POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE’S

In this chapter present the related literature and studies relevant to the study. It

also includes the theoretical framework, conceptual framework, and the

statement of the problem by the study.

According to Ramona Borro (2016) this research study aimed to ascertain

the sensory acceptability of squash (Cucurbita Maxima) of varied quantities in

baking cake as to appearance, taste, color, texture and general acceptability.

One of the Filipinos’ specialties is to prepare nutritious food because they put

premium on nutritional value in order to furnish their body with adequate

nourishment for growth, maintaining and repairing their cells and tissues.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/55f4/651031f2f31e9dfb1f3de0a4075095eb0c2e.pdf

According to RAYMUND B. MORENO (2015) This experimental research

was conducted to determine the sensory acceptability of mashed squash

(Cucurbita Maxima) of different proportions in making ice cream in terms of

appearance, aroma, texture, taste and general acceptability. These fleshy

vegetables are protected by a hard rind and grown in the country throughout the

year. To gain the full nutritional benefits of this vegetable, the green skins or rinds

must be eaten. Some varieties of squash also produce edible flowers. While

each Variety may have a distinct shape, color, size and

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Flavour, all varieties share some common characteristics. Regardless of variety,

all parts of the squash are edible, including the flesh, seeds and skin or rind. Like

other cucurbits, squash is recognized as an important source of vitamins and

minerals just like vitamins A and C; it also contains calcium and iron. It has very

low calories, ideal to be a component in the diet plan.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/917f/70d5dbbe1ab81f461f9f9930562fa0c450f3.pdf

According to Tiffany Roch D. Caruz (2014) MaMongKa Muffin is primarily

engaged in the producing muffins having vegetables, specifically Malunggay,

Mongo and Kalabasa, included in the ingredients. The product will be sold within

the confines of Cagayan de Oro City, and soon to all other places. The type of

the business is a partnership, and this aims to answer the demand of consumers

and satisfy their cravings for healthy snacks at an affordable price. The study will

find out if the proposed product would be feasible and patronized by the

consumers.

http://www.asianscientificjournals.com/new/publication/index.php/abar/article/view/795

According to Department of agriculture Squash (2017) (Cucurbita maxima

L.) locally known as “kalabasa”is a popular vegetable among the Filipinos. The

shoots, flowers and young fruits can be cooked as dinengdeng, bulanglang or

sautéed with meat, fish or shrimps and mixed with other vegetables. Like other

cucurbits, squash is recognized as an excellent source of vitamins A, C, B1, B3,

and B5 and minerals. Squash contains Beta carotene which is a powerful anti-

oxidant and anti-inflammatory. It is also beneficial in preventing cancer, lung

diseases, high blood pressure and oxidation of cholesterol in the body.

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It also contains potassium which reduces urinary calcium excretion.

file:///C:/Users/PZ-7/Downloads/Squash.pdf

According to Pinoy entrepreneur (2017) Pumpkin or popularly known as

“Kalabasa” in the Philippines, is a kind of large vegetable that grows on a vine; or

a result of creeping vines with color mix orange blossoms and yellow. It is eaten

many different ways, such as in stews, cakes, and candies. The taste is smooth

and somewhat sweet. Kalabaza is a good source of beta-carotene, some of

which can be converted into vitamin A.

https://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2006/09/05/how-to-make-nata-de-kalabasa/

According to Pinoy entrepreneur (2015) SQUASH is commonly grown

fruit-vegetables in the Philippines throughout the year. Although it is not as

popular as its relatives in the Cucurbitaceae family are, it has its own fair share of

the market. Squash is a dry season crop and may grow on many types of soil as

long as it is will drained. However, it grows best on sandy loam or clay loam with

pH between 6 and 6.5. It also requires a relatively dry, warm climate for fruit

setting. Fruits are mature or ready to harvest 30 to 40 days after pollination or

when the rind becomes hard. Another indicator of maturity is when the peduncle

starts to dry up. When harvesting fruits, it is best to leave a portion of the

peduncle still attached to fruit because this will prolong storage life. If squash is

to be cooked without peeling, it is best to harvest fruits that are still immature.

https://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2009/12/05/squash-production/

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According to Philnews (2019) Pumpkin is one of the most popular

vegetables in the world because of its unique taste and benefits for the body’s

health. This type of squash is commonly used for cooking in some vegetable

dishes and it is also used to make some types of desserts from pumpkins. Aside

from its culinary purposes, pumpkin has also numerous nutrients, vitamins, and

minerals that are beneficial to the body. The fiber in pumpkin suppresses the

appetite of a person so he/she eat less. It is an excellent source of vitamin A

which improves the vision of a person. This vegetable also reduces the blood

pressure because of the compound that can be found in pumpkin called

phytoestrogens which prevent hypertension.

https://philnews.ph/2016/12/02/pumpkin-fruit-multiple-health-benefits-body/

According to Medical news today (2019) Pumpkins contain a wealth of

antioxidants. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene support eye health and

prevent degenerative damage in older adults. The National Eye Institute

conducted a clinical trial in 2019 called the Age-Related Eye Disease Study

(AREDS).The results showed that high doses of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta

carotene had links to a significantly reduced risk of age-related macular

degeneration.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/279610.php#benefits

According to Dr.Joseph Mercola (2016) Squash, which has a high level of

carotenes per serving, has built-in anti-cancer benefits. While studies show

carotenoid concentrations in blood are biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake

offering cancer protection, one study in particular explored a possible association

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between carotene presence and breast cancer. Researchers concluded that

among six carotenes tested, only β-carotene intake was significantly associated

with reduced breast cancer risk. Beta-carotene is the star in squash, providing

powerful antioxidants. The colorful hues in squash and other vegetables hint at

this attribute, which is important for blocking and zapping harmful free radical

activity. This nutrient turns into vitamin A in the body, which is another desirable

benefit for healthy skin, bones, vision, and immunity from disease and infection.

https://foodfacts.mercola.com/squash.html

According to health line (2016)Just a single cup of cooked pumpkin has

more than 200 per cent of the recommended daily amount of vitamin A. Vitamin

A is good for the human body, as it helps keep vision sharp. That same cup of

pumpkin also contains lots of vitamin C – about 11 milligrams – which boosts

your immune system, wards off colds, among numerous other health benefits.

https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/yellow-vegetables#pumpkin

According to E. Jerome McCarthy (1960), Marketing Mix is a tool used by

businesses and Marketers to help determine a product or brand offering.

https://www.professionalacademy.com/blogs-and-advice/marketing-theories---the-

marketing-mix---from-4-p-s-to-7-p-s

The Marketing Mix 4 Ps:

1) Product - The Product should fit the task consumers want it for, it

should work and it should be what the consumers are expecting to get.

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2) Place – The product should be available from where your target

consumer finds it easiest to shop. This may be High Street, Mail Order or the

more current option via e-commerce or an online shop

3) Price – The Product should always be seen as representing good value

for money. This does not necessarily mean it should be the cheapest available;

one of the main tenets of the marketing concept is that customers are usually

happy to pay a little more for something that works well for them.

4) Promotion – Advertising, PR, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling and, in

more recent times, Social Media are all key communication tools for an

organization. These tools should be used to put across the organization's

message to the correct audiences in the manner they would most like to hear,

whether it be informative or appealing to their emotions.

According to Peryam, D. R., & Pilgrim, F. J. (1957) the hedonic scale

method the stimuli (actual samples or food names) are presented singly and are

rated on a scale where the 9 categories range from "dislike extremely" to "like

extremely." History, methods of use in laboratory and field, analysis of the data,

reliability, essential characteristics, applications, special effects requiring control,

and interpretation of results are discussed and evidence is cited for the method's

validity for predicting food behavior. Major advantages of the method are: Ss can

respond meaningfully without prior experience, it is suitable for use with a wide

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range of populations, the data can be handled by the statistics of variables, and

results are meaningful for indicating general levels of preference.

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1959-02766-001

9-Point Hedonic Scale

According to Mike Allen (2017), the purpose of quantitative research is to

generate knowledge and create understanding about the social world.

Quantitative research is used by social scientists, including communication

researchers, to observe phenomena or occurrences affecting individuals. Social

scientists are concerned with the study of people. Quantitative research is a way

to learn about a particular group of people, known as a sample population. Using

scientific inquiry, quantitative research relies on data that are observed or

measured to examine questions about the sample population. The results of

quantitative research specify an explanation into what is and are not important, or

influencing, a particular population. Quantitative research also provides answers

to questions about the frequency of a phenomenon, or the magnitude to which

the phenomenon affects the sample population.

https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-communication-
research-methods/i11671.xml

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According to Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) Quota

sampling method is a non-probability sampling and it can be defined as a

sampling method of gathering representative data from a group. The application

of quota sampling ensures that the sample group represents certain

characteristics of the population chosen by the researcher. Quota sampling can

be divided into two groups:

https://research-methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/quota-sampling/

Controlled quota sampling involves the introduction of certain restrictions

to limit the researcher's choice of samples.

Uncontrolled quota sampling, on the other hand, resembles the

convenience sampling method in a way that researcher is free to choose sample

group members according to his/her will.

According to Ashley Crossman (2019), a purposive sampling is a non-

probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and

the objective of the study. Purposive sampling is different from convenience

sampling and is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling.

https://www.thoughtco.com/purposive-sampling-3026727

According to Tahmina Tanny (2018), Survey research design is a

procedure in quantitative research in which investigators administer a survey to a

sample or to the entire population of people to describe the attitudes, opinions,

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behaviors, or characteristics of the population. In this procedure, survey

researchers collect quantitative, numbered data using questionnaires or

interviews and statistically analyze the data to describe trends about responses

to questions and to test research questions or hypotheses.

https://www.slideshare.net/TahminaTanny/survey-research-design