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5 - Methods of Layout of Water Supply

There are four main methods of laying distribution pipes for water systems: dead-end, grid-iron, circular, and radial. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages related to factors like cost, ease of repairs, water flow and potential for stagnation. The dead-end method is suitable for irregularly expanding areas while the grid-iron and circular methods work best for planned developments with their interconnected pipe networks providing redundancy. The radial method places distribution reservoirs at zone centers to supply water through radially laid pipes. Engineers must consider the local conditions to determine the best combination of these layout methods for a given location.

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Sheeraz Ahmed
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495 views

5 - Methods of Layout of Water Supply

There are four main methods of laying distribution pipes for water systems: dead-end, grid-iron, circular, and radial. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages related to factors like cost, ease of repairs, water flow and potential for stagnation. The dead-end method is suitable for irregularly expanding areas while the grid-iron and circular methods work best for planned developments with their interconnected pipe networks providing redundancy. The radial method places distribution reservoirs at zone centers to supply water through radially laid pipes. Engineers must consider the local conditions to determine the best combination of these layout methods for a given location.

Uploaded by

Sheeraz Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METHODS OF LAYOUT OF

DISTRIBUTION PIPES
METHODS OF LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION PIPES

Following are the four main methods of laying


distribution pipes:
(1) Dead-end method
(2) Grid-iron method
(3) Circular method
(4) Radial method
• It may however be noted that each system
has its own merits and no locality
strictly adopts only one of these methods.
• The necessary combinations of the above
methods are usually made to suit the local
conditions of the area.
Dead-end method
• This is also known as the tree system of
layout and it consists of one supply main
from which sub-mains are taken.
• The sub-mains again divide into several
branch lines from which service
connections are given to the consumers.
Dead-end method of layout
Advantages
• Following are the advantages of the dead-end method:
It is possible to work out accurately the discharge and
pressure at any point in the distribution system. The
design calculations are simple and easy.
The cut-off valves required in this system of layout are
comparatively less in number.
The diameters of mains are to be designed for the
population likely to be served by them only. This fact
may make the system cheap and economical.
The laying of water pipes is simple.
Disadvantages
• Following are the disadvantages of the dead-end method:
\'- .
 During repairs, the large portion of distribution area is affected. It
results into great inconvenience to the consumers of that area.
 There are many dead-ends in this system. The pipes terminate at
the dead-ends and hence, there is no free circulation of water.
There are chances for water to be polluted due to stagnation and
it may endanger the public life. For this purpose,' the scour valves
are provided at dead-ends and stale water from dead-ends is
removed periodically by the operation of these valves. This
measure proves to be costly as treated water is thrown to waste
and it also requires careful attendance and operation of the scour
valves.
 The water available for fire fighting will be limited in quantity as
the discharge from mains is also limited. This may prove to be
serious in some cases.
Use
• The dead-end system of layout is adopted in localities which are
expanding irregularly.
• The water pipes are laid at random without any planning of
future roads.
Grid-iron method
• This is also known as the interlaced
system or reticulation system. The mains,
sub-mains and branches are
interconnected with each other as shown
in fig.
Grid-iron method of layout
Advantages
• Following are the advantages of the grid-iron method:
In case of repairs, a very small portion of the
distribution area will be affected.
There is free circulation of water and hence, it is not
liable for pollution due to stagnation.
The water is delivered at every point of distribution
system with minimum loss of head.
When a fire occurs, plenty of water is available for fire
fighting purpose and by manipulating the cut-off
valve, whole supply of water may be concentrated for
this purpose.
Disadvantages
• Following are the disadvantages of grid-iron
method:
The cost of laying water pipes is more.
The grid-iron system of layout requires longer lengths
of pipes.
The procedure for calculating the sizes of pipes and
for working out pressures at various points in the
distribution system is laborious, complicated and
difficult.
The valves required in this system are more in number
and in fact, four valves are to be installed at every
cross junction.
Use
• The grid-iron system of layout is more suitable
for towns having well-planned roads and
streets.
• However the principle of grid-iron
system can be applied to the dead-end system
of layout by removing
dead-ends as shown by dotted lines in Dead
End method.
Circular method
• This is also known as the ring system and a ring of
mains is formed around the distribution area as
shown in fig.
• This system possesses advantages and
disadvantages as those of grid-iron system.
• The distribution area is divided into rectangular
or circular blocks and the water mains are laid on
the periphery of these blocks.
• The ring system of layout is most stsuitable for
towns having well-planned roads and streets.
Circular method
Radial method
• This method of layout is just the reverse of the ring
method.
• In this system, the water is taken from the mains and
pumped into the distribution reservoirs which are
situated at centres of different zones as shown in fig.
• The water is then supplied through radially laid pipes.
• The radial method of layout gives quick service and the
calculations for design of sizes of pipes are simple.
• The radial method is most suitable for towns having
roads laid out radially.
Radial method
THANKS

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