right-hand side
Ophthalmic optician An optician qualified to prescribe glasses and contact
lenses and detect eye diseases
Outer lane The lane nearest the centre of the road in a dual
carriageway or two- or three-lane motorway
Permit A legal document giving permission to do something like
park in a particular place or use certain roads
Pinch points Traffic calming measure where sections of the road are
narrowed to reduce speed
Pointsman A Garda who controls the flow of traffic
Prescription A written note from a doctor or hospital stating what
medicines a person should take and when they should take
them
Professional drivers Drivers whose main income is from driving, such as bus,
coach and haulage drivers
Radial tyres (radial ply tyres) Tyres with cords made of steel and other materials, which
run around under the treads to strengthen them and make
them last longer
Retarder A device that reduces the speed of the vehicle without
using the brakes
Safe headway A safe distance between two vehicles on the road
259
‘Sam Browne’ A wide strap, made of reflective material, worn around the
waist with a strap diagonally over the right shoulder
Secondary controls Devices in a vehicle that do not direct its movement or
braking but control how the driver sees out of the vehicle
and how the vehicle is seen; examples are de-misters,
windscreen wipers, washers and hazard lights
Single lane (for
shuttle working) Control of traffic through road works one-way system
where manual operated stop and go signs are in use
Stationary Stopped, for example in a line of traffic, at a stop light or
in a parking space
Swan neck The course followed by a vehicle when the driver passes
the correct point for taking a right turn and needs to make
a bigger effort to correct the position when completing the
turn
Tabard Sleeveless yellow fluorescent vest worn by motorcyclists
with ‘L’ plates clearly displayed to front and rear.
Tachograph A device that measures and records the speed, distance
and time travelled by a vehicle
Tailgating Driving too close to a vehicle in front
Tarpaulin Waterproof sheet used to cover cargo being transported
T-junction A junction where the meeting of a minor road with a major
road forms a ‘T’ shape
Tread (tyres) The grooves on a tyre which provide a grip on the road
Variable message sign An upright electronic sign, whose content changes to
inform on roads and road safety
Vigilant Careful, watchful, looking out for possible danger
Work vehicles Vehicles used at sites or roadworks that usually do not
drive on the road
Yield Give way to other road users
260
Index
A safety belts 45
accidents signs and markings 83–4
arriving at scene 176–7 speed limits 117
correct behaviour at scene 174–8 tachographs 15
involving dangerous goods 177–8
what drivers must do 174–5 C
age limits 11–14, 173 cars
aggressive driving and road rage 173 animals in 50
agricultural machinery 213–14 bicycle racks 49
alcohol 32, 164–5, 168–70 child restraint systems 46–8
and motorcyclists 191 children in 50
penalties for drink driving 169 driving test 37
animals lights and reflectors 42–3
horses 98, 214–15 mirrors 44–5
in motor vehicles 50 mobile phones 50
people in charge of 214–15 National Car Test (NCT) 25, 26
on roads 212, 214–15 personal entertainment systems 50
arrows see traffic lights registration plates 49
roof racks and roof boxes 49
B safety belts 45
bicyles see cyclists tyres 41
bridges, railway bridges and overhead useful items 39–40
structures 99–102 vehicle safety 40–50
buses 34, 53 windscreens 44
bus lanes 83–4 see also safety of vehicle
bus-only streets 84 categories of vehicles
car drivers taking care 53 A 12, 19, 37, 253
contra-flow bus lane 84 A1 11, 19, 37, 253
Driver CPC 15–17, 28 A2 11, 19, 37, 253
driving test 38 AM 11, 19, 37, 253
road markings 83 B 12, 19, 37, 254
261
BE 12, 19, 32, 37, 254 carrying children 194–5

C 12, 38, 254 cycle tracks 107, 196–7, 212
C1 13, 19, 38, 254 cycling safely 195–201
C1E 13, 19, 255 and emergency service vehicles 167
CE 13, 19, 38, 256 emerging from cycle track 125
CE1 38 helmets 194
conditions attached to 14–15 keeping your bicycle roadworthy 192
D 13, 19, 38, 256 mobile phones and
D1 13, 19, 38, 256 entertainment systems 50
D1E 13, 19, 256 offences included in fixed charge system 199
DE 13, 19, 38 overtaking 211
DE1 38 protective clothing and equipment 194
driving licence 11–17 railway level crossings 98
driving test 37–8 on roundabouts 201
first learner permit 19 rules for 192–7
minimum age for first learner permit 11–13 signals 107
W 12, 19, 256 table of road traffic rules 198
Certificate of Professional Competence 15–17, 28 and trams 87
exemptions 17 Cyclops mirror on HGVs 44
qualification card 25
children D
on bicycles 194–5 disabled persons’ parking spaces 140
in buses 45 drink driving 32, 164–5, 168–70
and careful driving 208 penalties for 169
in motor vehicles 46–8, 50 Driver Certificate of
warning signs 224 Professional Competence 15–17, 28
Commercial Vehicles Roadworthiness test 25–7 exemptions 17
crossroads see junctions driver tiredness and fatigue 171–2
cruise control 113 driving bans 182
cycle lanes, no parking on 140 driving legally 24–5
cyclists driving licence
at junctions 125 carrying while driving 24
bicycle checklist 193–4 categories of vehicles 11–17
bicycle trailers 194–5 eyesight and medical reports 20
car drivers taking care 53–4, 125, 197, 210–1 full driving licence 21–4, 39
262
novice drivers 23, 24, 39 length of 38

renewing 23–4 report form 38
see also driving test representative vehicles for 254–8
driving practice, good 51–64 secondary controls and technical checks 38
changing traffic lanes 55 six-month rule 21, 34
daytime running lights 63 some elements of 37–8
driving at night 62–3 what is evaluated 36–8
driving carefully behind what you need on day of 35–6
other vehicles 65, 112 see also driving licence; learner permit
headlights 64–5 drugs 164–5, 170, 292
moving off 51–2 dual carriageways 130–2
overtaking 56–7 crossing 131
position on the road 52–3 junctions 130–2
respecting other road users 207–11 turning left onto 130
reversing 58 turning right from 132
slowing down or stopping turning right onto 131
at side of road 59–60 see also motorways
stopping distance 118–21
taking care with buses E
and pedestrians 53 emergency actions at
taking care with cyclists 53–4, 63, 125, 197 railway level crossings 90, 98
210–11 emergency service vehicles 166–7
taking care with mopeds and and cyclists 167
motorcycles 125 giving way to 213
towing 60–62, 117 and motorcyclists 167
U-turns 58–9 and pedestrians 167
using a horn 65 Essential Driving Training (EDT) course 35
see also factors that affect safe driving; eyesight and medical reports 20
speed limits
driving test 21, 32, 34–9 F
appealing decision 39 factors that affect safe driving 168–73
categories of vehicles 37–8 alcohol 32, 164–5, 168–9
Certificate of Competency to drive 39 drugs 170
heavy vehicles 38 road rage and aggressive driving 173
how to apply 34–6 tiredness and fatigue 171–2
263
fixed charge offenses 179–81, 247–53 J

fog, driving in 156–7 junctions 123–2
footpaths, no parking on 140 cyclists, mopeds and motorcyclists 125
dual carriageways 130–2
G right of way 124
gantries 150 traffic signs 123, 218
gardaí, assisting 163–7 turning left from major to minor road 128
instructions 164–5 turning left from minor to major road 128
other controls on road users 165 turning right from a one-way street 127
signals 163 yellow box 129
glossary 259–62
golden rule on roundabouts 132 L
L plates 30
H laws covering road traffic 235–44
headlights 64–5 learner driver 29–32
heavy goods vehicles 15 car driver training 30
Cyclops mirror 44 motorcycles and initial basic training 30–1
driving test 38 learner permit
safety belts 45 applying for driving test 34–6
helmets applying for first 18–19
cyclists 194 categories of vehicles 11–13, 19
motorcyclists 187 Category B 35
horn, using 65 category of first 19
horses conditions 29–31
at railway level crossings 98 driver theory test 17–18
horse-drawn vehicles 214 and driving test 21, 32
riding or leading 98, 215 expiry 21
if it runs out 32
I L plates 29
Initial Basic Training (IBT) course 35 minimum age 11–13
insurance 24, 25–7 motorcycles 32
vehicles that do not motorways 31
need to display a disc 26 passengers 32
six-month rule 34
trailers 32
264
level crossings see railway level crossings helmets, eye and ear protection 187
licence categories see categories of vehicles illustration of personal protective
light rail 85–7 equipment 188
lights 42–3, 63–5 initial basic training 31, 184
on bicyles 192–3 insurance and tax 183
daytime running 63 learner permit 32
headlights 64–5 licence 183
on motorcycles 185 lights 185
and reflectors 42–3 maintenance 191
see also traffic lights and other road users 191
litter 173 personal protective equipment 186–8
Luas see trams rules for 183–91
speed 191
M tactics for surviving 191
Maximum Authorised Mass (MAM) 12–14 traffic and road space 189–90
medical reports 20, 23 two-second rule 191
diseases or disabilities 233–4 tyres 189–90
requirements 233–6 watch surroundings 191
mirrors 44–5 motorways 31, 143–58
mobile phones 50 auxiliary lane 147–8
mopeds 11, 31, 125 checking traffic around you 149
car drivers taking care 125 diversion route symbols 157
motor tax 24, 25 driving in fog 156–7
motor tricyles 12 emergency closure of sections 156
motorcyclists 11–12, 14, 26, 31, 32, 39, 183-91 gantries 150
alcohol or drugs 191 general rules 145
be seen 185, 191 if vehicle breaks down 154–5
and car drivers 125, 210–11 joining 146
car drivers taking care 125 keeping your distance 148–9
carrying passengers 184 leaving 151
clothes 186 map of motorway services 152
conditions attached to 14 obstructions 156
daylight and night-time riding 185 overtaking 150
driving test 37 rest areas, lay-bys and
and emergency service vehicles 167 motorway services 151–3
265
signalling 149 fire, ambulance or garda

signs 143–5, 155, 231–2 station entrances 140
speed limits 145 footpaths and cycle lanes 140
stopping and parking 153 general rules 136
toll plazas and signage 157–8 loading bays and casual trading spaces 141
two-second rule 148–9 no parking 140–1, 197
using lanes properly 147 pedestrian crossings 140
variable message signs 150 pelican crossings 140
see also dual carriageways road markings 139–40
safe 137
N school entrances 140
N plates 23, 24, 39 and school wardens 141
National Car Test (NCT) 25, 26 signs 138, 142
National Driver Licence Service website 19–20 taxi ranks 140
night driving 62–3 traffic signs 138
novice drivers 23, 24, 39 tram lanes 141
zebra crossings 140
O zig-zag lines 140
one-way streets 71–2 passengers
overtaking 56–7 children and under 17s 45–50
cyclists 211 and learner permits 32
on motorways 150 maximum numbers in vehicles 13
on motorcycles 184
P pedestrians
parking 136–42 approach to level crossings 141
bus lanes 141 car drivers taking care 53
bus stops 140 crossing the road 202–203
clamping or removing vehicles 142 and drivers 53, 124, 206–8
corners and bends 141 and emergency service vehicles 167
cycle tracks 212 hi-viz clothing 202
dangerous 142 near buses or trams 203
disability permit 140–1 pedestrian crossings 140, 203–5
disc 142 pedestrian lights 140, 204
entrances or exits from premises 141 pedestrian streets 72
pelican crossing 140, 205
266
railway level crossings 96–7 respecting other road users 207–11

rules for 202–206 reversing 58
safe crossing places 203–6 right of way 124–5
and traffic lights 204–5 road markings 72–4
uncontrolled crossing places 205–6 hatched 80–81
walking beside or along a road 202 merging and diverging traffic 80
zebra crossings 203 parking 139–40
pelican crossings 140, 205 separating traffic 81
penalty points 179–81 what they mean 73–4
and fixed charge offences 247–53 white lines 74
yellow lines 139
R road rage and aggressive driving 173
railway bridges and overhead structures 99–102 road traffic, laws and
bridge over railway 101–102 regulations covering 235–44
bridge under railway with road tunnels see tunnels
height restriction 100–11 roadwork signs 76, 219, 225–7
emergency actions 99 roof racks and roof boxes 49
railway level crossings 88–98 roundabouts 132–5
attended, operated by railway staff 93 approaching 133
automated, with barriers and lights 95 cyclists on 201
automated, protected by traffic lights only 94 going straight ahead 134
cyclists 98 golden rule 132
drivers 91–3 making a left turn 133
emergency actions at 90, 98 taking any later exits 134–5
horse riders 98
how to use safely 91–7 S
pedestrians 96–7 safe driving see driving practice, good
Rail Cross Code 89 safety belts 45
signs 88 safety of vehicle 40–50
unattended 91–93 animals in motor vehicles 50
unusual movements across 90 child restraint systems 46–8
Reduced Essential Driver Training children in motor vehicles 50
(Reduced EDT) 31 lights and reflectors 42–3
registration plates 49 minimum standards 39–50
regulations covering road traffic 236–44 mirrors 44–5
267
mobile phones 50 in tunnels 104

personal entertainment systems 50 two-second rule 112
registration plates 49 types of road 113–14
restraints for passengers under 17 48 types of vehicle 117–18
roof racks and roof boxes 49 vehicles towing trailers 117
safety belts 45 see also driving practice, good
tyres 41 stopping distance for cars 118–21
useful items 39–40 two-second rule 112
windscreens 44 under dry conditions 119–20
see also cars under wet conditions 120–21
schools 140, 208–9
and school wardens 141, 209–10 T
warning signs 224 tiredness and fatigue 171–72
signals towing see trailers
by gardaí 163 tractors 12, 26, 213–14
by motorists and cyclists 107–10 traffic lanes 55, 69–70
hand 108–10 on motorways 147–8
on motorways 149 traffic lights 105–7
signs see traffic signs cycle track lights 107
six-month rule 21, 34 and pedestrians 204–5
exceptions 34 traffic signs 66–104
skidding 122 at bridges 99–102
slowing down or stopping 59–60 at junctions 123, 218
speed limits 111–18 buses 83–4
buses 117 information 78, 228–30
checking speed 116 lane control 220
cruise control 113 manual signs at roadworks 219
default 114 on motorways 79, 143–5, 155, 231–32
driving too slowly 113 one-way streets 71
goods vehicles 117 parking 138
local authorities 114–15 railway level crossings 88–98
on motorways 145 regulatory 66–8, 216–20
periodic 115–16 roadworks 76, 219, 225–7
signs 67, 114–16 Stop and Yield 69, 123
stopping distance for cars 118–21 streets for pedestrians 72
268
The Official Irish Rule Book
Rules of the Road Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre Road Safety Authority

Working To Save Lives Following the Rules of the Road saves lives and prevents
injury. Written in straightforward language and aimed at all
road users – drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and
horseriders – the Rules of the Road sets out the laws, and
details best driving practice.
INCLUDES: Vehicle Safety • Road Signs, Markings and Lights

• Speed Limits • Motorways • Penalty Points • Rules and
Advice • Good Driving Practice and Safety.
Rules of the Road Official RSA Rule Book

Essential for anyone using Irish roads, cycle tracks or footpaths,
including: those looking to take out their first learner permit,
those who are learning to drive, those who are preparing for
their practical driving test and
those who are already licensed drivers.
A valuable reference for every road user.
Clear. Concise. Complete.
ISBN 978-1-78849-138-9
Rules of the Road

9 781788 491389
Revision No. 7: June 2019
Published and distributed by:
The O’Brien Press Ltd, 12 Terenure Road East, Rathgar, Dublin 6, Ireland.
Tel: +353 1 492 3333; Fax: +353 1 492 2777;
Email: books@obrien.ie; www.obrien.ie
Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre Páirc Ghnó Ghleann na Muaidhe, Cnoc an tSabhaircín,

Road Safety Authority Bóthar Bhaile Átha Cliath, Béal an Átha, Co. Mhaigh Eo.
Moy Valley Business Park, Primrose Hill, Dublin Road,
Ballina, Co. Mayo.
email: info@rsa.ie website: www.rsa.ie Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre
www.rotr.ie
tourist information 230 U

traffic calming 82 U-turns 58–9
traffic lane control 69–70 unaccompanied learner drivers 29, 182–183
for trams and light rail 85–7
in tunnels 102–4, 162 V
upright 67–9 vehicle categories see categories of vehicles
urban slow zones 82 vehicle safety see safety of vehicles
variable message 77, 150
warning 75, 221–24 W
weight and width restrictions 102 warning signs 75, 221–24
Traffic Watch 173 websites 245–6
trailers 12–13, 32, 60–62, 117 windscreens 44
on bicycles 194–5 work vehicles 12–13
conditions attached to 14
driving test 37 Y
on tractors 213 yellow box 129
trams yellow lines 139
and cyclists 87
lanes 85–7, 141 Z
regulatory signs 85–6 zebra crossings 140, 203
warning signs 86–7 zig-zag markings 140, 204
trucks 34
and Driver CPC 16–17, 28
tunnels 102–4, 158–62
approaching 159
breakdown, crash or fire 161
driving in 160
leaving 161
signs in 102–4, 162
speed limits 104, 160
stopping 160
two-second rule 112
on motorways 148–9
tyres 41
motorcycle 189–10
269

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What are the main sections covered in the Rules of the Road?

What are the main sections covered in the Rules of the Road?

What vehicle safety aspects are discussed?

What vehicle safety aspects are discussed?

The Official Irish Rule Book

Rules of the Road Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre Road Safety Authority

INCLUDES: Vehicle Safety • Road Signs, Markings and Lights

Rules of the Road Official RSA Rule Book

Clear. Concise. Complete.

Rules of the Road

Published and distributed by:

Údarás Um Shábháilteacht Ar Bhóithre Páirc Ghnó Ghleann na Muaidhe, Cnoc an tSabhaircín,

Section 1: Driving licences and categories of vehicles 11

Section 2: The learner driver 29

Section 3: The driving test 34

Section 4: Vehicle safety 40

Section 5: Good driving practice 51

Section 6: Traffic signs and road markings 66

Traffic calming signs 82

Section 7: Traffic lights and signals 105

Section 8: Speed limits 111

Section 9: Junctions and roundabouts 123

Section 10: Parking 136

Section 11: Motorways and tunnels 143

Section 12: Assisting Gardaí 163

Section 13: Factors that affect safe driving 168

Section 14: Correct behaviour at the scene of an accident 174

Section 16: Rules for motorcyclists 183

Section 17: Rules for cyclists 192

Section 18: Rules for pedestrians 202

Section 19: Respecting other road users 207

Section 20: Other road users 213

Section 21: Regulatory traffic signs 216

Section 22: Warning traffic signs 221

Section 23: Warning signs for roadworks 225

Section 24: Information signs 228

Section 25: Motorway signs 231

Appendix 1: List of medical report requirements 233

Appendix 2: Laws covering road traffic and safety 235

Appendix 3: Useful websites 245

Appendix 4: Penalty points and fixed charge offences 247

Appendix 5: Representative vehicles for the driving test 253

hit by a car at 60kmh, 9 out of 10 pedestrians will be killed;

For up-to-date information, visit www.rsa.ie.

Categories of vehicles and minimum age for a

Categories of Vehicles/Minimum Age of Driver/Restrictions

Motorcycles with an engine capacity not

W Work vehicles and land tractors 16 years

Vehicles other than those in categories D1 or

Combination of drawing vehicles in category

For further information on CPC, please see page 15.

Conditions attached to categories

Heavier vehicles and trailers

Heavy goods vehicles and buses

Driver Certificate of Professional Competence

The Driver CPC and you

New Professional Driver

Already a Professional Driver

Driver theory test