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    Chemistry Assignment

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    Bettina Rose Gallardo
    Functional groups give molecules their chemical reactivity and properties. Common functional groups include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. Nomenclature rules for naming molecules involve identifying the parent chain and functional group, then numbering the chain and listing substituents alphabetically.

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    Chemistry Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Bettina Rose Gallardo
    68 views5 pages
    Functional groups give molecules their chemical reactivity and properties. Common functional groups include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. Nomenclature rules for naming molecules involve identifying the parent chain and functional group, then numbering the chain and listing substituents alphabetically.

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    Functional groups give molecules their chemical reactivity and properties. Common functional groups include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. Nomenclature rules for naming molecules involve identifying the parent chain and functional group, then numbering the chain and listing substituents alphabetically.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    68 views5 pages

    Chemistry Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Bettina Rose Gallardo
    Functional groups give molecules their chemical reactivity and properties. Common functional groups include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. Nomenclature rules for naming molecules involve identifying the parent chain and functional group, then numbering the chain and listing substituents alphabetically.

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    Bettina Rose L.

    Gallardo

    X – Einstein

    ASSIGNMENT IN CHEMISTRY
    What is a Functional Group?

    A functional group is a portion of a molecule that is a recognizable/classified group of bound atoms. In


    organic chemistry it is very common to see molecules comprised mainly of a carbon backbone with
    functional groups attached to the chain. The functional group gives the molecule its properties,
    regardless of what molecule contains it*; they are centers of chemical reactivity. The functional groups
    within a molecule need to be identified when naming.

    Alcohols & Ethers: Nomenclature


    Simple alcohols are named as derivatives of the parent alkane, using the suffix -ol, using the
    following simple rules:

    1. Select the longest continuous carbon chain, containing the hydroxyl group, and derive the
    parent name by replacing the -e ending with -ol.
    2. Number the carbon chain, beginning at the end nearest to the hydroxyl group.
    3. Number the substituents and write the name, listing substituents alphabetically.

    Simple ethers are named either by identifying the two organic residues and adding the word
    ether, or, if other functionality is present, the ether residue is named as an alkoxy substituent, as
    shown below:

    Aldehydes & Ketones: Nomenclature


    Simple aldehydes and ketones are named using the standard rules of nomenclature which we have
    used in the past with the following specific changes:

    1. Aldehydes are named by replacing the terminal -e of the parent alkane with the suffix -al;
    the suffix for ketones is -one.
    2. The parent chain selected must contain the carbonyl group.
    3. Number the carbon chain, beginning at the end nearest to the carbonyl group.
    4. Number the substituents and write the name, listing substituents alphabetically.

    5. When an aldehyde is a substituent on a ring, it is referred to as a -carbaldehyde group.

    6. When the -COR group becomes a substituent on another chain, it is referred to as an acyl
    group and the name is formed using the suffix -yl.
    7. When the carbonyl group becomes a substituent on another chain, it is referred to as an
    oxo group.

    Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids


    Simple carboxylic acids are named as derivatives of the parent alkane, using the
    suffix -oic acid

    1. Select the longest continuous carbon chain, containing the carboxylic acid group,
    and derive the parent name by replacing the -e ending with -oic acid.
    2. Number the carbon chain, beginning at the end nearest to the carboxylic acid
    group.
    3. Number the substituents and write the name, listing substituents alphabetically.
    4. Carboxylic acid substituents attached to rings are named using the suffix -
    carboxylic acid.

    Nomenclature of Aliphatic Amines


    Simple amines are named as derivatives of the parent alkane, using the suffix -amine, or by using -
    amino to name a numbered substituent, using the following rules:

    1. Select the longest continuous carbon chain, containing the amino group, and derive the
    parent name by replacing the -e ending with -amine, or by naming the nitrogen as
    an amino substituent. Number the carbon chain, beginning at the end nearest to the
    amino group, or, to give the lowest number at the first point of difference.
    2. Number the substituents and write the name, listing substituents alphabetically.

    Thus for the following example, you would number from the end closest to the nitrogen,
    generating the names, 3-methylpentanamine (or 1-amino-3-methylpentane) and 5-methyl-2-
    hexanamine (or 2-amino-5-methyl-2-hexane), respectively.

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