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International R esearch J ournal of A gricultural E conomics and S tatistics

Volume 6 | Issue 1 | March, 2015 | 136-139  e ISSN-2231-6434 |

Research Paper Economics of orange production in Nagpur

district of Maharshtra
ROPAN BANTE, SARJU PALLEWAR AND RAVI SHREY

See end of the paper for ABSTRACT : An attempt has been made in the relevant objectives of the research study an economic analysis
authors’ affiliations of orange production in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. The result pertaining to this aspect was based on
Correspondence to : primary data collected through survey method from villages viz. Sawangi, Ghorad and Ubali of Kalmeshwar
ROPAN BANTE tahsil of Nagpur district for the year 2010-11. 30 orange growers were selected for the study. Farmers were
Department of distributed according to age of the orange orchard which was group I (6-10 year old), group II (11-15 year old),
Agricultural Economics, group III (16-20 year old), respectively. Per hectare establishment cost during five year and cost of cultivation
Indira Gandhi Krishi
during the year 2010-11 of orange orchard were Rs./ha 207604 and Rs./ha. 107824. Average gross return was Rs.
Viswavidyalaya, RAIPUR
(C.G.) INDIA
2042094. The highest net return obtained from the age group (II) of 11-15 year Rs. 165935. The benefit: cost
Email: ratio on the sample as a whole was 2.24.
ropanbante@gmail.com KEY WORDS : Cost of cultivation, Cost concepts
Paper History :
Received : 01.01.2014; HOW TO CITE THIS PAPER : Bante, Ropan, Pallewar, Sarju and Shrey, Ravi (2015). Economics of orange production in
Revised : 28.01.2015; Nagpur district of Maharshtra. Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco. & Stat., 6 (1) : 136-139.
Accepted : 15.02.2015

Oranges is consumed in fresh or in the form of juice, jam, squash

INTRODUCTION : and syrup. It is the main source of citric acid and cosmetics
which have international market value. Citrus is one of the
India is an agricultural country and in the context of its
most important fruit crop in India which cover about 0.62 million
under developed economy, agricultural development becomes
ha. area with the total production of 4.72 million tonne. In India
vitally important. Though production processes are beyond
common citrus fruits are mandarin orange (Citrus reticulate),
human control, marketing of commodities is a matter of human
sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and acid lime (Citrus
resourcefulness. Production is one side of the coin while the
aurantifolia) sharing about 41, 23, and 23 per cent, respectively
marketing is another one. The fruit constitute is an important
of all citrus fruits produced in India. Orange occupies about 40
aspect in the field of nutrition. Fruit is the important source of
per cent of the total area under citrus cultivation in India
Vitamins and minerals. These are either available in fresh or
(Database of National Horticulture Board, Ministry of
preserved condition. On the basis of nutrition target in case of
Agriculture of India in year 2007-08). Orange (Citrus reticulate)
fruit consumption per day per capita availability is 80 g and
locally called as Santra belong to the family Rutaceae. In India,
needed 137 g. Fruit production in India, which is the second
Maharashtra rank, first in area and production of oranges
largest in the world (10 %), is growing at a significant growth
followed by Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Punjab,
of 3.74 per cent per annum from 28.63 million tonne in 1991-92
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The area, production and
to 63.50 million tonne in 2007-08. In India, the fruit like oranges,
productivity of mandarin orange in Maharashtra state is 1,21,495
mango and banana every year potentially to be a foreign earner.
ha., 7,21,217 million tonnes, 9.2 mt/ha, respectively (Agricultural
India rank third in orange production followed by mango and
statistical information Maharashtra state, 2007-08 Part –II).
banana. It occupies about 10 per cent of the total area under
In Maharashtra state orange production is concentrated
fruit, next to mango and banana. Oranges have a great economic
in Nagpur and Amravati district in Vidarbha region and hence,
importance. It is a rich source of vitamin–A, B and phosphorus.

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 ROPAN BANTE, SARJU PALLEWAR AND RAVI SHREY

its area is known as California of Maharashtra state. Nagpur cultivators so obtained have been regrouped under the
district have a largest area, production and productivity, that’s category group I, group II and group III on the basis of age of
why this city is known as orange city. Nagpur district comprises garden. Group I consist of orange orchard having age from 6
of 15,205 ha. Area under orange crop and with the production to 10 years, group II consist of orange orchard having age
of 1,35,613 tonnes of oranges (Agricultural statistical from 11 to 15 years and group III consists of orange orchard
information Maharashtra state, 2001-08 Part-11). Orange has, having age from 16 to 20 years.
not only important place in internal market, but has its place in
international market too (Nighot et al., 1986 and Sapate, 1993).
It has assumed a discernible significance with wider precepts RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS :
and better potential. Hence, effort must be made for boosting
The results obtained from the present investigation as
the production of oranges in the country which has high
well as relevant discussion have been summarized under the
potential for export. (Bhende, 1965; Gangawar and Singh, 1998;
following heads :
Gangawar et al., 2005; Gupta and George, 1974 and Ingley,
1983). In view of growing demand for Nagpur oranges for
Input/materials used in orange cultivation at sampled group
domestic consumption and export various agencies recognized
of farms :
the urgent need for increasing production in Nagpur oranges.
The details Input/ material used in orange cultivation is
presented in Table 1. Table clearly revealed that the FYM and
MATERIALS AND METHODS : fertilizer are the basic components and needed at very initial
stage of orchard establishment. The quantity of FYM and
The sampling design adopted for the study was manure was calculated overall 29.80 CLS. The amount of fertilizer
multistage sampling. In the first stage, Nagpur district was applied in the orange orchard was 65.30, 66.30 and 9.50 kg. of
purposively selected taking into consideration the higher area urea, SSP and MOP, respectively. The use of hired labour days
under cultivation of orange orchards. In second stage, one was observed about 162 man days in which share of male and
Tahsil viz., Kalmeshwar was selected purposively selected female labour was 61.00 per cent and 39.00 per cent, respectively
because concentrated area in orange cultivation and availability in the orange cultivation. The use of power in terms of bullock
of data. In third stage, three villages were selected purposively, labour and machine power were calculated about 27 hours in
considering sizable area under orange orchard. The villages orange cultivation in the study area.
selected were Sawangi, Ghorad and Ubali. In fourth stage, 10
per cent orange growers from each village were selected Cost of cultivation of orange orchard for the year 2010-11 :
randomly from the list of orange orchards. All the selected Table 2 depicted the units wise inputs required in the per
orange growers were undertaken for the study making the total year cost of cultivation of all the groups all of these inputs are
of respondents 30. Information on the area of holding, number in physical terms. It revealed that most of the inputs are required
of trees and age of garden was noted for each cultivator. The are hired human labour followed by bullock labour. Table 2

Table 1: Inputs/Materials used for orange cultivation under sampled orange farms
Sample household
Sr. No. Particulars
Group I Group II Group III Overall
A Inputs/ material cost
a. Farm yard manure CLS 32.5 30 26.9 29.8
b. Fertilizers (kg.) - - - -
i. Urea 59.8 73.8 62.4 65.3
ii. Single super phosphate 67.5 62.6 70.7 66.9
iii. Murate of potash 12.2 7.7 8.6 9.5
B Hired labour
i. Male 103 99.8 92.5 98.4
ii. Female 65 62.7 60.6 62.8
Total 168 162.5 153.5 161.3
C Power use (hrs.)
i. Bullock labour 25 23.7 20.4 23
ii. Machine power 4.1 3.7 3.2 3.7
Total 29.1 27.4 23.6 26.7
Note: - CLS= Cartloads

Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 6 (1) Mar., 2015 : 136-139

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 ECONOMICS OF ORANGE PRODUCTION

shows the cost of cultivation for the year 2010-11 and showed 0.28 %), Irrigation (1.24 %), Plant protection (2.19 %), Bamboo
that cost A for group I, group II and group III was computed to for staking and fencing (2.79 %) in the cost of cultivation of
Rs. 66081.6, Rs. 63355.3 and Rs. 57094.30, respectively. On orchard in the study area. Table 3 reveals that in overall cost of
overall basis Rs. 62176.8 were incurred in the current year. It cultivation per year cost of establishment is included in cost
reveals that again share of human labour (34.42 %) was higher A, cost B includes rental value of land and interest on fixed
followed by bullock labour, 14.48 % (Anonymous, 1991). The capital and cost C includes cost A, cost B and cost of family
use of bullock is very popular in the area as machinery cannot labour. Table concluded that on an average 36.13 tonnes of
be used in the fully grown orchard as it causes the damage to production is obtained from the orange cultivation which
the trees flowering and fruiting. The use of manure (11.98 %) is amounts Rs. 242093.3 with the benefit cost ratio of 1:2.24 which
again found to be higher in all the age group of orchard. The shows that cultivation of orange is profitable business share
other items of expenditure were machine labour (2.95 %), i.e. 65.85 per cent, followed by bullock labour which was 20.17
chemical fertilizers (Nitrogen 0.74 %, phosphorus 0.97 %, Potash per cent. The proportion of other items of expenditure viz.,

Table 2 : Cost of cultivation of orange on the age groups of orchard

Particulars Group-I Per cent Group-II Per cent Group-III Per cent Overall Per cent
Cost of inputs
Manures 8125 12.30 7500 11.84 6725 11.78 7450 11.98
Urea 418.6 0.63 516.6 0.82 436.8 0.77 457.3 0.74
SSP 607.5 0.92 563.4 0.89 636.3 1.11 602.4 0.97
MOP 219.6 0.33 138.6 0.22 154.9 0.27 171 0.28
Irrigation 800 1.21 770 1.22 750 1.31 773.3 1.24
Plant protection 1320.6 2.00 1400 2.21 1360 2.38 1360.2 2.19
Bamboo and fencing 2000 3.03 1709 2.70 1500 2.63 1736.3 2.79
Hired human labour
Male 16480 24.94 15968 25.20 14795.2 25.91 15747.7 25.33
Female 5850 8.85 5643 8.91 5456.7 9.56 5649.9 9.09
Bullock labour 9775 14.79 9266.7 14.63 7976.4 13.97 9006 14.48
Machinery labour 2050 3.10 1850 2.92 1600 2.80 1833.3 2.95
Fixed cost
Interest on W.C @ 7% estbt. cost 17769.2 26.89 17330 27.35 15036.1 26.34 16711.8 26.8
Land revenue 150 0.23 147.3 0.23 145.4 0.23 145.4 0.
Depreciation 310.4 0.47 327 0.52 300 0.53 312.5 0.50
Miscellaneous expense 205.7 0.31 225.7 0.36 221.5 0.39 217.6 0.3
Total cost A 66081.6 100.00 63355.3 100.00 57094.3 100.00 62176.8 100.00

Table 3 : Cost structure of orange cultivation on the age groups of orchard (Rs./ha)
Particulars Group I Group II Group III Overall
Establishment cost interest 14434 14157.3 12138.8 13576.7
Cost A 66081.6 63355.3 57094.3 62176.8
Cost B 109465.1 111164.9 92164.6 104264
Cost C 113521.1 114695.9 95255.6 107823.3

Table 4 : Economics of orange cultivation on the age groups of orchard (Rs./ha)

Particulars Group I Group II Group III Overall
Total cost 113521.1 114695.9 95255.6 107823.3
Production (tonnes) 37.2 41.20 30 36.13
Gross returns (Rs.) 249240 276040 201000 242093.3
Net return over cost A 183158.4 212684.7 143905.7 179916.5
Net return over cost B 139774.9 164875.1 108835.5 137829.3
Net return over cost C 135718.9 161344.1 105744.4 134270
B:C ratio 1:2.19 1:2.40 1:2.11 1:2.24

Res. J. Agric. Eco.& Stat., 6 (1) Mar., 2015 : 136-139

138 Internat.
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 ROPAN BANTE, SARJU PALLEWAR AND RAVI SHREY

seedling machinery labour, manures, fertilizer, irrigation and Authors’ affiliations:

plant protection were also included. Cost of cultivation of SARJU PALLEWAR AND RAVI SHREY, Department of Agricultural
orange was Rs./ha. 107823.3 irrespective to the groups of Economics, Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, RAIPUR (C.G.) INDIA
different ages of plantation. The cost A was Rs./ha 62176.8
which contributed highest rental value of land 38.99 per cent LITERATURE CITED :
followed by hired human labour 34.39 per cent in this hired
male labour was 25.33 per cent and hired female labour was Anonymous (1991): Cost of establishment of orange orchard in
9.09 per cent. The Power use was 10.47 per cent, farmyard Nagpur district. Joint Agresco and research report, Dr. Panjabrao
manures 7.20 per cent, total yield was obtained 36.13 tonne Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, 9-11pp.
and income generated was Rs. 242094 per ha. Average per Bhende, B.R. (1965). A critical study of cultivation and marketing of
hectare gross return for the sample as a whole was Rs. 242094. oranges in a selected area of Saoner tahsil. M.Sc. Thesis, Dr.
Highest income was obtained from the group II (11-15 year Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, M.S. (INDIA).
age) followed by group I (6-10 year age) while lowest income Chaudhari, D.J. and Patil, E.R. (2009). Economics of custard apple
obtained from group III (16-20 year age), and it was accounted production. PKV. Res. J., 33 (1): 133–134.
Rs. 161344.1 while lowest net return was obtained from age David, V.K. (1978). The comparision of cost and return from orange
group of 16-20 years was Rs. 105744.4 Benefit : cost ratio was production on deep and shallow soil in Florida. The citrus
found to be 2.24 for the sample farm as a whole. Highest ratio industry. 7-13pp.
was obtained from the orange orchard of age group 11-15 year
Gangawar, L.S. and Singh, S. (1998). Economic evaluation of Nagpur
i.e. 2.40. Study revealed that the, orange cultivation is profitable
mandarin cultivation in Vidarbh region of Maharashtra, Indian
than that of other crops and that profits are higher for orange J. Agric. Econ., 53 (4): 156-160.
orchards of age group of 11-15 years (Table 4). Similar work
related to the present investigation was also carried out by Gangawar, S.M. Ryas, Singh, Dinesh and Kumar, Sandeep (2005).
An economic evaluation of Kinnow Mandarin cultivation in
Chaudhari and Patil (2009) on custard apple, David (1978) on
Panjab, Agric. Econ. Res. Rev., 18: 71-80.
orange, Tawade and Gophane (1990); Undirwade et al. (1992)
on grapes; Vitonde et al. (2006) and Yasir and Shafiq (2010). Gupta, G.S. and George, P.S. (1974). Profitability of Nagpur Santra
(Orange.) cultivation, Indian J. Agric. Econ., (29): 139.
Conclusion : Ingley, (1983). An economics of intercrops in establishment of orange
The foregoing study indicates that the quantity of FYM orchard, M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi
and manure was calculated overall 29.80 CLS. The amount of Vidyapeeth, Akola, M.S. (INDIA).
fertilizer applied in the orange orchard was 65.30, 66.30 and Nighot, M.N., Alshi, M.R. and Joshi, C.K. (1986). Economics of
9.50 kg. of urea, SSP and MOP, respectively. The use of hired Production of Nagpur oranges. Indian J. Agric. Econ., 12 (4):
labour days was observed about 162 man days followed by 583-585.
the use of power in terms of bullock labour and machine power Sapate, (1993). An economics of raising orange nurseries in Nagpur
were calculated about 27 hours in orange cultivation in the district. M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi
study area. Per hectare establishment cost during five year Vidyapeeth, Akola, M.S. (INDIA).
and cost of cultivation during the year 2010-11 of orange
Tawade, M.D. and Gophane, B.N. (1990). Marketing organization
orchard were Rs./ha 207604 and Rs./ha. 107824. Average gross
and commercial fruit farming - A case study of Konkan region
return was Rs. 2042094 and the highest net return obtained of Maharashtra. World Agril. Econ. & Rural Sociol. Abst., 32
from the age group (II) of 11-15 year Rs. 165935. The benefit: (1): 47.
cost ratio on the sample as a whole was 2.24. The study suggests
Undirwade, S.B., Bidwaiand, P.N. and Nighore, M.N. (1992). A study
that, the share of human labour in expenditure should be
on marketing of grape in Dhule district of Maharashtra. J. Agric.
minimized by the use of mechanization and improved Econ., (4): 29.
technology which are less time consuming and cost effective.
Net worth of the orange cultivator can also be increased by Vitonde, A.K., Taide, B.B. and Dharmpal, P.S. (2006). Marketing of
adopting the new technology developed by the National fruits in agricultural produce market committee, Amaravati.
Indian J. Agric. Mktg. (Conf. Spe.), 20 (3): 166.
Research Centre for Citrus (NRCC) and Israel method of
planting. Irrigation facilities should be developed in the proper Yasir-Mehmood and Shafiq-ur-Rehman. (2010). Impact of socio-
way to give the irrigation in proper time. The government economic and demographic variables on consumer’s purchase
should provide a good support price for the orange. There is a decision for Kinnow: a case study of “Makro wholesale,
Lahore”, Pakistan, Department of Agribusiness, United Bank
need to develop orange grower organizations in the region.
Limited, Lahore, Pakistan.
Processing of oranges need to be developed in the study area.

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6Year
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of Excellence 
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