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Competitive Exams: Physics: Basics

Some Useful Definitions
A quantity in the general sense is a property ascribed to phenomena, bodies, or substances that
can be quantified for, or assigned to, a particular phenomenon, body, or substance. Examples
are mass and electric charge.

A quantity in the particular sense is a quantifiable or assignable property ascribed to a particular

phenomenon, body, or substance. Examples are the mass of the moon and the electric charge of
the proton.

A physical quantity is a quantity that can be used in the mathematical equations of science and
technology.

A unit is a particular physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which other
particular quantities of the same kind are compared to express their value.

The value of a physical quantity is the quantitative expression of a particular physical quantity
as the product of a number and a unit, the number being its numerical value.

Thus, the numerical value of a particular physical quantity depends on the unit in which it is
expressed.

For example, the value of the height hW of the Washington Monument is hW = 169 m = 555 ft.
Here hW is the physical quantity, its value expressed in the unit “meter,” unit symbol m, is 169
m, and its numerical value when expressed in meters is 169. However, the value of hW
expressed in the unit “foot,” symbol ft, is 555 ft, and its numerical value when expressed in feet
is 555.

SI Base Units
The SI is founded on seven SI base units for seven base quantities assumed to be mutually
independent

SI base unit

Base quantity Name Symbol

Length meter m

Mass kilogram kg

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Time second s

Electric current ampere A

Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K

Amount of Substance mole mol

Luminous Intensity candela cd

The following definitions of the SI base units are taken from NIST Special Publication 330 (SP
330), The International System of Units (SI).

Definitions of the SI Base Units

Unit of length meter The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum
during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.

Unit of mass kilogram The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the
international prototype of the kilogram.

Unit of time second The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.

Unit of electric ampere The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two
current straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible
circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum,
would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10
− 7 newton per meter of length.

Unit of kelvin The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction

thermodynamic 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point
temperature of water.

Unit of amount mole The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains
of substance as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is “mol.” or When the mole is
used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be
atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified
groups of such particles.
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Unit of candela The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a

luminous source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 ×
intensity 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of
1/683 watt per steradian.

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