[PART-B]

Unit 8
HIGH VOLTAGE TESTS ON
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS

Prepared by
Vineeth Nambiar
Assistant professor
Dept of EEE
SDMIT, Ujire

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Syllabus
Definitions of terminologies,
tests on isolators, circuit
breakers, cables insulators and
transformers. 4 Hours

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Definitions of Terminologies
1.Disruptive Discharge Voltage-
• The voltage which produces the loss of dielectric
strength of an insulation.
• Collapse of voltage & passage current
• Permanent loss for solid dielectrics, temporary
loss for liquid and gaseous dielectrics.
2.Flashover-when a discharge taking place in
between two electrodes in a gas or liquid is called
flashover.
3.Puncture-when the discharge occur through solid
insulation medium is called puncture
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Definitions of Terminologies
4.Withstand voltage- The voltage which has to be
applied to a test object under specified condition in
a withstand test is called withstand voltage. ( as per
IS:731 & IS:2099-1963)
5.Fifty per cent flashover voltage – This is the voltage
which has a probability of 50% flashover when
applied to a test object which results loss of
insulation strength temporarily.
6.Hundred per cent flash over voltage-The voltage
,that causes a flash over at each of its applications
under specified conditions , when applied to test
objects as specified, is 100% flash over voltage
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Definitions of Terminologies
7.Creepage Distance- It is the shortest distance
between two metal fittings on the insulator or
dielectrics.
8.AC Test Voltage- Alternating test voltage should
have power frequency in the range of 40 to 60 Hz
and approximately sinusoidal. The deviation
allowed for the sinusoidal wave is 7%. The
deviation checked by measuring peak value,
average vale & RMS value continuously.
Computing average value, RMS value & Form
factor continuously.

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Definitions of Terminologies
9. Impulse Voltage- Impulse voltages are characterized
by polarity, peak value, time to front, and time to half
the peak value after the peak.
• The time to front is defined as 1.5 times to time
between 30% and 90% of the peak value in the rising
portion of the wave.
10.Reference Atmospheric Condition
• The electrical characteristics of the insulators and
other apparatus are normally referred to the reference
atmospheric conditions.
• According to the Indian Standard Specifications
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Definitions of Terminologies
• Based on British Standard Specifications

• The flashover voltage of the test object is

given by

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Definitions of Terminologies
• The air density correction factor is given by,

where

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Test on Insulators
• Why testing …..?
• What are the types of insulation testing?

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Test on Insulators
• High voltage test includes i)The power
frequency tests & ii) Impulse tests: All
insulators are tested for both categories of test.
• i)Power frequency test: Dry and wet flash over
test, Wet & dry withstand tests (1 minute)
• ii)Impulse Tests: Impulse withstand voltage
test, Impulse flash over test and pollution
testing

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Test on Insulators
Why testing on insulators are required….?
• To check the design features
• To check the quality of test piece

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Test on Insulators
i) Power frequency tests
(a) Dry and wet flashover test:
• The AC voltage of power frequency is applied
across the insulators & increased at an uniform
rate of about 2% of the estimated test voltage,
checking the breakdown.
• If the test is conducted without any rain or
precipitation it is called as dry flashover test.
• If the test is done under condition of rain called
as wet flash over test.
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Test on Insulators
i)Power frequency tests
(b)Wet & dry withstand test
• In theses tests, the voltage specified in the
relevant specification is applied under dry or
wet conditions for a period of one minute with
an insulator mounted as in service conditions.
• The test piece should withstand the specified
voltage.

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Test on Insulators
ii)Impulse tests
(a) Impulse withstand voltage test
• This test is done by applying standard
impulse voltage of specified value under dry
condition with positive & negative polarities.
• 5 consecutive waves are passed.
• That shouldn’t case flashover or puncture.

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Test on Insulators
ii)Impulse tests
(b) Impulse Flash over test
• Test is done under the specified voltage.
• Adjust the test voltage for the exact 50% flash
over value.
• The insulation surface should not damaged.

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Test on Insulators
ii)Impulse tests
(c) Pollution Testing
• Creating artificial pollution environment (salt
fog test).
• Test duration – 1 hour.

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 Testing of Isolator & Circuit Breaker
Importance of isolator
• Disconnector switch used for isolating the section of the
circuit from any energized conductor .
• In HV , isolators are used in conjunction with circuit breaker
• Isolators opened after a circuit breaker has opened the
circuit, and closed before the circuit breaker closes the
circuit.
• Off-load or minimum current breaking mechanical switch.
• Isolator is operated after the circuit breaker to completely
isolate the circuit.
• Isolator is used to isolate the circuit permanently after a
fault. Circuit breaker is used to disconnect the circuit
temporarily. That is the main difference between an isolato
and CB.
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Testing of Insulators & Circuit Breaker
Importance of circuit breaker
• A circuit breaker is an automatically operated
electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by
overload or short circuit.
• Its basic function is to detect a fault condition
and interrupt current flow.
• On load or high current breaking switch

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Testing of Isolator & Circuit Breaker
Why do we perform the testing of Isolators &
Circuit breaker?
• To evaluate operating characteristics
• To study the constructional features
• To calculate electrical
parameters/characteristics

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Testing of Isolator & Circuit Breaker
4 conventional tests are available
1.The dielectric tests or over voltage tests
2. Impulse test
3.The temperature rise tests (Thermal test)
4.The mechanical tests
5. The short circuit tests

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1. Dielectric tests or overvoltage tests
Objectives of Dielectric test:
• This test consists of overvoltage withstand test of
power frequency.
• Testing of withstanding lightning & switching
impulse voltage.
• This test is done for checking internal & external
insulation level. ie circuit breaker in open and
closed position.
• Apply the test voltage separately when circuit
breaker is in open and closed position.

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1. Dielectric tests or overvoltage tests
Checking the internal insulation level
• In the open position test voltage levels are 15% higher
than the test voltage used when the circuit breaker is
closed. (Voltage in Open position >15% of that of closed position.)
• Chance of line to ground flash over.
• To avoid the flash over the circuit breaker is
mounted on insulator above the ground.
• So the insulation level of body of circuit breaker is
raised.
• We can measure the requirement of insulation
level based on flashover.
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1. Dielectric tests or overvoltage tests
Wet dielectric test- To check the external
insulation level
• It is used for outdoor switch gear.
• The external insulation is provided for 2
minutes while the rated service voltage is
applied.
• Test over voltage is maintained over 30s.
• No flash over should be occurred.
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1. Dielectric tests or overvoltage tests
Wet dielectric test- To check the external insulation
level
• The test voltage is applied for a period of 1
minutes between (i) phases with the breaker is
closed (ii) phases and earth with circuit breaker
open (iii) across the terminals with circuit breaker
open.
• Perfect breaker should free from flash over or
puncture.
• The test voltage should be a standard (1/50)
micro second wave.
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2. The impulse tests
• To check the performance under overvoltage
due to switching operation of circuit breaker.
• To check the performance of switching
operation of circuit breaker by using standard
impulse wave form.
• Ensure the successful operation of circuit
breaker.

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3.Temperature rise test
• These tests are make sure that the circuit breaker are
designed according to the specification.
• Checking thermal behavior of the breaker.
• Test can be done with the help of thermo couple.
• At 40 degree Celsius standard current rating will be
800A.
• By connecting a resistance parallel with fixed and moving
contact, we can measure
- requirement of contact resistance
- Heat dissipation
• B.S.116:1952 specification require 500 operation for
circuit breaker without failure.
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4. Mechanical Test
• A Circuit breaker must open and close at the
correct speed and perform such operation
without mechanical failure.
• Based on B.S. 116: 1952 requires 500 opening
& closing operation without failure & with no
adjustment mechanism.
• Mechanical test gives the details on material.
• Helps to check the life span of the circuit
breaker.
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 5.Short Circuit Test
Importance of Short Circuit Test
• Most important test.
• Check the primary performance of the device.
• Checking their ability to safely interrupt the fault currents.
• Short Circuit test consists of determining making and
breaking capacities of circuit breaker at various load current
and rated voltage.
• Making capacity of a circuit breaker is the maximum current
which the breaker can conduct at the instant of closing.
• Breaking capacity of the circuit breaker refers to the
maximum current in rms value the circuit breaker can
interrupt.
• In the case of isolators, SC test determine their capacity to
carry rated short circuitDept.
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current for a given duration.
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Method of conducting short circuit
tests
1.Direct test

2.Synthetic Tests

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1.Direct test
• Direct test can be conducted in two ways
i) By using a short circuit generator as the
source.
Short circuit generators is driven by an Induction
motor & voltage can be varied by using field excitation.
• ii)By using power utility system or network as
the source.
Overall system includes master breaker and test
breaker.
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2.Synthetic test
a) Direct testing in the network or field
b) Direct testing in short circuit test laboratories
c) Synthetic testing of circuit breaker
d) Composite testing
e) Unit testing
f) Testing procedure
g) Asymmetrical tests

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2.Synthetic test
a) Direct testing in the network or field
• Circuit breaker are some times tested for their
ability to make or break the circuit under normal
load conditions or under short circuit conditions
in the network itself.
• We can do the actual test / real time test in the
network.
• We can test the special occasions like very short
line fault, breaking of charging current of long
line etc.
• It is possible to study the thermal & dynamic
effects of short circuit current
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2.Synthetic test
Drawbacks of direct testing in network or field
• The circuit breaker can be tested at only a
given rated voltage and network capacity.

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2.Synthetic test
b)Direct testing in short circuit test laboratories
• In order to test the circuit breakers at different voltage
and at different short circuit current short circuit
laboratories are provided.
• Short circuit laboratories consists i)short-circuit
generator associated with a master circuit breaker
ii)resistors iii)reactors and iv)measuring devices.
• A make switch initiate short circuit.
• Master circuit breaker isolate the test device from
source.
• If the test device failed to operate, tripping occurred
for master breaker.
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 2.Synthetic test
b)Direct testing in short circuit test laboratories
Initiate short circuit
Master circuit breaker

•Isolate the test

Device from
source
•If test device
Fail, master CB
Operate

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2.Synthetic test
c)Synthetic testing of circuit breaker
• Two sources are used
• One supply provide ac current and other
supply provide high voltage.
• Current and recovery voltage waveforms
across the test circuit breaker can be
determined using this test.

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 2.Synthetic test
c)Synthetic testing of circuit breaker
Main switch Auxiliary CB
Making CB Trigger gap

Capacitor to control
Test breaker
Frequency of transient recovery voltage

Current recovery
Voltage wave form across test objec
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2.Synthetic test
d)Composite testing
• The breaker is tested under rated voltage
level.
• The breaker is tested under reduced voltage
level for checking breaking capacity.
• Drawback: This method doesn’t give the
proper information about circuit breaker
performance.

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2.Synthetic test
e)Unit testing
• Large circuit breaker testing under high
voltage.
• Above 220kV system.
• More than 1 break is provided per pole.
• Checking the conditions of arc.
• Study the features of arc between fixed and
moving contacts.
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2.Synthetic test
f)Asymmetric tests
• One test cycle is repeated for asymmetrical
breaking capacity.
• Checking dc component in between fixed and
moving contact.
• Test condition: dc component at the instant of
contact separation is not less than 50% of AC
component.

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Testing of Cables
• Importance of cables & its insulation- Under
ground cable and power transmission.
• Transmitting voltage signals.
• Necessity of cable insulation testing.

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Types of cable insulation testing
1. Mechanical tests like bending test, dripping test,
drainage test , fire resistance and corrosion test.
2.Thermal duty test
3.Dielectric power factor test
4.Power frequency with standing capacity
HV Tests
5.Impulse with stand voltage test
6.Partial discharge test
7.Life expectancy test

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Initial step –preparation of cable
samples
• In order to prepare over voltage withstand
test sample have to prepare very carefully.
• Otherwise excessive leakage or flash over
occur during testing.
• The normal length of the cable samples varies
from 50cm to 10m.
• The termination are usually made shielding of
the end conductor with stress shield.

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Initial step –preparation of cable
samples

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1.Dielectric power factor test
• By using the HV Schering bridge.
• Dissipation factor tanδ is measured at
0.5,1,1.66 & 2 times of the rated voltage of
the cable.
• Schering bridge has to be given protection
against overvoltage , in case breakdown occur
in the cable.
• balance equation is independent of
frequency.
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2.HV Test on cable
a)Power frequency withstand voltage test
b) Impulse voltage with stand voltage test

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2.HV Test on cable
• Cables are tested for with stand the voltage using the power
frequency AC, DC & Impulse voltage.
• At a time of manufacture entire cable is tested under HV for
checking continuity of the cable.
procedure
• (i) First cable is tested under AC voltage of 2.5 of rated voltage
for 10 minutes & no damage should occur.
• (ii) After cable is tested under high voltage dc voltage. DC
voltage test consist of applying 1.8 times of rated voltage for
30 minutes.
• (iii) Impulse voltage of the prescribed magnitude as per
specification is applied & the cable has to withstand five
applications without any damage.
• Ensure no failure occur during insulation
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3.Partial Discharge Test
• Partial discharge depends upon internal
discharge, electric stress and voltage stress.
• Procedure:(a) Discharge detection , (b)
location of discharge & (c) Scanning methods
are important steps of partial discharge test
for ensuring the life of insulation.

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(a) Discharge detection
Equivalent circuit of a cable for discharge

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(a) Discharge detection contd….

•The cable is connected to the discharge detector through

the coupling capacitor.
•Passage of travelling wave one or two times.
•Check the cavity by analyze the nature of travelling wave.

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(a) Discharge detection contd….
• In order to improve transient response the given circuit is
applicable Considering more number of cable & transient
response
• Serious error can detect
• Error depends upon the shape of detector
• Testing of long cable F

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(b) Location Discharge
• Travelling wave is passing through the cable.
• If any void present inside the cable ,there will be
drop in travelling wave.
• Measure the duration of wave/ pulse & the
distance at which the discharge taking place from
the cable can be calculated.
• The shape of wave/pulse depends upon the
nature of discharge.
• We can observe the attenuation of the travelling
wave.

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(b) Location Discharge- waveform
analysis

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(b) Location Discharge- detection
circuits for long cable

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Verification of location discharge

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(c) Scanning method
• To scan the overall cable for checking the voids or
imperfections in manufacture.
procedure
• (i) Bare core cable is passed through high electric field &
discharge location is done.
• (ii) The core of the material is passed through a tube of
insulating material filled with distilled water.
• 4 electrodes in the form of rings are arranged
• They should have electrical contact with water
• We can check where exactly the occurrence of discharge
• Discharge can locate at the length of the cable

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(c) Scanning method contd…
• The defective part can be easily isolate by
using this method.
• Can increase the perfection of insulation
production.
• Can isolate the defective insulation at factory
site.

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(d) Life tests
• Reliability studies.
• Able to determine the expected life of insulation.
• Cables are performed under normal stress and
maximum stress.
• It is established that the relation between the
maximum electrical stress Em and the life of the cable
insulation in hours ‘t’ approximately follows the
relationship
•

•The duration of life tests is about 1 hr to 1000 hrs

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 Testing of transformers

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Importance of transformer testing
• Transformer is Important & costly apparatus in power
systems.
• Great care has to be exercised to see that the
transformers are not damaged due to transient
overvoltage's of either lightning or power frequency.
• overvoltage tests become very important in the testing
of transformers.
• Mainly concentrating the overvoltage test.
• Other tests are temperature rise test, short circuit test
etc.
• Performance test- OC-SC test, sumpners test(Back to
back test) etc
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Types of transformer testing
1.Preliminary testing- To check core insulation level
2.Routine Tests- Measurement of insulation
resistance
3.Type test- Temperature rise test
4.Dielectric Test
5.Over Voltage Test- Induced over voltage test &
Partial Discharge Test
6.Impulse Testing of Transformers

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Types of transformer testing
1. Preliminary testing
• After the core is assembled, 2kV test is done
to ensure that the insulation between clamp
plates, core bolts and core is adequate.

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Types of transformer testing
2. Routine Test
• To measure winding insulation resistance
• Measurement of Insulation resistance using
‘ Megger’.
• The ‘Megger’ consists of a D.C power source (hand
operated or electrically driven D.C generator or a battery
source with electronic circuit ) and a measuring system.
• The insulation test reveals the condition of the insulation
inside the transformer.
• The insulation resistance values are affected by
temperature, humidity and presence of dirt on insulators
and bushings.
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Types of transformer testing
2. Routine Test

Electronic Type Megger Hand Operated Megger

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Types of transformer testing
3.Type test- Temperature rise test
• Purpose: to confirm that under normal conditions,
the temperature rise of the windings and the oil will
not exceed the specified limit.
• Temperature rises are measured above the
temperature of the cooling air – Air cooled
transformers.
• In water cooled transformers, the temperature rise is
measured above the inlet water temperature –
Water cooled type transformers.

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Types of transformer testing
3.Type test- Temperature rise test
• Hourly readings of the oil temperatures are
taken.
• Thermometer placed in a pocket in the
transformer top cover.
• Temperature at inlet and outlet of the cooler
bank is also taken hourly and mean oil
temperature is determined.
• Ambient temperature is measured.
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Types of transformer testing
3.Type test- Temperature rise test
• It should be demonstrated that the top oil
temperature rise does not vary more than 1
degree Celsius per hour during four
consecutive hourly readings.
• The last reading is taken for the determination
of the final oil temperature rise.

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Types of transformer testing
4. Dielectric Test
• Purpose – to verify the power frequency
withstand strength of the winding Insulation
under test
• The full AC test voltage shall be applied for 60s
to the Windings with graded insulation.
• The test shall be successful if no collapse of
the test voltage occurs.

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Types of transformer testing
5. Overvoltage tests
(i) Induced over voltage test:
• Purpose : To verify the power frequency withstand
strength along the winding under test, between its
phases, and to earth and other windings. This test
checks the inter turn insulation.
• Test voltage is twice the corresponding rated voltage.
• Supply frequency 100 to 400 Hz higher than normal is
used.
• The insulation withstand strength can be checked by
using Induced Over Voltage Testing.

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Types of transformer testing
5. Overvoltage tests
(ii) Partial Discharge test:
• Partial discharge tests on the windings are done to calculate the
discharge magnitude and the radio interference levels.
• The winding insulation can be tested using any of the discharge
detection methods..
• The location of the fault or void is sometimes done by using the
travelling wave technique similar to that for cables.
• No method has been standardized as to where the discharge is to be
measured.
• Under the application of power frequency voltage, the discharge
magnitudes greater than 10^4 pico coulomb are considered to be
severe.
• The transformer insulation should be such that the discharge
magnitude will be far below this value.
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Types of transformer testing
6. Impulse testing of transformers
• Lightning – common cause of flashover on
overhead transmission lines.
• Lightning stroke makes direct contact with a
phase conductor and produces a voltage in excess
of impulse voltage level.
• The purpose of the impulse tests is to determine
the ability of the insulation of the transformers to
withstand the transient voltages due to lightning,
etc.
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Types of transformer testing
6. Impulse testing of transformers

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Types of transformer testing
6. Impulse testing of transformers
• Design a basic impulse generator circuit

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Types of transformer testing
6. Impulse testing of transformers

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Types of transformer testing
6. Impulse testing of transformers

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Types of transformer testing
6. Impulse testing of transformers
• Detection and fault location during impulse voltage
testing of transformer
• Can use any of the following methods
1. General observations
2. Voltage oscillogram method
3. Neutral current method
4. Transferred surge current method
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Types of transformer testing
6. Impulse testing of transformers
1. General observations
• The fault can be located by general observations
like noise in the tank or smoke or bubbles in
breather
2. Voltage oscillogram method
• Fault or failure appears as a partial or complete
collapse of the applied voltage wave.
• The sensitivity of this method is low

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Types of transformer testing
6. Impulse testing of transformers
3. Neutral current method
• In the neutral current method, a record of the
impulse current flowing through a resistive shunt
between the neutral and ground point is used for
detecting the fault.
4. Transferred surge current method
• In this method, the voltage across a resistive
shunt connected between the low voltage
winding and the ground is used for fault location.

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 Testing of Bushings

Testing of Bushing

Power frequency tests Thermal tests

Impulse Voltage tests
Temperature Rise and Thermal Stability Tests
Power Factor—Voltage Test ,Internal or Partial Discharge Test
Momentary Withstand Test at Power Frequency, Full Wave Withstand Test
Chopped Wave Withstand
One Minute Wet Withstand Test at Power Frequency, and Switching Surge Tests
Visible Discharge Test at Power Frequency
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Testing of Bushings

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Testing of Bushings
(A) Power frequency test:
Power Factor—Voltage Test – using schering bridge
Internal or Partial Discharge Test – Any methods for
measuring partial discharge
Momentary Withstand Test at Power Frequency- Based
on IS:2099 specification, Duration – 30s
One Minute Wet Withstand Test at Power Frequency-
Duration 1 minute, Provide rain /moisture
Visible Discharge Test at Power Frequency- Dark room,
Based on IS:2099 specification & observe discharge

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Testing of Bushings
(B) Impulse Voltage Testing:
• Full Wave Withstand Test- Five consecutive full
waves of standard waveform are applied, if
two of them cause flashover, the bushing is
said to have failed in the test.
• Chopped Wave Withstand and Switching
Surge Tests- HV test, procedure is same as that
of Full Wave Withstand Test

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Testing of Bushings
(C) Thermal Tests:
Temperature Rise and Thermal Stability Tests
• Temperature rise test is carried out in free air
with an ambient temperature below 400 degree
C at a rated power frequency (50 Hz) AC current.
• The test is carried out for such a long time till the
temperature is substantially constant, i.e. the
increase in temperature rate is less than l°C /hr.

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