Architecture parameters of flexibility and its application

in built space
(Towards the understanding of emerging architecture and how
flexibility is incorporated in it)

AKARSH CHANDRAN

KMEA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

MILESTONE-2
Dissertation progress document submitted for
FINAL JURY

Guide
(SREEKUMAR)
Abstract.
How long does a space last?. Since the past, we
have been exposed to the idea that a building or an object that is manufactured should last as
much as possible. These days, things have changed, new design ideologies have evolved where
things are made to have a life related to the time in which it is used. In these concepts , flexibility
is what gives character to a space, it is the ability to be variable and adapt to changes in the lives
of users or according to its needs that can occur over time. The growth of technology, the scope
of accessibility, the desire to push more and more effects the desire in developing or evolving a
living space as needed. This ensures high functional performance in confined living spaces.
INTRODUCTION
Objects that we find today are 'alive' and are capable of moving from one
dimension to another . Sofa cum bed , Smart phones , Smart phones as computers are all
examples of changing functionaries . Modular kitchens folding chairs , roll-able keypads , bed-in-
wall systems are all examples of changing volume of space . These phenomenon can add up to
the fact that people are constantly evolving and adapting new lifestyle. Housing is considered to
be a critical field of exploring new ideas and implementing innovative technology. A dwelling
being a primary living space it is supposed to accommodate life cycle changes increase in family
size change in occupation etc. In a flexible world utilization of functional dimension in the
architecture of dwellings to solve problems of spatial efficiency ,material usage and time
consumption The impact of accelerating change on the physical form of the city is radical.
Institutions shorter and shorter lives , modern life can no longer be defined in the long term and
consequently cannot be contained with a static order of symbolic buildings and spaces .
“Buildings no longer symbolize a static hierarchical order , instead they have become flexible
containers for use by a dynamic society”
Richard Rogers, Cities for a small Planet, 1997,p.163
Discussion surrounding the future of architecture has generated widespread interest in the last
decades. During the progression of these years a considerable amount of ideas reflecting flexible
architecture have been produced. The term flexible architecture has been generally understood
as an architecture form that generally responds to change, and as a fluid form of architecture
that becomes complete once people stated to use it in the a new way different from others in
which many functions are done just in one space. The flexible architecture has been rapidly
gaining attention by the modern era of designers, architects and technicians . It includes an an
arena where thought and design grasps one’s imagination and keeps on expanding and
developing and is directed by a range of purposes. Today the concept has proved itself as one
which has much importance and enters the contemporary architectural world with significant
amount of importance and confidence

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT

People are dynamic progressive and adapt to
different situations. Our living spaces should be able to adapt to our changing needs,
expanding family and fast pace work oriented lifestyle . With globelisation and seamless
transfer of information across borders becoming a revolution flexible architecture address
these advances and concerns using a number of innovative design strategies like open
planning concepts, all age accessibility, adaptive reuse and modern technologies . For a
constantly changing world having changing ideologies , living spaces should also add up
to this constant changes. Every flexible living space is enhanced by a different set of
techniques and technology that add a certain value to the space . the value added may
be I the form of use/function and responsive materials or a symbolic connotations
addressing a problem . It is much important to identify these needs to understand the
dimension of flexible spaces to evaluate and determine what works and what does not
work in space in a particular context . The very future of flexible architecture will reflect
the conclusion of such an analysis.

The world is changing rapidly around us. Rapidly developing building science technology
and new building materials bring revolutionary changes into architectural world. This
creates a scope for fantasy to float alongside imagination and produce unique results .
What was unthinkable before , find shape and develops right in front of our eyes , pointing
towards a different way of thinking about how we live . All these faces of our ever changing
world, along with the unimaginable speed in the development of technology, means that
the interest in flexible architecture is steadily increasing .

Today, the modern dynamic citizen finds himself in dynamic, ever changing environment.
By its nature
mankind has always been transient, to varying degrees through the history. What has
changed with the time, and what we can witness today is the speed and scale at which
the increasing restlessness occurs. In order for modern architecture to serve the
contemporary society, it must embrace and respond to the state of constant transfer,
exchange, relocation and adaptation, - the qualities evolved by contemporary societies.

Technological solutions for the flexible accommodation During these decades they were
tested integration solutions between furniture and architecture to optimize the space of
the house and make it as flexible as possible. Great importance took the "internal
borders", non-load bearing building elements with the function of separating the
environments and incorporate within them piece of furniture, thus eliminating elements
that traditionally were placed along the walls subtracting space to the environment itself .
The wall units combined function of separation between environments with that of closed
or open containers: everything from the closet to the modular furniture in which was
placed the bed, the table, the kitchen, with rollover solutions, sliding and closing that
allowed to hide them completely and use them in certain hours and moments of the day
by placing them in the position of use. In the wall units could be placed internal and
passage openings. Sometimes the solution could be of the type with double-sided or
alternating overlooking solution. The use of these solutions often arose from the need for
space flexibility over time together with cost effectiveness of the intervention cost . The
flexibility of use could also be obtained with sliding panels which allowed to divide the
open space or separated niches with special function within the environment. During the
day the structure guaranteed one single living space, while at night the structure provided
for the formation of bedrooms, even disengaged with each other for access to the toilet.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the parameters of flexibility on living spaces ?

What dimensions does flexibility add on to a spaces ?
How flexibility and portability compliment each other in architecture?

LIVING SPACES ,FACTORS LEADING TO FLEXIBILITY ,PARAMETER ,

FLEXIBILITY, THEIR INTERCONNECTION, OPERTUNITIES AND DIAMENSION OF
FLEXIBILITY

AIM

• To understand the concept of flexibility of spaces in residential buildings

• To evaluate its applications in modern building designs

• To appraise how the quality of flexibility helps in tackling the rising issues of
population , lack of space for basic needs and in creating satisfactory conditions
for users and suggest improvements for their betterment.

OBJECTIVE

• To appraise the physical characteristics and analyse the physical characteristics

of the building
 • To understand the theory behind flexible spaces .
• How flexibility can be incorporated in a space to improve its spatial quality.
• To understand the architectural parameters of flexibility.

Research method

A primary search for relevant research was conducted using Google Scholar with
usage of search terms including ‘sustainable’, ‘flexible’, ‘housing’ , ‘adaptable’, and
their synonymies words. Then detailed searches were performed in architectural
journals and conference proceedings. From these research cases studies were
taken and were analysed on a certain basis. Live case studies were done to find out
how the theories are applied in emerging designs . Interviews and surveys were
done to generalize the idea of flexible living spaces among some designers in
kerala. This comprehensive review presents a summary of different definitions from
different points of view and tries to categorize and classify the findings of
researches.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Flexible architecture is a vast subject owning to its early beginnings since nomadic
times as well as rapid development in recent years

The term living space is indefinite and infinite

The term flexible can be interpreted in an architectural sense in multiple ways and has
been classified by many authorities on the subject
Introduction of the idea of flexibility of living space provides the users with a wide range
of ideas to work out with and provides designers new dimensions to work out on.

Flexibility should not be considered futuristic , it is a lacking treasure that is found but ,m

Studies are directed to contemporary cases than the past dwelling developments

Since lack of available resources on live case studies , the study is mainly concentrated
on literature case studies .
The creating of a so-called flexible dwelling recreates the whole house. Socially, the users
have control of their own house. They can adjust their dwelling to all kind of situations our
family compositions that could be need in the near future. Also, and this is linked to the
economical part, technically, you don’t have to make great conversions in your house if
you want/have to restructure your house, thus saving space too. The tendency to design
buildings that only correspond to a specific type of household at a specific point in time
reflects a way of thinking that is predicated on short-term economics. This `````article
discusses that one should instead accept the need for longer-term thinking, which reflects
the uncertainty of future occupation and housing demand.

Area available
We know that the population is increasing in a higher order, since the area of demand
increases accordingly. Unfortunately the need also increase for the people to buy. Even
after they bought, no one will be ready to waste an inch of space. But again they the
problem lies with people are that, they want to accommodate everything not only for
today but tomorrow also. If we look closer the demand of space / area is increasing day
by day for an individual. Due the life style they followed.
ii. Future changes
Yeah, people have of course problem with this in fact. Everything in this world changes
with respect to time. Need, demand, taste, style, everything changes. View people
might be different in future. In fact peoples are meant to be uncertain with their
decisions and tastes; it changes with respect to a fraction of second. These all will lead
people to concentrate on one solution as flexible space adaptation.
The change may be social, environmental, etc. anything.

Technological adaptation

Technology is developing day by day. The lifestyle of people is actually changing with
the technological development if we look closer. So there will be a need or demand of
people to adapt to that situation. I may say rate of change of technology with respect to
time lead to rate of change of adaptation of people with respect to time.
Just for example; earlier we had radio in our houses and we had space to locate it. After
Television came in to picture, now all homes have Television and a particular space for
it. It may be in bed room, living room, and kitchen and even in bathroom in fact. Think
how the technology changing the people and impact on it on the spaces. Rather while
technology increases the accumulation of space also increasing as waste.
May be we need a high technology which peoples are dreaming of as space inside
space as definitions as physics multi world theory. This is a specific problem related to
the future alone.

Change in number of users

Yeah, this is not the problem of future alone but in the past also. The death and birth in
the family may lead to demand or need of people. And the time line of age of people
may lead to demand of new spaces or more areas, etc.
For example; a infirm old person require only very small area rather than young people.
Since their activities levels are much higher than them.
These are not only points which lead people to the idea flexible housing.

Flexible housing as an idea

If there is less space, then that space has to be used in efficient and flexible manner.
The attention of Dutch Architects such as Willem Van Tijen, Johannes Van den Brock
and Mart Stam turned to overlook in to process of use – Changeability of use. Not only
for the duration of one day but also for the specific conditions of each member of a
family and potential changes during the life time. Internal variability of spaces was the
key element in this work. Their desire was to make minimum size apartments as
tolerable and cheap as possible.

CASE STUDIES
FLEXIBLE HOUSINGS IN RURAL JAPAN
Ar. J.H. van den Broek

Figure (below) showing flexible house in rural Japan. Which has been done to reduce
the cost of construction and to improve spatial qualities and to introduce multiple
functions to a space . In Japanese traditional architecture, sliding doors have the finality
of separating spaces as well as changing the dimensions of these in the house. As a
result, multi-functional spaces are created by opening them.

SPATIAL PLANNING

The architect proposes day and night use, entirely in the analytic-functionalist tradition.
Opening the sliding doors during the day and folding the parents’ and older children’s
beds into built-in cabinets, providing an L shape living space with a sitting room and a
playroom for the smaller children. The kitchen is designed to be efficient and minimal
with a long Cabinet. It also has a door that opens onto the balcony, where the coal box
is located.

On the other side of this extended space, there is a sequence of sliding doors that
separates the living and dining room from a small room, one door, a short stretch of wall,
another door (which mirrors the disposition on the opposite side of the room) and then a
longer partition wall. Behind the two doors, there is another small corridor that has another
four doors. One door opens to the room next to the dining and living room, the second
one provides access to the bathroom, the third one leads onto the restroom, and the last
one provides access to the only existing bedroom of the house.

In both projects, the architects have considered the kitchen and bathroom units
feature spaces. The living/dining room and one bedroom work as multifunction spaces.
Sequential and interrelated spaces create new spaces with various types of spatial
relationships by employing sliding doors, walls and flexible element

TECHNICAL ELEMENTS CONTRIBUTING FLEXIBILITY

By means of a more efficient spatial arrangement of the floor plan and by integrating
folding beds and sliding walls, the housing dwelling typology could become smaller
without losing comfort

Alternatives to many elements like windows and blinds were introduced. Vertical blinds
were used to create a enclosed space as a open space which could be converted back
with a single unlocking system.

Sofa cum bed and Altering shelve systems were used to utilize the provided space
maximum and to make a fully functional housing system without compromising much due
to the lack of availability of spaces for different rooms.

GOOGLE OFFICE SPACE PLANNING

Departments should be empowered to plan their office space. This principle

Recognizes that, if office space is treated as an administrative resource and managers
are given the opportunity to plan office space using simplified standards and guidelines,
more creative, cost-effective solutions to satisfying office space needs will result.
Standards and guidelines should be simplified. This principle recognizes that
Simplified, minimum standards and broad guidelines written in non-technical language
will enable departments to plan their own office.
Space should be allocated according to functional requirements. This principle
Recognizes that the simply allocating office space to people based on their position or
rank in an organizational hierarchy rather than the functional needs of their work may
result in a less productive workplace and additional costs.
Space should be flexible. This principle recognizes that fewer barriers to change,
less
Disruption when change does occur, and lower costs in money and time can be
accomplished by:

• using open space planning whenever practical

• reducing the number of different sizes of spaces
• standardizing the sizes of as many spaces as possible
Partitions
Open plan offices are often divided up into smaller offices for managers, meeting
rooms, etc. When this happens the designer has to take into account several
factors including:
Heating/cooling zoning, Ventilation, Lighting and light switches, Emergency lighting,
Small power
Voice and data cabling, Fire alarms, Fire stopping, Fire escape routes, Noise/acoustics
LOFT CUBE

Loftcube is a single dwelling entity that was designed by the young German architect
Werner Aisling in 2003. The background of the project was the architect’s idea of
creating a temporary, minimal housing unit that could fit a particular group of people –
those who represent the modern urban nomads. In the architect's opinion, Loftcube
could be an ideal home for people who need to stay in large cities in a short period. The
idea is particularly related to the utilization of large quantities of disposable roof in
Berlin. Utilization of such unused space is considered as a realistic solution to the
problem of housing shortage in big cities. The architect is very keen to use the latest
building materials and to combine them with their artistic and experimental approaches.
FACTORS LEADING TO FLEXIBILITY

Generally humankind has the greatest value of being dynamic. This

is the ability to to pass the integrated knowledge from one generation to the next, to
embrace. react and solve problems, its natural curiosity to explore and uncontrollable
desire to achieve new goals. All the historical events that happened in the world which is
known to us, and all that are going to happen are based on these developed qualities.
Societies form the network of countries of the world where citizens are gradually
organized into certain way of living and are framed by a certain set of laws and rules .
But if we compare the dynamic type of people to the static people, we can say that the
static type of people is content to live in a changeless and unmodified environment.
Generally traditions determine the way of ones living, his beliefs, his lifestyle, his
production techniques, his social and cultural activities. These societies can be remote
tribal societies that are ignorant to any kind of innovation and actually do not have any
need to desire for it. Today, the modern dynamic citizen finds himself in moving , ever
changing situation . By its nature, mankind has always been transient, to varying degrees
through the history. What has changed with time, and what we see today is the pace and
scale at which the ever increasing restlessness happen. In order for the modern
architecture to serve the contemporary society, it must understand and respond to the
state of constant movement , exchange, relocation and adaptation, - the qualities evolved
by contemporary societies.

POPULATION FACTOR

Much of India's woes are attributed to its rising population. Urban India faces a shortage
of 18.8 million homes. According to official statistics, 249 million Indians are homeless, i.e.
close to 20 per cent of the country's population.

The logic seems flawless to most people. The amount of land we have is limited but the
country with over 125 crore people is growing at a faster pace. Over a century ago, only
10 per cent Indians were urban but now the figure has gone up threefold. So, it is very
tempting to believe that the rise in population has played a major role in the country's
housing shortage.

But this is not true. We can't deny the fact that land is a scarce resource but to assume
that overpopulation is responsible for India’s housing shortage is untrue. Why? The
amount of land we have is enough to house 100 times as many people as there are in
India right now, even at the existing floor area ratios (FAR is the ratio of the floor area
constructed to the size of the plot), so long as we utilize the existing land properly.
On the contrary, China is vastly populated and its housing markets are by no means
perfect. China has made many huge blunders in its urban policy. Housing prices in Chinese
cities such as Shanghai and Shenzhen are growing, despite the attempts of governments
to contain them. According to private surveys, housing prices rose in April more than in
any of the previous months. Surprisingly, China does not face many of the problems that
large Indian cities face. In small Chinese cities, plummeting property prices have alarmed
the government because inequality is growing. But, this perhaps means that people have
more of an incentive to live in large Chinese cities now. Housing prices in the largest cities
are perhaps growing because people gain more by living in big cities.
HOW FLEXIBILITY CAN ME INCORPERATED IN A SPACE

Homes in the city will be able to readily respond to changes in our daily lifestyle and
offer a higher standard of individuality once flexible solutions are applied . “Change as
we appreciate from nature is an essential process of renewal . Todays lifestyle are filled
with multitasking , flexible dwellings will allow for both of these to occur without causing
discomfort or a lack of self, An individual’s home designed with flexibility has the
potential and capability to grow with them. Providing a more dynamic and
accommodating atmosphere .
MODERNISM AND FLEXIBILITY

After the First World War and necessity of industrialized systems for housing on a mass
scale Le Corbusier
proposed Domino system in 1914. Domino system was a concrete frame stricture that
consists of columns and
slabs . This design system enables the architects to separate the interior from stricture.
Le Corbusier used the term ‘plan Libre’ for this spatial flexibility . He proposed his ideas
about the modern architecture- Five Points of Architecture- in his book ‘Towards a New
Architecture’ (1923). Two of the five points are free floor plan and free façade design.
Using the columns instead of the load baring wall increases the internal usage of
building. This idea enables the building to separate the exterior of the building from its
structural function.
The other idea proposed by Mies (1923) was ‘skin and bone structures’ , “Supporting
girder construction with
a non supporting wall” He described his idea in the following statement: “The variability
you want is best by an undivided expanse of the individual floor levels; for that reason I
have placed the supports in the exterior walls You need layered floor levels with clear,
uncluttered spaces”
Figure 1:Le Corbusier’s Domino House 1914

Le Corbusier’s Domino House 1914

©FLC-ADAGP

Related: Rural urban fringe: Concept, History, Reasons, Issues

Participation / use
If one approach to flexibility may be about extending the control of the architect, another
is about apparently dissolving it. Here flexibility is seen as something that gives the user
the choice as to how they want to use spaces instead of architecturally predetermine their
lives. In the words of the French architect Arsène-Henri, flexible housing provides ‘a
private domain that will fulfill each occupant’s expectations’; it is not about designing
allegedly ‘good’ or ‘correct’ layouts but aims to provide a space, which can accommodate
the vicissitudes of everyday use over the long-term. His notion of empowerment is also a
central feature of participatory design processes. Flexible housing not only allows users
to take control of their environments post-occupation, but also during the design stage.

Technological need for efficient flexible housing

Certain logic of construction and provision of services allows flexibility of configuration,
which in turn enables flexible use and occupation. Many of the more emphatic examples
of intentionally flexible housing have a formal clarity, distinguishing between those
elements that are fixed and those that are open to change and variation, allowing the
upgrading of individual items with little disruption to the entirety of the building. This form
of ‘future proofing’ is particularly relevant to the provision of services, which tend to need
to be both continually updated and protected against obsolescence.

The theory of ‘supports’ was subsequently developed into an approach that has generally
become known as Open Building. The term is used to indicate a number of concepts that
consider architecture and the built environment as a series of distinct levels of intervention
or processes, under the general precondition that the built environment is in constant
transformation and change. Habraken, and the current Open Building movement,
emphasize the use of modern construction techniques and prefabricated elements
(factory-produced columns, beams and floor elements), but also the separation of base
building, infill systems and subsystems, and manufacture and design for ease of
assembly and disassembly.

While Open Building today typically presents a highly technical building method, flexibility
can also be achieved through simple building materials such as timber, as exemplified in
the work of Walter Segal.

Finance – The most ignores aspect of flexible housing

The least researched area of flexible housing is the financial side. Sense tells us that
flexibility is more economic in the long-term because obsolescence of housing stock is
limited, but there is little quantitative data to substantiate this argument.

However, all qualitative research indicates that if technological systems, service

strategies and spatial principles are employed that enable the flexible use of a building,
these buildings in turn will last longer, and they will be cheaper in the long run because
they reduce the need and frequency for wholesale refurbishment.

The purpose of flexible housing

Market research in the Netherlands has shown that people are more likely to stay in their
homes if they can adapt them, and by a corollary high percentage want to move because
they cannot adjust their dwellings to their needs” (Danko, 2013). Therefore, applying
users’ ideas in the planning and designing processes of the dwelling is a way to find out
the relation between people’s expected needs and their upcoming ones. This enhances
the adaptability of the dwelling to the needs of its occupants and consequently their
satisfaction. Providing adaptability and flexibility to dwelling spaces according to different
lifestyles is a feature of the ideal home.
ADAPTIVE REUSE

Developing the future architecture of an existing city is a complex process that must
necessarily draw from existing patterns, follows the city past and its future potential
architects disregard the buildings context to satisfy the client and create a design that is
cost effective. The key of making a strong city. However. Is to create a strong
community through the character of the architecture. Architects methodology must
begin to incorporate adaptive reuse of the benefit of future cities if they are to avoid the
history of the city’s built environment as it already exists

OPEN BUILDING PLANS

According to N. John Habraken’s “Open Buildings” in order to successfully accomplish

building transformation it is necessary to respect the requirmets of the different
participants in the design and building process. The aim is to achieve flexibility in
building designs and construction practices whilst maintaining the capacity o0f
transformation in real time . The design methodology is the building platform for
adaptable or flexible architecture . designing with the open building plan is systematic
approach to the segregation of building elements . the system maximize the potential of
future changes of any interior configuration and the incorporation of any new
programmatic functions .

“Open Building” is a multidisciplinary approach applied to building design that supports

building adaptability according to different requirements. Production and construction
methods the market of products and product technology and finally the users demand
for the suitable place . Many non residential buildings are constructed according to
“Open Building” principles and strategies . Habraken’s Open Building establishes “infill”
levels of building’s parts that changes faster (fast cycling elements ) and “supports“ for
building parts as most permanent (low cycling elements ) . The building process allows
for the “infill” to be determined for each individual spaces without affecting the building
structure . Separate decisions on the “support “ level involve building parts which are
common to all users such as , load beaing structures, building common mechanical and
conveyance systems , ublic areas and the façade .
Taking the Open Building plan in more depth was Duffy and Brand’s study of buildings
functional levels. They identified functions with varying life cycles in a building and their
relationships to the whole layer . Brands layer diagram is composed of the six main
parts that make up a building functions, Building , site ,structure , skin , service , space
,plan and staff . The separation and relation between the building functions are crucial in
order to ensure the buildings long life span . The functional layers must be designed
separately to compose the buildings as a whole .

ACCESIBILITY OF ALL AGES

Due to aging population increases in the developed countries, the need for accessible
housing rises. One of
the most repetitive approaches in adaptable housing is focus on accessibility for elderly
people especially in
practical projects and national standards. Avi Friedman and Witold Rybczynski of the
Affordable
Homes Program in McGill University developed the “Grow Home” in 1990. The project
was a housing design
that is easily modifiable and can suit people of all ages and family situations especially
for low and moderate income 3 households. The Grow Home was a narrow, three-
storey house with a floor plan of 4.3 m by 11.0 m with fixed and loud baring wall as a
structural core, enclosing soft, flexible interior spaces that can be reconfigured,
rearranged and expanded upon in the future. Only the first floor was furnished the upper
floors were unfurnished and homebuyers could fill in the house according to their needs
In 1995, some people at Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation developed an
approach to design, “FlexHousing”, based on “Grow Home” idea. “To buyers, having a
FlexHouse means never being forced to move. Building houses to physically grow and
adapt, to meet the changing lifestyle needs of singles, families, seniors and different
owners is the new direction in residential construction”. The focus of FlexHousing
project is to allow people to adapt their houses according to their needs easily and
economically. In addition, increases the lifetime of houses. FlexHousing was originally
based on four basic principles of flexible design: Adaptability, Accessibility, Affordability
and Occupant Health The Canada FlexHousing project is similar to “UniversalHousing”
in the U.S. and “Lifetime Homes” in the U.K.
Conclusion – the way forward

The need for change is a universal phenomenon, and flexibility in the quality
characteristics of a space accommodates spatial changes over a long period of time,
rather than just thinking of the needs for present use of the space. Furthermore,
incorporating flexibility into the design can accommodate various functional demands
within a limited space (economic benefit). In addition to its pragmatic benefits, flexible
housing has good ecological potential, especially with regard to conserving energy and
resources. The refurbishment, obsolescence, and demolition of flexible designs require
less material, energy, and labor, and, therefore, it is sustainable by design since there are
less waste and lower costs (environmental benefit) associated with the process. It is
justified to say that Flexible Housing can adjust to the changing needs of the user and
accommodate new technologies as they emerge.

Finance – The most ignores aspect of flexible housing

The least researched area of flexible housing is the financial side. Sense tells us
that flexibility is more economic in the long-term because obsolescence of housing
stock is limited, but there is little quantitative data to substantiate this argument.

However, all qualitative research indicates that if technological systems, service

strategies and spatial principles are employed that enable the flexible use of a
building, these buildings in turn will last longer, and they will be cheaper in the long
run because they reduce the need and frequency for wholesale refurbishment.

Flexible homes for low cost construction and housing projects

REFERENCES

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(Shanu, 2016)